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Middle East and Central Asia > Jordan

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Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Jordan: 2024 Article IV Consultation, Second Review Under the Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility, and Request for Modification of Performance Criteria-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Jordan
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
This paper discusses IMF’s 2024 Article IV Consultation, Second Review under the Extended Arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility, and Request for Modification of Performance Criteria for Jordan. Jordan continues to show resilience and maintain macro-economic stability, despite the headwinds caused by the regional conflict. This resilience reflects the authorities’ continued implementation of sound macro-economic policies and reform progress. Inflation is projected to remain low, at about 2 percent, reflecting the Central Bank of Jordan’s firm commitment to monetary stability and the exchange rate peg. Jordan’s external position remains relatively strong. Bringing the Jordanian economy onto a higher growth trajectory is essential to create more jobs and raise prosperity. This requires accelerating structural reforms, while maintaining macro-economic stability. Strong and timely international support also remains crucial to help Jordan navigate through the external headwinds, while shouldering the costs of hosting a large number of Syrian refugees.
Keywords:
digitalizing government service; Jordanian authorities; executive board assessment; pandemic preparedness; authority of the Competition Department; development objective; Gender inequality; Fiscal stance; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Jordan: First Review Under the Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility and Request for Modification of Performance Criteria-Press Release; and Staff Report
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
This paper highlights Jordan’s First Review under the Extended Arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility and Request for Modification of Performance Criteria. Jordan’s economy continues to show resilience despite a challenging external environment. The economy continues to grow, albeit at a somewhat slower pace, inflation is low, and reserve buffers are strong. Growth is projected to pick up pace in 2025, contingent upon the Israel-Gaza conflict ending and its impact fading. Uncertainty is high, however, and structural challenges remain, with continued high unemployment. Strong progress was also made in implementing structural benchmarks (SBs), with all six SBs for the first review met, and with good progress being made toward meeting SBs for the next review. The authorities remain firmly committed to sound macro-economic policies and advancing structural reforms, to maintain macro stability, further strengthen economic resilience in the face of successive external shocks, and foster stronger, job-rich growth. Steadfast implementation of structural reforms is crucial to create a more dynamic private sector that can generate sufficient jobs and contribute to higher living standards.
Keywords:
IMF's transparency policy; government finance; Jordan's economy; authorities' policy effort; near-term outlook; Fiscal stance; Structural reforms; Global
Cover High-Level Summary Technical Assistance Reports
Jordan: Climate Policy Diagnostic
Suphachol Suphachalasai
,
Hasan Dudu
,
Diala Al Masri
,
Fabiana Machado
,
Junko Mochizuki
, and
Karlygash Zhunussova
This technical assistance conducts a climate policy diagnostic for Jordan, covering climate adaptation and mitigation policy, as well as enabling institutions. Jordan faces acute challenges of climate-food-water nexus—innovative climate policy approaches are key, given limited fiscal space. While Jordan needs to strengthen the investment climate for climate investment through streamlining existing policies and alleviating critical barriers, making social policy more shock-responsive and strengthening risk management can go a long way in building resilience. As climate-related risks globally intensify, the government is encouraged to move toward a risk-informed policy and financing strategy.
Keywords:
fiscal policy; climate adaptation; climate mitigation; Jordan climate policy diagnostic; mitigation policy; climate policy approach; Policy solution; climate policy solution; Climate policy; Climate finance
Cover High-Level Summary Technical Assistance Reports
Jordan: Climate Module of the Public Investment Management Assessment and Green Public Financial Management
Bryn Battersby
,
Diala Al Masri
,
Robert N Clifton
,
Ed Hearne
,
Murray Petrie
, and
Jad Mazahreh
The assistance assessed how climate change impacts and mitigation and adaptation responses are addressed in the public investment cycle using the Climate Module of the Public Investment Management Assessment (C-PIMA). The assistance also evaluated the scope to advance Green Public Financial Management (PFM) practices, drawing on the IMF’s new Green PFM framework. Jordan was found to performs well in the climate-aware planning and coordination institutions of the C-PIMA, but some gaps were identified in implementation aspects of the framework, and there were several areas where climate could be better integrated in the PFM system.
