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Asia and Pacific > India

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Cover IMF Working Papers
Inequality and Poverty in India: Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Policy Response
Ms. Elif C Arbatli Saxegaard
,
Mattia Coppo
,
Nasser Khalil
,
Shinya Kotera
, and
Ms. Filiz D Unsal
Using microdata from nationally representative household and labor force surveys, we study the impact and drivers of poverty and inequality in India during the pandemic. We have three main findings. First, India has made significant progress in reducing poverty in recent decades, but the economic downturn associated with the COVID-19 pandemic is estimated to have temporarily increased poverty and inequality. Second, education and employment status seem to be the main factors associated with poverty and income/consumption changes. Finally, the government’s expansion of food subsidies has likely played a significant role in mitigating the increase in poverty during the pandemic.
Keywords:
COVID-19; poverty; inequality; earnings; India; employment status; CPHS datum; poverty in India; consumption inequality; inequality in India; Annex II; Income; Income inequality; Consumption; Global; South Asia
Cover Policy Papers
Eligibility to Use the Fund's Facilities for Concessional Financing for 2017
International Monetary Fund
The review of PRGT-eligibility, conducted biennially, is guided by a transparent, rules-based, and parsimonious framework. The framework determines which IMF members can access concessional resources based on an assessment of their level of income per capita, market access, and serious short-term vulnerabilities. Application of the framework should be consistent with the self-sustainability of the PRGT’s lending capacity over time. This paper concludes that the existing framework remains generally appropriate. The PRGT-eligibility framework is broadly aligned with the World Bank’s International Development Association practices, with minor differences between the lists of eligible countries explained by differences in the mandates of the two institutions and the timing of their respective review cycles. None of the countries that have graduated from the PRGT-eligibility list are at immediate risk of re-entering it. No country is proposed for graduation from or entry onto the PRGT-eligibility list. While thirteen countries meet either the income or market access graduation criterion, all are assessed to be facing serious short-term vulnerabilities and thus none are proposed for graduation. No non-PRGT-eligible country meets the criteria for entry onto the PRGT-eligibility list. The proposal to keep the list of PRGT-eligible countries unchanged is consistent with the self-sustained capacity of the PRGT.
Keywords:
PP; PRGT eligibility framework; PRGT-eligibility framework; PRGT-eligibility list; eligibility; IMF executive board reviews eligibility; PRGT objective; Personal income; Debt sustainability; International capital markets; Concessional external borrowing; Poverty reduction strategy; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Trade Liberalization in Peru: Adjustment Costs Amidst High Labor Mobility
Elin Baldárrago
and
Mr. Gonzalo Salinas
While trade integration has been an engine of global growth and prosperity, as suggested by theory, some sectors have been negatively affected by increased import competition. We test if this negative effect is significant in a context of high intranational migration, as theory indicates that labor mobility could reduce it. We focus on the 2004-14 period of trade liberalization in Peru (a major beneficiary of trade integration), which allows for methodological improvements relative to similar studies. We find that districts competing with liberalized imports experienced significantly lower growth in consumption per capita despite some emigration in response to increased import competition. This underscores the need to support the “losers of trade liberalization” even amidst high labor mobility.
Keywords:
WP; tariff; liberalization; import; District tariff reduction; Trade Liberalization; Poverty; Peru; tariff reduction; import tariff; district tariff indicator; District level tariff; District tariff; MFN tariff; tariff barrier; poverty gap; imports-competition channel; barriers coverage; tariff line; tariff measure; Tariffs; Imports; Labor mobility; Global; South America
Cover IMF Working Papers
India: Defining and Explaining Inclusive Growth and Poverty Reduction
Rahul Anand
,
Mr. Volodymyr Tulin
, and
Naresh Kumar
We document the evolution of poverty and inequality across Indian states during the recent period of rapid growth (2004-09), and examine the role of growth and distribution in reducing poverty. Robust economic growth has been a major driver of poverty reduction and inclusiveness in India. We explore the role of economic policies and macrofinancial conditions in explaining inclusive growth and its components, using a new measure of inclusive growth. Social expenditures, spending on education, and educational attainment rates are important for fostering inclusive growth. Macro-financial stability, with particular attention to inflation risks, is also criticial for promoting inclusive growth.
Keywords:
WP; economic growth; India; state level growth; poverty; inequality; inclusive growth; poverty reduction; poverty headcount; poverty incidence; consumption growth; household consumption expenditure survey; growth rate; consumption expenditure survey; poverty headcount ratio; poverty estimate; Poverty reduction; Income inequality; Consumption
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
India: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
