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Asia and Pacific > India

You are looking at 1 - 3 of 3 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
  • Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Household Analysis: General x
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Cover IMF Working Papers
The Distributional Impact of a Carbon Tax in Asia and the Pacific
Cristian Alonso
and
Mr. Joey Kilpatrick
While a carbon tax is widely acknowledged as an efficient policy to mitigate climate change, adoption has lagged. Part of the challenge resides in the distributional implications of a carbon tax and a belief that it tends to be regressive. Even when not regressive, poor households could be hurt by a carbon tax, particularly in countries that rely heavily on carbon-intensive energy sources. Using household surveys, we study how a carbon tax may affect households in the Asia Pacific region, the main source of CO2 emissions. We document a wide range of country-specific policies that could be implemented to compensate households, reduce inequality, and build support for adoption.
Keywords:
Carbon pricing; Climate change; Compensation; Distributional effects; Inequality; means testing; Labor income; fiscal revenue; price of energy goods; carbon tax revenue; special administrative region; carbon pricing assessment tool; Carbon tax; Income; Household consumption; Consumption; Income inequality; Asia and Pacific; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Falling Use of Cash and Demand for Retail Central Bank Digital Currency
Mr. Tanai Khiaonarong
and
David Humphrey
Cash use in most countries is falling slowly. On the margin, younger adults favor cash substitutes over cash. For older adults it is the reverse. Revealed preference tied to a changing population age structure seems to be the main influence on the demand for cash and why it is falling. Cash use may continue to fall, and card use (the main cash substitute) may fall by more, if CBDC is issued. The extent of this reduction depends on the demand for retail CBDC and the incentives (primarily transaction fees) that can play a determining role in CBDC adoption and use.
Keywords:
Cash; card payments; payment substitution; central bank digital currency; cash share; cash use; cash substitute; use of cash; card substitution; Currencies; Central Bank digital currencies; Digital currencies; Household consumption; Payment systems; Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
Public Expenditures on Social Programs and Household Consumption in China
Mr. Emanuele Baldacci
,
Ding Ding
,
Mr. David Coady
,
Giovanni Callegari
,
Pietro Tommasino
,
Jaejoon Woo
, and
Mr. Manmohan S. Kumar
This paper shows that increasing government social expenditures can make a substantive contribution to increasing household consumption in China. The paper first undertakes an empirical study of the relationship between the savings rate and social expenditures for a panel of OECD countries and provides illustrative estimates of their implications for China. It then applies a generational accounting framework to Chinese household income survey data. This analysis suggests that a sustained 1 percent of GDP increase in public expenditures, distributed equally across education, health, and pensions, would result in a permanent increase the household consumption ratio of 1¼ percentage points of GDP.
Keywords:
WP; consumption impact; savings rate; household saving; expenditure reform; GDP increase