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Middle East and Central Asia > Kyrgyz Republic

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Cover Departmental Papers
Strengthening Monetary Policy Frameworks in the Caucasus and Central Asia
Mr. Tigran Poghosyan
,
Klakow Akepanidtaworn
,
Maria Atamanchuk
,
Ezequiel Cabezon
,
Mr. Selim Cakir
,
Mr. Vahid Khatami
,
Ms. Filiz D Unsal
,
Mariarosaria Comunale
,
Mrs. Marina Conesa Martinez
, and
Omer Faruk Akbal
Amidst a global backdrop of persistent post-COVID inflation and spillovers from Russia’s war in Ukraine, the countries of the Caucasus and Central Asia (CCA) region have faced strong price pressures in recent years. Inflation is estimated to have peaked in early 2023, but still exceeds central bank targets. In particular, core inflation remains stubbornly high reflecting a combination of second-round effects, surges in global energy and food prices, and domestic demand pressures. More broadly, uncertainty and downside risks also weigh on the economic outlook, including due to regional tensions, financial turmoil related to international monetary policy normalization, and a growth slowdown in key trading partners. In this context, CCA countries’ ability to contain inflationary pressures and anchor inflation expectations hinges on the credibility and effectiveness of their monetary policy frameworks. Since gaining independence in the 1990s, countries in the CCA region have made considerable progress in modernizing their monetary policy frameworks. CCA central banks have strengthened their legal frameworks and established broad de-jure independence. Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Uzbekistan are transitioning to inflation targeting regimes, while the central banks of Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan rely on the exchange rate as an operational target. However, the post-COVID surge in inflation has highlighted the limitations of current frameworks and triggered a fresh policy debate on the need to strengthen monetary policy effectiveness in the CCA. This paper reviews the CCA region’s monetary policy landscape, highlights challenges in monetary policy design and implementation, and identifies areas that warrant strengthening. It draws on original surveys of country authorities, IMF country teams, and the work by Unsal and others (2022). It uses novel empirical work to analyze monetary policy transmission, the link between foreign exchange interventions and exchange rate dynamics, the drivers of financial de-dollarization, and the effects of central bank communication in the CCA.
Keywords:
Caucasus and Central Asia; Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism; Exchange Rate Management; Dollarization; Central Bank Communication and Transparency; Central Bank Credibility; CCA country; CCA central banks; monetary policy transmission; CCA economy; CCA region's monetary policy landscape; monetary policy effectiveness; Exchange rates; Monetary policy frameworks; Inflation; Inflation targeting; Exchange rate arrangements; Central Asia and the Caucasus; Middle East and Central Asia
Cover Departmental Papers
Macroprudential Policies to Enhance Financial Stability in the Caucasus and Central Asia
Padamja Khandelwal
,
Ezequiel Cabezon
,
Mr. Sanan Mirzayev
, and
Rayah Al-Farah
Limited economic diversification has made the economies of the Caucasus and Central Asia particularly vulnerable to external shocks. The economies in the region are heavily reliant on oil and mining exports as well as remittances. In some countries, tourism and capital flows also play a prominent role in aggregate economic activity.
Keywords:
Financial risks; financial supervision and regulation; macroprudential policy; credit cycles; CCA country; CCA economy; CCA contribution; economies of the Caucasus and Central Asia; credit downturn; banking sector crisis; credit cycle analysis methodology; Macroprudential policy; Credit; Credit gaps; Countercyclical capital buffers; Macroprudential policy instruments; Central Asia and the Caucasus
Cover Policy Papers
Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust—Fifth Tranche of Debt Service Relief in The Context of The COVID-19 Pandemic
International Monetary Fund. Finance Dept.
,
International Monetary Fund. Legal Dept.
, and
International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department
The Executive Board approved a two-step approach consisting of (i) an immediate approval of the disbursement of a fourth tranche of debt service relief to all qualified beneficiary countries covering the period from October 16, 2021 through January 10, 2022, and (ii) consideration by January 2022 of a final tranche of CCRT debt service relief through April 13, 2022 based on a brief Board paper with an assessment of resources at that time. In accordance with the two-step approach, this paper provides a brief overview on recent developments in CCRT-eligible countries followed by an update on the CCRT’s funding status and resources assessment.
