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Asia and Pacific > India

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  • Type: Journal Issue x
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Cover IMF Working Papers
The Pitfalls of Protectionism: Import Substitution vs. Export-Oriented Industrial Policy
Reda Cherif
and
Fuad Hasanov
Industrial policies pursued in many developing countries in the 1950s-1970s largely failed while the industrial policies of the Asian Miracles succeeded. We argue that a key factor of success is industrial policy with export orientation in contrast to import substitution. Exporting encouraged competition, economies of scale, innovation, and local integration and provided market signals to policymakers. Even in a large market such as India, import substitution policies in the automotive industry failed because of micromanagement and misaligned incentives. We also analyze the risk tradeoffs involved in various industrial policy strategies and their implications on the 21st century industrial policies. While state interventions may be needed to develop some new capabilities and industries, trade protectionism is neither a necessary nor a sufficient tool and will most likely be counterproductive.
Keywords:
Industrial policy; export orientation; import substitution; growth; diversification; innovation; technology; import substitution policy; D. export orientation; risk tradeoff; policies in India; Policy strategy; Exports; Manufacturing; Imports; Tariffs; Competition; Global; Caribbean; North America
Cover IMF Working Papers
Make in India: Which Exports Can Drive the Next Wave of Growth?
Rahul Anand
,
Ms. Kalpana Kochhar
, and
Mr. Saurabh Mishra
Structural transformation depends not only on how much countries export but also on what they export and with whom they trade. This paper breaks new ground in analyzing India’s exports by the technological content, quality, sophistication, and complexity of the export basket. We identify five priority areas for policies: (1) reduction of trade costs, at and behind the border; (2) further liberalization of FDI including through simplification of regulations and procedures; (3) improving infrastructure including in urban areas to enhance manufacturing and services in cities; (4) preparing labor resources (skills) and markets (flexibility) for the technological progress that will shape jobs in the years ahead; and (5) creating an enabling environment for innovation and entrepreneurship to draw the economy into higher productivity activities.
Keywords:
WP; product space; export basket; service export sophistication; export product; Indian export; merchandise export; service exports exhibit; India; Exports; Manufacturing; Services; Growth; Trade; Innovations; product space network; vis-a-vis peer EMs; network map; network map of merchandise export; space network map of merchandise export; Service exports; Comparative advantage; Personal income; Global; East Asia; Middle East; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Working Papers
Macroeconomic Policies and Poverty Reduction: Stylized Facts and an Overview of Research
Mr. Paul Cashin
,
Ms. Catherine A Pattillo
,
Ms. Ratna Sahay
, and
Mr. Paolo Mauro
This paper provides a brief and selective overview of research on the links between macroeconomic policies and poverty reduction. Using the Human Development Index as a measure of well-being, the progress made by 100 countries during 1975–98 is presented, and its association with macroeconomic factors is explored. Several potential avenues for future research are also outlined.
Keywords:
WP; country; income; growth-poverty relationship; have country; Macroeconomic policies; poverty; income distribution; IMF; country case studies; poverty-reducing effect; UNDP's Human Development Index; low-HDI country; macroeconomic policy; growth-poverty nexus; per capita income; poverty-reducing adjustment strategy; Poverty reduction; Income inequality; Poverty reduction strategy; Africa; Middle East; Western Hemisphere; Asia and Pacific; South Asia