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Asia and Pacific > India

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 38 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
  • Poverty and Homelessness x
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Cover IMF Working Papers
Inequality and Poverty in India: Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Policy Response
Ms. Elif C Arbatli Saxegaard
,
Mattia Coppo
,
Nasser Khalil
,
Shinya Kotera
, and
Ms. Filiz D Unsal
Using microdata from nationally representative household and labor force surveys, we study the impact and drivers of poverty and inequality in India during the pandemic. We have three main findings. First, India has made significant progress in reducing poverty in recent decades, but the economic downturn associated with the COVID-19 pandemic is estimated to have temporarily increased poverty and inequality. Second, education and employment status seem to be the main factors associated with poverty and income/consumption changes. Finally, the government’s expansion of food subsidies has likely played a significant role in mitigating the increase in poverty during the pandemic.
Keywords:
COVID-19; poverty; inequality; earnings; India; employment status; CPHS datum; poverty in India; consumption inequality; inequality in India; Annex II; Income; Income inequality; Consumption; Global; South Asia
Cover IMF Working Papers
Trade Liberalization in Peru: Adjustment Costs Amidst High Labor Mobility
Elin Baldárrago
and
Mr. Gonzalo Salinas
While trade integration has been an engine of global growth and prosperity, as suggested by theory, some sectors have been negatively affected by increased import competition. We test if this negative effect is significant in a context of high intranational migration, as theory indicates that labor mobility could reduce it. We focus on the 2004-14 period of trade liberalization in Peru (a major beneficiary of trade integration), which allows for methodological improvements relative to similar studies. We find that districts competing with liberalized imports experienced significantly lower growth in consumption per capita despite some emigration in response to increased import competition. This underscores the need to support the “losers of trade liberalization” even amidst high labor mobility.
Keywords:
WP; tariff; liberalization; import; District tariff reduction; Trade Liberalization; Poverty; Peru; tariff reduction; import tariff; district tariff indicator; District level tariff; District tariff; MFN tariff; tariff barrier; poverty gap; imports-competition channel; barriers coverage; tariff line; tariff measure; Tariffs; Imports; Labor mobility; Global; South America
Cover IMF Working Papers
India: Defining and Explaining Inclusive Growth and Poverty Reduction
Rahul Anand
,
Mr. Volodymyr Tulin
, and
Naresh Kumar
We document the evolution of poverty and inequality across Indian states during the recent period of rapid growth (2004-09), and examine the role of growth and distribution in reducing poverty. Robust economic growth has been a major driver of poverty reduction and inclusiveness in India. We explore the role of economic policies and macrofinancial conditions in explaining inclusive growth and its components, using a new measure of inclusive growth. Social expenditures, spending on education, and educational attainment rates are important for fostering inclusive growth. Macro-financial stability, with particular attention to inflation risks, is also criticial for promoting inclusive growth.
Keywords:
WP; economic growth; India; state level growth; poverty; inequality; inclusive growth; poverty reduction; poverty headcount; poverty incidence; consumption growth; household consumption expenditure survey; growth rate; consumption expenditure survey; poverty headcount ratio; poverty estimate; Poverty reduction; Income inequality; Consumption
Cover IMF Working Papers
Global Poverty Estimates: A Sensitivity Analysis
Ms. Camelia Minoiu
and
Ms. Shatakshee Dhongde
Current estimates of global poverty vary substantially across studies. In this paper we undertake a novel sensitivity analysis to highlight the importance of methodological choices in estimating global poverty. We measure global poverty using different data sources, parametric and nonparametric estimation methods, and multiple poverty lines. Our results indicate that estimates of global poverty vary significantly when they are based alternately on data from household surveys versus national accounts but are relatively consistent across different estimation methods. The decline in poverty over the past decade is found to be robust across methodological choices.
Keywords:
WP; poverty estimate; sensitivity analysis; global poverty; household surveys; national accounts; income distribution; international poverty line; consumption poverty; density function; day poverty line; kernel density estimation; nonparametric estimation method; estimate poverty; Personal income; Consumption; Estimation techniques; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Factor Immobility and Regional Impacts of Trade Liberalization Evidenceon Poverty From India
Petia Topalova
This paper uses the 1991 Indian trade liberalization to measure the impact of trade liberalization on poverty, and to examine the mechanisms underpinning this impact. Variation in sectoral composition across districts and liberalization intensity across production sectors allows a difference-in-difference approach. Rural districts, in which production sectors more exposed to liberalization were concentrated, experienced slower decline in poverty and lower consumption growth. The impact of liberalization was most pronounced among the least geographically mobile, at the bottom of the income distribution, and in Indian states where inflexible labor laws impeded factor reallocation across sectors.
