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Middle East and Central Asia > Kyrgyz Republic

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Cover Policy Papers
Reform of the Policy on Public Debt Limits in IMF-Supported Programs
International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, &amp
and
Review Department
This paper evaluates the IMF’s policy on the use of quantitative limits on public debt in IMF-supported programs (the “debt limits policy”) and proposes a number of modifications. The review is taking place at a time when many countries are experiencing heightened debt vulnerabilities or actual debt distress, aggravated by the COVID-19 shock, and occurring against the backdrop of a changing credit landscape in which concessional finance is scarcer relative to countries’ investment needs.
Keywords:
PP; debt vulnerability; financing arrangement; debt limits policy; debt conditionality; heightened debt vulnerability
Cover Policy Papers
Reform of the Policy on Public Debt Limits in IMF-Supported Programs
International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, &amp
and
Review Department
This paper evaluates the IMF’s policy on the use of quantitative limits on public debt in IMF-supported programs (the “debt limits policy”) and proposes a number of modifications. The review is taking place at a time when many countries are experiencing heightened debt vulnerabilities or actual debt distress, aggravated by the COVID-19 shock, and occurring against the backdrop of a changing credit landscape in which concessional finance is scarcer relative to countries’ investment needs.
Keywords:
PP; debt vulnerability; financing arrangement; debt limits policy; debt conditionality; heightened debt vulnerability; fund staff; low income countries; Debt limits; Government debt management; Debt sustainability; Concessional external borrowing; Global; Africa
Cover IMF How To Notes
How to Organize Central Securities Depositories in Developing Markets: Key Considerations
Ms. Froukelien Wendt
,
Peter Katz
, and
Alice Zanza
The key objective of this note is to support authorities in their decision making about the optimal organization of central securities depositories (CSDs) in their country. For the purpose of this note, a CSD is defined as an entity that provides securities accounts, a securities settlement system, and central safekeeping services to market participants, which can be banks and other financial institutions. Authorities in developing markets, in particular central banks, may grapple with two questions: (1) whether to pursue a single CSD to increase market efficiencies and benefit from economies of scale and scope and (2) whether to partake in the governance of the CSD as owner or operator. This note presents seven considerations for authorities to take into account when answering these questions and determining the best model for their country.
Keywords:
FADHTN; HTN; financial market; private sector; single CSD; CSD operation; debt management; cash settlement; CSD operator; ownership structure; fixed cost; BNR authorities; Philippines government; authorization of the CSD; authorities in the Kyrgyz Republic; CSD technology; Central securities depositories; Securities; Government securities; Securities markets; Stock markets; Global; Europe; government securities market; Organize Central Securities depository; ConsiderationsHow-To note; develop market; key ConsiderationsHow-To note; key consideration; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Working Papers
Organizing Central Securities Depositories in Developing Markets—7 Considerations
Ms. Froukelien Wendt
,
Peter Katz
, and
Alice Zanza
Central securities depositories (CSDs) are systemically important entities that are critical for effective implementation of monetary policy, the credibility of a government’s debt management program, collateral management, and safe and efficient securities markets. Authorities in developing markets, in particular central banks, may grapple with the following issues: i) whether to pursue a single CSD for all types of securities to increase market efficiencies and benefit from economies of scale; and ii) whether to partake in the governance of the CSD as owner and/or operator. This paper develops seven considerations that authorities may take into account in addressing these issues and finding the best model for their country. These may point to different solutions for different countries, depending in part on the size of markets, strength of private operators and level of market development.
Keywords:
WP; financial market; private sector; single CSD; CSD operation; Central securities depositories; financial market development; securities; clearing; government securities; settlement system; fixed cost; CSD operator; securities transaction; ownership structure; BNR authorities; CSD function; CSD technology; government securities market; Government securities; Securities markets; Stock markets; Global; Europe
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Impact of the Global Financial Crisison Microfinance and Policy Implications
Gabriel Di Bella
The global financial crisis affected microfinance institutions (MFIs) as lending growth was constrained by scarcer borrowing opportunities, while the economic slowdown negatively impacted asset quality and profitability. It also brought to the fore the relatively high interest rates that MFIs charge to their (low-income) customers. This paper revisits the issue of systemic risk of MFIs, and finds that contrary to the evidence before the crisis, MFI performance is correlated not only to domestic economic conditions but also to changes in international capital markets. It also presents an empirical analysis of lending rates with the purpose of informing policy decisions, and finds that loan sizes, productivity, and MFI age contribute to explain differences in lending rate levels. This suggest that regulation (and policies) promoting MFI competition, and innovation in lending technologies have a better chance to result in decreased lending rates.