Keywords:
CCRT; debt service relief; CCRT instrument; CCRT debt service relief; CCRT resource; COVID cash buffer; Debt relief; Debt service; COVID-19; Global
Cover Policy Papers
Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust—Fourth Tranche of Debt Service Relief in The Context of The Covid-19 Pandemic and Approval of Additional Beneficiary Member Countries
International Monetary Fund
The paper provides brief updates for each CCRT-eligible country on its policy responses to the pandemic and on staff’s assessments of these policies, the use of resources freed up by debt service relief, and the implementation of governance safeguards commitments. The paper also provides an update on the financial situation of the CCRT. The generous support from 17 donor countries and the EU has mobilized SDR 609 million in new pledges since the onset of the pandemic.
Keywords:
debt service relief; CCRT country; fund engagement; CCRT debt relief; CCRT resource; Debt relief; Debt service; COVID-19; Balance of payments need; Global
Cover Policy Papers
Report on the Incidence of Longer-Term Program Engagement
International Monetary Fund
Longer-term program engagement (LTPE) occurs when a member has spent at least seven of the past 10 years under Fund-supported financial arrangements. In response to the Executive Board’s request for periodic updates on the incidence of LTPEs, this is the fifteenth such report and provides information through September 1, 2014
Keywords:
article IV discussion; LTPE definition EPA report; Grenada EPA; Haiti EPA report; EPA update
Cover Departmental Papers
The Caucasus and Central Asia: Transitioning to Emerging Markets
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
The countries in the Caucasus and Central Asia (CCA) have recorded significant macroeconomic achievements since independence. These countries have grown more rapidly-—on average by 7 percent over 1996–2011—-than those in many other regions of the world and poverty has declined. Inflation has come down sharply from high rates in the 1990s and interest rates have fallen. Financial sectors have deepened somewhat, as evidenced by higher deposits and lending. Fiscal policies were broadly successful in building buffers prior to the global crisis and those buffers were used effectively by many CCA countries to support growth and protect the most vulnerable as the crisis washed across the region. CCA oil and gas exporters have achieved significant improvements in living standards with the use of their energy wealth.
Keywords:
CCA country; monetary policy; financial system; exchange rate; transmission mechanism; emerging market; natural resource; CCA IMF country team recommendation; banking sector; Financial sector; Infrastructure; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Global; Central Asia; East Asia; Central Asia and the Caucasus; Eastern Europe
Cover Departmental Papers
The Caucasus and Central Asia: Transitioning to Emerging Markets
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
The countries in the Caucasus and Central Asia (CCA) have recorded significant macroeconomic achievements since independence. These countries have grown more rapidly-—on average by 7 percent over 1996–2011—-than those in many other regions of the world and poverty has declined. Inflation has come down sharply from high rates in the 1990s and interest rates have fallen. Financial sectors have deepened somewhat, as evidenced by higher deposits and lending. Fiscal policies were broadly successful in building buffers prior to the global crisis and those buffers were used effectively by many CCA countries to support growth and protect the most vulnerable as the crisis washed across the region. CCA oil and gas exporters have achieved significant improvements in living standards with the use of their energy wealth.
Keywords:
CCA country; monetary policy; financial system; exchange rate; transmission mechanism; emerging market; natural resource; CCA IMF country team recommendation; banking sector; Financial sector; Infrastructure; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Global; Central Asia; East Asia; Central Asia and the Caucasus; Eastern Europe; Er-CCA country; CCA economy; CCA government; foreign direct investment; Natural resources
Cover Policy Papers
Report on the Incidence of Longer-Term Program Engagement
International Monetary Fund
Longer-term program engagement (LTPE) occurs when a member has spent at least seven of the past 10 years under Fund-supported financial arrangements. In response to the Executive Board’s request for periodic updates on the incidence of LTPEs, this is the fourteenth such report and provides information through July 1, 2013.
Keywords:
article IV discussion; LTPE definition; ECF arrangement; EPA report; LTPE status
Cover Policy Papers
Report on the Incidence of Longer-Term Program Engagement
International Monetary Fund
Longer-term program engagement (LTPE) occurs when a member has spent at least seven of the past 10 years under Fund-supported financial arrangements.2 In response to the Executive Board’s request for periodic updates on the incidence of LTPEs, this is the thirteenth such report and provides information through June 27, 2012.
Keywords:
article IV discussion; EPA update; LTPE definition; EPA report; LTPE status
Cover Policy Papers
Report on the Incidence of Longer-Term Program Engagement
International Monetary Fund
Longer-term program engagement (LTPE) occurs when a member has spent at least seven of the past 10 years under Fund-supported financial arrangements. In response to the Executive Board’s request for periodic updates on the incidence of LTPEs, this is the twelfth such report and provides information through June 22, 2011.
Keywords:
article IV discussion; EPA update; Longer-term program engagement; EPA requirement; LTPE definition