This Selected Issues paper uncovers the factors behind the unprecedented widening of India’s current account deficit in terms of the sectoral savings-investment balance. The unprecedented widening of India’s current account deficit in recent years is a symptom of underlying macroeconomic imbalances and structural weaknesses. Persistently high inflation has depressed real returns, prompting a surge in gold imports and a marked deterioration in household financial savings and the savings-investment balance. In turn, improvement in the public sector’s savings-investment balance was achieved through capital spending cuts, as subsidies remained high and fuel price adjustments lagged. Further efforts to increase financial savings would help reduce the current account deficit sustainably and boost growth.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; India; investment; product market; labor market rigidity; IMF staff calculation; investment slump; product market rigidity; food-price inflation shock; Inflation; Inclusive growth; Poverty reduction; Oil prices; Commodity markets; Global; South Asia
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Elusive Quest for Inclusive Growth: Growth, Poverty, and Inequality in Asia
Mr. Ravi Balakrishnan
,
Mr. Chad Steinberg
, and
Mr. Murtaza H Syed
This paper assesses how pro-poor and inclusive Asia’s recent growth has been, and what factors have been driving these outcomes. It finds that while poverty has fallen across the region over the last two decades, inequality has increased, dampening the impact of growth on poverty reduction. As a result, relative to other emerging and developing regions and to Asia’s own past, the recent period of growth has been both less inclusive and less pro-poor. Our analysis suggests a number of policies that could help redress these trends and broaden the benefits of growth in Asia. These include fiscal policies to increase spending on health, education, and social safetynets; labor market reforms to boost the labor share of total income; and reforms to make financial systems more inclusive.
Keywords:
WP; Gini coefficient; labor market; financial market; Asia; Inequality; Inclusive Growth; Poverty; Fiscal Policy; Financial Markets; income elasticity; income growth; cost of capital; elasticities of poverty; poverty headcount; Income; Income inequality; Minimum wages; Poverty reduction; Asia and Pacific; South Asia; Middle East; North Africa; East Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Bangladesh: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
The Sixth Five Year Plan, as outlined in Bangladesh's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, targets strategic growth and employment. The medium-term macroeconomic framework plan entails the involvement of both the private and public sectors. Human resources development strategy programs reaching out to the poor and the vulnerable population, as well as environment, climate change, and disaster risk management, have been included in the plan. Managing regional disparities for shared growth and strategy for raising farm productivity and agricultural growth have been outlined. Diversifying exports and developing a dynamic manufacturing sector are all inclusive in the proposed plan.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; private sector; fiscal year; poverty reduction; local government; growth rate; tax revenue; Climate change; Natural disasters; Global; South Asia; East Asia; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Working Papers
BRICs’ Philosophies for Development Financing and their Implications for LICs
Yongzheng Yang
and
Miss Nkunde Mwase
Flows of development financing from the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) to low income countries (LICs) have surged in recent years. Unlike aid from traditional donors, BRICs (excluding Russia) view their financing as primarily based on the principles of South-South cooperation, focusing on mutual benefits without attachment of policy conditionality. This paper provides an overview of the philosophies and modalities of BRIC financing and examines their implications for LIC economies and future LIC-BRIC engagement.
Keywords:
WP; BRIC financing; financing; BRIC; SSA LICs; firm; Aid; BRICs; Brazil; China; Russia; Institutions; Debt; LICs; Bric financing of infrastructure; LIC government; BRIC firm; BRIC assistance; BRIC export credits; financing flow; BRIC engagement; Development assistance; Infrastructure; Debt sustainability; Poverty reduction; Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP); Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
Global Poverty Estimates: A Sensitivity Analysis
Ms. Camelia Minoiu
and
Ms. Shatakshee Dhongde
Current estimates of global poverty vary substantially across studies. In this paper we undertake a novel sensitivity analysis to highlight the importance of methodological choices in estimating global poverty. We measure global poverty using different data sources, parametric and nonparametric estimation methods, and multiple poverty lines. Our results indicate that estimates of global poverty vary significantly when they are based alternately on data from household surveys versus national accounts but are relatively consistent across different estimation methods. The decline in poverty over the past decade is found to be robust across methodological choices.
Keywords:
WP; poverty estimate; sensitivity analysis; global poverty; household surveys; national accounts; income distribution; international poverty line; consumption poverty; density function; day poverty line; kernel density estimation; nonparametric estimation method; estimate poverty; Personal income; Consumption; Estimation techniques; Global
Cover Global Monitoring Report, 2011
Global Monitoring Report, 2011
Improving the Odds of Achieving the MDGs
International Monetary Fund

Abstract

With less than five years left to achieve the MDGs, this year's report looks at the prospects and challenges for reaching the goals. It also examines the great diversity of performance across indicators, countries, and categories of countriesto determine the necessary policies to fill the remaining gaps.

Keywords:
MISC RPT; MISC; biodiversity loss; ecosystem goods