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Middle East and Central Asia > Kyrgyz Republic

You are looking at 1 - 9 of 9 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
  • Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General x
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Cover IMF Working Papers
The Impact of International Migration on Inclusive Growth: A Review
Zsoka Koczan
,
Magali Pinat
, and
Mr. Dmitriy L Rozhkov
International migration is an important channel of material improvement for individuals and their offspring. The movement of people across country borders, especially from less developed to richer countries, has a substantial impact in several dimensions. First, it affects the migrants themselves by allowing them to achieve higher income as a result of their higher productivity in the destination country. It also increases the expected income for their offspring. Second, it affects the destination country through the impact on labor markets, productivity, innovation, demographic structure, fiscal balance, and criminality. Third, it can have a significant impact on the countries of origin. It may lead to loss of human capital, but it also creates a flow of remittances and increases international connections in the form of trade, FDI, and technological transfers. This paper surveys our understanding of how migration affects growth and inequality through the impact on migrants themselves as well as on the destination and origin countries.
Keywords:
International Migration; Inequality; Economic growth; complementarity effect; consequences of migration; E. country case; origin country; wage effect; Migration; Remittances; Labor markets; Wages; Income; Global; Eastern Europe; costs of emigration; impact of migration; wage effect of migration
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Moldova: Selected Issues Paper
International Monetary Fund
The composition of short-term and medium-term adjustment measures will facilitate sufficient short-term adjustment flexibility, and be consistent with medium-term fiscal sustainability. Improving debt resolution instruments will help the banks to regain confidence in lending. Meanwhile, there is a need to consider improvements in its liquidity framework. The main factors that shaped the economic growth model in Moldova in the last decade and the risks of the current growth model are outlined. Public policies can promote growth by identifying and addressing the most binding constraints to development.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; wage; monetary policy; bank; interest rate; growth model; wage bill; GDP growth; system reform; growth performance; bill measure; Pension spending; Public employment; Wages; Pensions; Global; Eastern Europe; Europe
Cover Regional Economic Outlook, October 2008, Middle East and Central Asia
Regional Economic Outlook, October 2008, Middle East and Central Asia
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.

Abstract

Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East and Central Asia underlines that the region has continued to experience strong growth in 2008, and the short-term outlook is generally favorable. However, inflation has emerged as a key issue, and while the global credit crunch has thus far had a limited impact on regional financial markets, the financial turmoil and slowdown in developed economies could lower growth in the period ahead. Policies will need to focus on tightening the fiscal and monetary stance where appropriate, with greater exchange rate flexibility, and continuing efforts to strengthen the resilience of financial sectors.

