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Middle East and Central Asia > Kyrgyz Republic

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Cover Technical Notes and Manuals
Understanding Artificial Intelligence in Tax and Customs Administration
Joshua Aslett
,
Stuart Hamilton
,
Ignacio Gonzalez
,
David Hadwick
, and
Michael A Hardy
This technical note provides an overview of current thinking on artificial intelligence (AI) in tax and customs administration. Written primarily for senior officials, the intent of the note is to provide an awareness of AI that can help inform decision making and planning. The note opens with an exploration of historic and ongoing AI developments. It then provides an overview of legal and ethical concerns, AI use cases, guidance on how to promote AI's responsible use, and logic for introducing AI use cases into an operational setting. The note closes by presenting a selection of questions being debated by experts. In its annexes, the note includes (1) an example of an AI policy; (2) references to help develop AI strategy; and (3) methodology to risk assess AI use cases.
Keywords:
tax administration; customs administration; artificial intelligence; generative artificial intelligence; AI regulation; strategy and planning; use case; AI strategy; understanding AI; AI Policy; risk assessment; Tax administration core functions; Customs administration core functions; Training and development in revenue administration; Europe; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Committing to Grow: The Full Impact of WTO Accessions
André Brotto
,
Adam Jakubik
,
Roberta Piermartini
, and
Fulvio Silvy
This paper studies the impact of the process of accession to the WTO on growth rates in a sample of 150 economies. Unlike GATT-era accessions, WTO accessions involve reforms that extend beyond conventional trade liberalization measures. Using information on the pace of negotiations and requests in the working party's meetings, we construct an index that tracks the progress of reforms in the pre-accession period. We estimate that economies that implemented reforms and made deeper commitments during their WTO accession negotiations grew on average 1.5 percentage points faster than they otherwise would have. These results are robust to instrumental variable estimation and falsification tests.
Keywords:
WTO accession; structural reforms; trade and growth; commitment index; GATT-era accession; accession mode; accession effect; accession period; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; Estimation techniques; Tariffs; Trade barriers; Trade policy; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Kyrgyz Republic: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
Selected Issues
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; cost; firm; Kyrgyzstan; GDP; government
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Kyrgyz Republic: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
This Selected Issues paper identifies constraints to economic growth in the Kyrgyz Republic, using the Hausmann-Velasco-Rodrik diagnostic approach. It finds that large infrastructure gaps, weak governance and rule of law, and high cost of finance appear to be the most binding constraints to private investment and growth. Additional critical factors are the quality of education and onerous regulations. There is room to improve both the quality and cost/efficiency of education spending. Although relatively low, labor costs have exceeded productivity growth and there is room to improve labor market efficiency. Despite important investments, the infrastructure gap remains large and the country ranks relatively low on infrastructure quality. Weak governance undermines growth through various channels: investment, human capital, and productivity. Weak institutions increase the cost of doing business and make the appropriation of investment returns less certain, overall reducing investor’s risk appetite to invest. Public debt is on the high side and the composition of spending is tilted toward current spending.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; cost; firm; Kyrgyzstan; GDP; government; CCA oil exporter; ratios in the Kyrgyz Republic; reform determination; efficiency of education spending; CCA oil importer; state guarantee; consumption threshold; tariff policy; below-cost tariff; redundancy cost; Electricity; Tariffs; Private investment; Energy sector; Consumption; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Kazakhstan: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund
Trade was also initially undermined by a severe recession. Kazakhstan is facing increased challenges from higher global commodity prices. Against this background, an encompassing policy response is needed to control inflation and mitigate the scope for second-round price effects. The increase of trade openness in the 2000s coincided with Kazakhstan becoming a major oil producer and exporter. A number of issues still need to be resolved to achieve free trade of goods and services within the borders of the union.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Kazakhstan; price; trade; Kazakhstan's trade; oil sector; trade tariff; food price shock; oil wealth; inflation expectation; capital formation; trade openness; Inflation; Oil; Customs unions; Tariffs; Imports; Global; Central Asia
Cover Policy Papers
Food and Fuel Prices - Recent Developments, Macroeconomic Impact, and Policy Responses
International Monetary Fund
This report provides a first broad assessment of the impact of the surge in food and fuel prices on the balance of payments, budgets, prices, and poverty of a large sample of countries. It reviews countries’ macroeconomic policy responses to date and also discusses Fund advice for managing the price increases. Policies should (i) ensure that food and finance reaches the most affected countries as quickly as possible, (ii) include targeted and scaled-up social measures, and (iii) avoid high costs in terms of macroeconomic instability or loss in future agricultural production. Collaborating with international partners, the Fund also stands ready to provide balance of payments assistance. As the paper presents an initial assessment of a still-evolving situation, the somewhat tentative nature of the analysis should be borne in mind.
Keywords:
PP; fuel price; price increase; food price; U.S. dollar; oil price; monetary policy; Inflation; Food prices; Fuel prices; Oil prices; Tariffs; Global
Cover IMF Survey
Boletín del FMI Vol.36, No.10 junio de 2007
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
Programa de trabajo del FMI; asesoramiento del FMI sobre tipos de cambio; pactos comerciales en Asia; cooperación económica en Asia central; Camerún tras el alivio de la deuda; expansión de los bancos de Austria; conferencia sobre indicadores de solidez financiera; Caruana aborda los cambios de funciones que trae aparejados la globalización financiera.
Keywords:
SV; SDR; country; IMF Survey MAGAZINE; print version; exchange rate
Cover IMF Survey
IMF Survey, Volume 36 Issue 10
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
IMF work agenda; IMF exchange rate advice; Asia's trade pacts; Central Asia: economic cooperation; Cameroon after debt relief; spread of Austrian banks; conference on financial soundness indicators; Caruana on shifting roles in financial globalization.
Keywords:
SV; SDR; country; IMF Survey MAGAZINE; print version; exchange rate; IMF survey; IMF quota; e-mail notification service; unit of account of the IMF; Exchange rate policy; Exchange rates; Financial soundness indicators; Trade agreements; Trade liberalization; Global; Asia and Pacific; Central Asia; Europe; South Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover IMF Survey
Bulletin du FMI vol. 36, n° 10, juin 2007
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
Programme de travail du FMI ; recommandations du FMI sur le taux de change ; accords commerciaux asiatiques ; Asie centrale ; coopération économique ; le Cameroun après l'allègement de la dette ; spread des banques autrichiennes ; conférence sur les indicateurs de solidité financière ; Caruana : évolution des responsabilités en matière de mondialisation financière.
Keywords:
SV; SDR; country; IMF Survey MAGAZINE; print version; exchange rate
Cover IMF Working Papers
Fiscal Implications of Multilateral Tariff Cuts
Mr. Azim M Sadikov
,
Mr. Hans P Lankes
,
Mr. Dustin Smith
,
Ms. Katrin Elborgh-Woytek
, and
Mr. Jean-Jacques Hallaert
The paper contributes to the discussion about the revenue implications of trade reform by assessing the approximate fiscal revenue impact of different liberalization formulae under consideration in multilateral trade negotiations for a group of low- and middle-income countries. The study applies a linear optimization framework to data for bound tariffs, applied tariffs, and imports at the HS-6 digit level for 58 developing countries, and simulates results for different sets of import demand elasticities and developing country "flexibilities." While only a small number of countries face a significant impact, results point toward the need for complementary fiscal measures in the countries most affected by revenue loss.
Keywords:
WP; tariff; revenue; trade; tariff revenue; revenue loss