Keywords:
Public investment management; C-PIMA; climate change; Green PFM; climate change consideration; PFM system; planning institution; Green PFM framework; C-PIMA show Jordan; climate change planning; climate sensitivity; Public Investment Management Assessment (PIMA); Public investment spending
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Jordan: Request for an Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility and Cancellation of the Current Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Jordan
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
This paper presents Jordan’s Request for an Extended Arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility and Cancellation of the Current Arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility (EFF). Building on Jordan’s consistently strong performance under the previous program, the new EFF arrangement will support the authorities’ efforts toward maintaining macro-stability; further building resilience, and accelerating structural reforms to achieve stronger, more inclusive growth and job creation. Sound policymaking and support from international partners have helped Jordan to withstand well a series of shocks over the past few years and to maintain macro-stability, broad-based economic growth, and market access, and strengthen social safety nets. Going forward, supported by the new EFF arrangement, policies are focused on maintaining macro-stability and further building resilience, and accelerating structural reforms to achieve stronger, more inclusive growth and job creation, to tackle high unemployment. Further progress in implementing structural reforms to improve the business environment and attract private investment is crucial to create a dynamic private sector, foster job-rich growth, and achieve the objectives of Jordan’s Economic Modernization Vision.
Keywords:
EFF arrangement; reform agenda; economy well; government entity; Jordan compact; Fiscal stance; Arrears; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
An Extended Quarterly Projection Model for the Central Bank of Jordan
Adel Al-Sharkas
,
Nedal Al-Azzam
,
Sarah AlTalafha
,
Rasha Abu Shawish
,
Ahmad Shalein
,
Auday Rawwaqah
,
Amany Al-Rawashdeh
,
Daniel Baksa
,
Mr. Philippe D Karam
, and
Mr. Jan Vlcek
The Central Bank of Jordan (CBJ) has developed a Forecasting and Policy Analysis System (FPAS) to serve as a reliable analytical framework for macroeconomic analysis, forecasting and decision-making under a pegged exchange rate regime. At the heart of the FPAS is the CBJ’s extended Jordan Analysis Model (JAM2.0). The model captures the monetary transmission mechanism and provides a consistent monetary policy framework that uses the exchange rate as an effective nominal anchor. This paper outlines the structure and properties of JAM2.0 and emphasizes the enhanced interplay and tradeoffs among monetary, fiscal, and foreign exchange management policies. Simulation and forecasting exercises demonstrate JAM2.0’s ability to match key stylized facts of the Jordanian economy, produce accurate forecasts of important macroeconomic variables, and explain the critical relationships among policies.
Keywords:
forecasting exercise; policy analysis; model forecasting; FX reserve management; headline inflation; Inflation; Exchange rate arrangements; Output gap; Real exchange rates; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Jordan: Sixth Review Under the Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility and Request for Modification of Performance Criteria-Press Release; and Staff Report
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
This paper presents Jordan’s Sixth Review under the Extended Arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility and Request for Modification of Performance Criteria. The IMF-supported program remains firmly on track, with key quantitative targets met and strong performance on structural benchmarks, reflecting the authorities’ strong ownership. Despite a challenging global environment, Jordan’s economy is projected to continue to grow this year at 2.6 percent, and inflation has remained relatively low and is declining. The Jordanian authorities have managed to successfully navigate recent external shocks and maintain macro-economic stability in an uncertain and challenging environment. Thanks to the steadfast implementation of prudent fiscal and monetary policies, fiscal consolidation is on track, capital market access has been maintained, and inflation has remained relatively low and is declining, while reserve coverage is strong. Monetary policy has responded quickly to U.S. Federal Reserve policy changes and remains focused on safeguarding the peg and maintaining strong reserve buffers.