Keywords:
WP; trade policy; dependent variable; labor market; Poverty; Trade Liberalization; India; Tariff; poverty rate; wage premia; post liberalization indicator; production sector; trade liberalization link; D. trade liberalization; trade liberalization Evidenceon poverty; liberalization dummy; poverty-tariff link; analysis of the trade liberalization-poverty link; trade reform; Tariffs; Consumption; Europe
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Pakistan: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
International Monetary Fund
The distribution of poor population in Pakistan suggests that almost 75 percent of the poor are clustered around the poverty line. The economy moved to a higher growth trajectory in the vicinity of 6–7 percent real GDP growth during FY 2002–07, and resultantly the poverty declined substantially in FY 2004/05. The productive capacity of the economy remained alien to this higher growth and new industrial capacity was hardly added to the economy. The fiscal year 2007/08 was a volatile year for Pakistan’s economy both on domestic and external fronts.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; financial year; private sector; base year; fiscal year; federal government; banking sector; Global; South Asia; Central Asia; East Asia
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Bhutan: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper—Joint Staff Advisory Note
International Monetary Fund
The overarching objective of Bhutan’s Tenth Five-Year Plan (10FYP)—which is also the Royal Government of Bhutan’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)—is to sustain this trajectory and reduce poverty further. Political stability, prudent economic management, and development of the hydropower sector delivered robust economic growth during the 9FYP. Favorable economic performance was underpinned by sound macroeconomic policies. The 10FYP forecasts an average fiscal deficit of about 3 percent of GDP, the same as in the 9FYP and in line with the Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB)'s strategic fiscal policy goals.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Bhutan; poverty headcount ratio; PRSP point; poverty profile; Bhutan's PRSP; Royal Government of Bhutan's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper; PRSP goal; PRSP's emphasis; PRSP place; poverty estimate; Poverty reduction strategy; Poverty reduction; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Bhutan: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
International Monetary Fund
Bhutan has evolved from a closed economy to a trading nation that exhibits a high degree of dependence on trade. Exports have grown rapidly but overall the country’s trade deficit continues to widen owing to an even faster growth in the value of imports. The manufacturing and industry sector is constrained by various factors that impede its further development. FDI and joint ventures are some of the mechanisms that must be actively promoted to help jump start the process.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; private sector; natural resource; donor agency; capital outlay; basic education; advanced course; E. management arrangement; human resources; development programme; Infrastructure; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Kernel Density Estimation Based on Grouped Data: The Case of Poverty Assessment
Ms. Camelia Minoiu
and
Sanjay Reddy
We analyze the performance of kernel density methods applied to grouped data to estimate poverty (as applied in Sala-i-Martin, 2006, QJE). Using Monte Carlo simulations and household surveys, we find that the technique gives rise to biases in poverty estimates, the sign and magnitude of which vary with the bandwidth, the kernel, the number of datapoints, and across poverty lines. Depending on the chosen bandwidth, the $1/day poverty rate in 2000 varies by a factor of 1.8, while the $2/day headcount in 2000 varies by 287 million people. Our findings challenge the validity and robustness of poverty estimates derived through kernel density estimation on grouped data.
Keywords:
WP; poverty estimate; density estimate; kernel density estimation; headcount ratio; standard deviation
Cover IMF Working Papers
India: Is the Rising Tide Lifting All Boats?
Petia Topalova
While many have celebrated India's accelerating economic growth, some have expressed concern about the distributional impacts of the growth process. Cognizant of the vulnerability of its large population below poverty, India's authorities have made faster and more inclusive economic growth the primary goal of their development strategy. This paper aims to document how the benefits of economic expansion were shared across the income distribution over the last two decades using disaggregate household level data. Experiences across Indian states suggest an important role for economic policy in shaping the inclusiveness of growth. States with higher financial development, more flexible labor markets, and higher average education experienced greater relative gains for the poor. Improving infrastructure may also lead to a growth process that is more inclusive of the poor.
Keywords:
WP; India; state