Keywords:
WP; lending rate; MFI grouping; institution type; financial crisis; MFI portfolio; MFI productivity; return on equity; global financial crisis; systemic risk; microfinance; lending rate fundamentals; show coefficient; MFI transparency; MFI institution; MFI performance; MFI deterioration; MFI exposure; International capital markets; Loans; Public expenditure review; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Global; Middle East and Central Asia; Central America; Eastern Europe; South America
Cover IMF Survey
Bulletin du FMI vol. 37, n° 6, juin 2008
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
Le FMI aide les pays à faire face à la crise alimentaire; Risques d'inflation; Mark Plant, FMI et crise alimentaire; Perspectives du Moyen-Orient; Résistance des pays émergents; Le retour de la Côte d'Ivoire; Réformes financières au Ghana; Banques Islamiques; Rapport sur la gouvernance du FMI, Tom Bernes; L'actualité en bref.
Keywords:
SV; bank; market; IMF staff research; price; policy
Cover IMF Survey
IMF Survey, Volume 37, Issue 06
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
Food Price Crisis, Inflation Risks, Mark Plant, IMF and the Food Crisis, Multilateral Initiative, Middle East Regional OUtllok, Emerging Markets' Resilience, Côte d'Ivoire's Comeback, Ghana's Financial Reforms, Islamic Banks and Financial Stability, Report on IMF Governance, Tom Bernes, News Briefs.
Keywords:
SV; bank; market; IMF staff research; price; policy; IMF survey; IMF investment authority; commodity supply bottleneck; IMF Deputy managing director Takatoshi Kato; Islamic banking; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Food prices; Oil prices; Securities markets; Global; Middle East and Central Asia; Middle East; Africa; Southeast Asia; West Africa
Cover IMF Survey
Boletín del FMI Vol.37, No.6 junio de 2008
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
El FMI se une a la lucha contra la crisis alimentaria, Resurge el riesgo de inflación, Mark Plant, Entrevista: El FMI y la crisis alimentaria, Perspectivas económicas de Oriente Medio, Resistencia de los mercados emergentes, Côte d'Ivoire resurge, Reformas financieras en Ghana, Banca islámica y estabilidad financiera, Informe sobre el gobierno interno del FMI, Tom Bernes, Notas breves
Keywords:
SV; bank; market; IMF staff research; price; policy
Cover IMF Working Papers
International Reserve Trends in the South Caucasus and Central Asia Region
Mr. Holger Floerkemeier
and
Mariusz A. Sumlinski
In recent years, the South Caucasus and Central Asia countries (CCA-6) have received significant foreign exchange inflows. While a healthy reserve buffer is desirable to selfinsure against external crises, holding international reserves also involves costs. We analyze the adequacy of CCA-6 reserves using widely recognized rules of thumb, and simulate optimal reserve levels applying the Jeanne (2007) model. Both the adequacy measures and the model-based simulations indicate that, with the exception of Tajikistan, CCA-6 reserves had increased to broadly comfortable levels by 2006. More recently, reserve adequacy has been tested in Kazakhstan, which has been affected by the 2007 global liquidity crunch.
Keywords:
WP; reserve; CCA-6; reserve holding
Cover IMF Research Bulletin
IMF Research Bulletin, September 2000
International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.
The IMF Research Bulletin, a quarterly publication, selectively summarizes research and analytical work done by various departments at the IMF, and also provides a listing of research documents and other research-related activities, including conferences and seminars. The Bulletin is intended to serve as a summary guide to research done at the IMF on various topics, and to provide a better perspective on the analytical underpinnings of the IMF’s operational work.
Keywords:
IRB; IMF history volume; CIS country; growth in Sub-Saharan Afric; fighting corruption; IMF staff papers volume 47; Research Department of the IMF; Corruption; International capital markets; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Currencies; Exchange rate flexibility; Global; Caribbean; Eastern Europe; East Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Baltics; Europe; Asia and Pacific