Keywords:
REO; abbreviation FY; price; MCD country; per capita income; en dash; a number of assumption; country acronym; inflation expectation; inflation risk; Inflation; Public sector wages; Food prices; Commodity prices; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Global; Middle East and Central Asia; Maghreb; Central Asia and the Caucasus; Middle East; North Africa; Oil prices; East Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Tajikistan: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix
International Monetary Fund
This Selected Issues paper analyzes the sources of recent growth in Tajikistan. It concludes that economic growth has been mainly driven by the services sector and a surge in remittances that have been mainly used for private consumption and small-scale private investment. The paper summarizes the recently introduced revisions to the Tax Code, which are an evolutionary step in simplifying the tax system and setting the base for better revenue administration. It also examines the likely impact on households of increasing electricity prices to cost-recovery levels.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Tajikistan; wage; debt; remittance; Tajik economy; labor migration; wage bill; growth prospect; recovery level; Corporate income tax; Tariffs; Commercial banks; Central Asia; Global; Central and Eastern Europe
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Russian Flat Tax Reform
Mr. Michael Keen
,
Mr. Alexander D Klemm
, and
Anna Ivanova
Russia dramatically reduced its higher rates of personal income tax (PIT) in 2001 establishing a single marginal rate at the low level of 13 percent. In the following year, real revenue from the PIT actually increased by about 26 percent. This 'flat tax' experience has attracted much attention (and emulation) among policymakers, making it perhaps the most important tax reform of recent years. But it has been little studied. This paper asks whether the strong revenue performance of the PIT was itself a consequence of this reform, using both macro evidence and, in particular, micro-level data on the experiences of individuals and households affected by the reform to varying degrees. It concludes that there is no evidence of a strong supply side effect of the reform. Compliance, however, did improve quite substantially-by about one third according to our estimates-though it remains unclear whether this was due to the parametric reforms or to accompanying changes in enforcement.
Keywords:
WP; wage rate; gross income; tax rate
Cover IMF Working Papers
An Interim Assessment of Ukrainian Output Developments, 2000-01
J. E. J. De Vrijer
,
Ms. Katrin Elborgh-Woytek
,
Mr. Julian Berengaut
,
Mr. Bogdan Lissovolik
, and
Mr. Mark W Lewis
After a long period of steep decline which followed the breakup of the Soviet Union, Ukraine's economy rebounded in 2000, and the recovery accelerated in 2001. The paper examines the timing and the nature of the recovery from a number of different perspectives such as the presence of idle but productive capital, the stance of domestic policies, real wage developments, learning, and foreign factors. The final chapter presents tentative conclusions, which point to an eclectic explanation involving a range of factors rather then any single major cause of the recovery, as well as an agenda for further research.
Keywords:
WP; exchange rate; economic activity; capital stock; U.S. dollar; Ukraine; transition; growth; export market growth; market price; output decline; market economy; growth impact; firm level; Third World firm; foreign direct investment; export equation; export volume growth; Ukrainian export; gross investment; Exports; Real exchange rates; Export performance; Real wages; Labor costs; Baltics; Central and Eastern Europe
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Kyrgyz Republic: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix
International Monetary Fund
The paper describes recent macroeconomic and financial developments and highlights a number of important medium- and longer-term policy issues. Empirical estimates of potential output growth for the Kyrgyz economy based on a number of different methodologies are presented. Competitiveness and trade policy, social policy issues, namely poverty alleviation and pension reform, are also taken up for discussion. Developments in the banking system since 1998 are described. Fiscal issues are discussed and also statistical data on economic indices are presented.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; government; Kyrgyz authorities; banking system; Kyrgyzstan; debt service; economic activity; private sector; Pension spending; Pensions; Commercial banks; Wages; Baltics
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Quality of Governance: “Second-Generation” Civil Service Reform in Africa
International Monetary Fund
This paper argues that the development of human capital in the public sector should be an important ingredient in any proposed set of “second-generation” reforms for Africa. In the post-colonial era the quality of governance has seriously declined, and the stock of human capital in the public sector has been eroded by a flight of human capital from many countries in response to compression of wages. The paper develops a simple theoretical framework to discuss these issues and the continent’s experience with foreign technical assistance in supplementing the low level of domestic human capital.
Keywords:
WP; private sector; wage bill; profit profile; bill adjustment; market wage rate; wage compression; public sector; human capital; migration; growth; government wage structure; brain drain; workers wage; wage rate; Wages; Public sector wages; Real wages; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover IMF Policy Discussion Papers
Social Protection in Transition Countries: Emerging Issues
Mr. Sanjeev Gupta
and
Mr. Ke-young Chu
The paper discusses the social protection implications of the weakening financial and administrative capacity of countries undergoing economic transition. The formal sector is shrinking, and unemployment and underemployment are rising rapidly. This is affecting both the revenue base of social protection programs and the ability of these countries to target social benefits. These developments make it imperative for these countries to restructure social benefits, rely more on self-targeting mechanisms to deliver benefits, as well as take immediate steps to improve payroll tax compliance. This is a Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment and the author(s) would welcome any comments on the present text Citations should refer to a Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment of the International Monetary Fund, mentioning the author(s) and the date of issuance. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the Fund.
Keywords:
PDP; transition country; country; wage; government; wage bill; government cash benefit; wage fund; sector wage; retirement age; earnings history; Wages; Income; Payroll tax; Pension spending; Aging; Baltics; Eastern Europe