Keywords:
government balance; transparency policy; Jordanian dinar; prudent fiscal policy; logistics support; program financing; Arrears; Fiscal stance; Interest payments; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Personal Income Taxes in the Middle East and North Africa: Prospects and Possibilities
Mario Mansour
and
Eric M. Zolt
Personal income taxes (PITs) play little or no role in the Middle East and North Africa, often yielding less than 2 percent of GDP in revenue—with the exception of few North African countries. This paper examines how PITs have evolved in recent decades, and what they might look like in the next 20 years. Top marginal tax rates on labor and business income of individuals have declined substantially, a trend that mirrors reductions in advanced and developing economies. Taxation of passive capital income has changed very little, and the revenue intake from this source remains low throughout the region (less than 1 percent of GDP on average and concentrated in oil-importing non-fragile states). Social security contributions (SSC) have increased in importance in nearly all MENA countries, and some countries have introduced additional payroll taxes. The combination of reduced marginal tax rates, light taxation of income from capital and business activities, and increase of SSC, have resulted in income tax systems that create disincentives to work and incentives for informality, and contribute little to government revenue and income redistribution. Given differences in economic and political structures, demographics, and starting points, the path to PIT/SSC reforms will vary across the region. Countries with relatively mature PIT/SSC systems, where revenue performance has improved in the past two decades, will increasingly need to balance the revenue and equity objectives against effciency objectives (in particular labor market incentives and infromality). Countries with no PITs will have to weigh whether a consumption tax/SSC system that mimic a flat tax on labor income is sufficient to diversify revenue away from oil and whether to adopt PITs to address rising income and wealth inequality. Finally, fragile states, who face more political volatility and weaker fiscal institutions, will have to focus on simplicity of tax design and collection to be able to raise revenue from PITs.
Keywords:
Personal income taxes; social security contributions; payroll taxes; fragile and conflict states; Middle East and North Africa; Gulf-Cooperation Council; SSC reform; SSC system; revenue performance; PIT objective; PIT revenue; Personal income tax; Income tax systems; Income; Income and capital gains taxes; Corporate income tax; North Africa; Middle East; East Africa; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Jordan: Fifth Review Under the Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility and Request for Modification of Performance Criteria-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Jordan
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
This paper discusses Jordan’s Fifth Review under the Extended Arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility and Request for Modification of Performance Criteria. Jordan has continued a broad-based recovery amid a challenging external environment, thanks to the authorities’ effective policy response. Financial challenges in the electricity sector are exacerbating fiscal pressures, particularly as food subsidies have increased considerably on the back of high international prices. As agreed in the fourth review, the authorities have eliminated the subsidies on gasoline and diesel. They also met structural benchmarks on introducing goods and services tax place of taxation rules; strengthening the governance of fiscal incentives; improving the competition framework; removing legal impediments to female employment; implementing a foreign direct investment survey; and rolling out e-procurement. The 2022 and 2023 fiscal targets are being relaxed slightly to accommodate higher food-related spending. The authorities remain committed to reducing public debt/gross domestic product to 80 percent by 2027. IMF expects the implications for the program to be manageable, given the authorities’ ownership and commitment to program objectives and Jordan’s continued ability to attract development partner support.
Keywords:
staff appraisal; revenue generation; financing requirement; cabinet adoption of an action plan; fund staff; Arrears; Fiscal stance; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Jordan: 2022 Article IV Consultation and Fourth Review Under the Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility, Request for Augmentation and Rephasing of Access, and Modification of Performance Criteria-Press Release; Staff Report; Staff Statement; and Statement by the Executive Director for Jordan
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
This paper discusses Jordan’s 2022 Article IV Consultation and Fourth Review under the Extended Arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility (EFF), Request for Augmentation and Rephasing of Access, and Modification of Performance Criteria. Jordan's EFF program remains firmly on track. The authorities have maintained macroeconomic stability and market access, while protecting the most vulnerable, and implementing key structural reforms, especially in the area of public finances. The IMF remains committed to supporting Jordan, including by augmenting access under the EFF to help address higher financing needs from higher international commodity prices and tightened global financial conditions. Donor support is critical to enable Jordan to cope with these global economic headwinds, while hosting 1.3 million Syrian refugees.
Keywords:
labor participation rates; staff appraisal; JD deposit; customs authorities; Jordanian dinar; Fiscal stance; Arrears; Global