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Asia and Pacific > India

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Cover IMF Working Papers
Tec(h)tonic Shifts: Taxing the “Digital Economy”
Aqib Aslam
and
Ms. Alpa Shah
The ever-increasing digitalization of businesses has accelerated the need to address the many shortcomings and unresolved issues within the international corporate income tax system. In particular, the customer or “user”—through their online activities—is now considered by many as being a critical driving force behind the value of digital services. Furthermore, the rapid growth of digital service providers over the last decade has made them an increasingly popular target for special taxes—similar to wealth and solidarity taxes—which can also help mobilize much-needed revenues in the wake of a crisis. This paper argues that a plausible conceptual case can be made to tax the value generated by users under the corporate income tax. However, a number of issues need to be tackled for user-based tax measures to become a reality, which include agreement among countries on whether user value justifies a reallocation of taxing rights, establishing the legal right to tax income derived from user value, as well as an appropriate metric for valuing user-generated data if it is ever to be used as a tax base. Furthermore, attempting to tax only certain types of business is ill-advised, especially as user data is now being exploited widely enough for it to be recognized as an input for almost all businesses. Several options present themselves for consideration—from a modified permanent establishment definition combined with taxation by formulary apportionment, to user-based royalty-type taxes—each with their own merits and misdemeanors.
Keywords:
WP; user data; withholding tax; multinational enterprise; tax treatment; company activity; gross income; resource company; Corporate Taxation; Digitalization; income tax; social media; natural resource; digital economy; small business; Corporate income tax; Data collection; Income and capital gains taxes; Income tax systems; Global; profit margin; customer base; computer database; resident company; market power
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Nepal: 2019 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Nepal
International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
This 2020 Article IV Consultation focuses on Nepal’s near and medium-term challenges and policy priorities and was prepared before coronavirus disease 2019 became a global pandemic and resulted in unprecedented strains in global trade, commodity and financial markets. During recent years, strong growth in Nepal has been supported by greater political stability, improved electricity supply, and reconstruction activity following the devastating earthquakes in 2015. Additional policies are needed to continue to support inclusive growth, while safeguarding macroeconomic and financial stability. Fiscal policy should remain prudent, and the transition to fiscal federalism carefully managed. Macroprudential measures should remain in place to limit the build-up of financial sector risk. Recent reforms to boost foreign investment need a supportive implementation environment. Strengthening the implementation of monetary policy requires a well-functioning interest rate framework that reduces volatility in short-term interest rates. Less short-term interest rate volatility would support financial market development and improve policy signaling and transmission. The IMF staff emphasizes the need to introduce a standing deposit facility as a first step toward establishing a reliable implementation track record for the interest rate corridor.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; government; current account; GDP; remittance; remittance inflow; credit growth; r eal GDP growth; central government deficit; financing transaction; remittances slowdown; liability positions vis-à-vis nonresident; private sector; External sector statistics; Credit; Stress testing; Global; South Asia
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Myanmar: 2018 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Myanmar
International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
This 2018 Article IV Consultation highlights that Myanmar’s economy is expected to gain steam albeit at a somewhat slower pace than previously envisaged but faces greater downside risks including from the crisis in Rakhine state. The country’s long-term prospects remain strong, supported by a growing demographic dividend, a competitive labor force and its strategic location. The discussions recommend that successful implementation of the second wave of reforms in the Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan with a focus on peace, stability and good governance will help sustain the growth take-off and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Financial regulations and supervision should be strengthened with a view to ensuring financial stability and deepening, while forming contingency plans to address systemic banking risks, and strengthening the resolution framework. Fiscal policy should be directed towards SDG-related spending, while lowering Central Bank of Myanmar financing and ensuring debt sustainability. The business environment is expected to benefit from upgraded infrastructure, access to finance, and strengthening of the overall governance framework.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; FDI project approval; deposit auction rate; capital goods import; inflation rate.; rate; FDI inflow; Myanmar's Union parliament; External sector statistics; Monetary operations; Global; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Bhutan: Technical Assistance Report-Report on the External Sector Statistics Technical Assistance Mission (April 2–13, 2018)
International Monetary Fund. Statistics Dept.
As part of the IMF-South Asia Regional Training and Technical Assistance Center (SARTTAC) work program, a technical assistance (TA) mission on external sector statistics (ESS) was conducted during April 2–13, 2018. The mission assisted the Royal Monetary Authority (RMA) in compiling and disseminating external debt statistics (EDS) consistent with the international investment position (IIP), reviewed the compilation method of direct investment statistics, and assessed the coverage of external flows related to hydropower projects.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; FDI company; FDI data; compilation file; FDI worksheet; loans liabilities transaction; resident in Bhutan; accrued interest; Foreign direct investment; External sector statistics; International investment position; Loans; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Bhutan: Technical Assistance Evaluation Report (March 4-8, 2013)
International Monetary Fund. Statistics Dept.
This paper discusses Bhutan’s Technical Assistance Evaluation report. Participation in the statistical projects financed by the Japanese government in national accounts, prices, government finance, and balance-of-payments statistics is having a major effect on Bhutan’s statistical development. The statistical compilers were well informed about the donor as the source of funding. The method of combining regional workshops and multiple missions was considered to be particularly suitable. Cross-sectoral data consistency and coordination are increasingly recognized as important. Computerized accounting systems for the budgetary central government have been introduced, namely the Multi-Year Rolling Budget and the Public Expenditure Management System.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; TA mission; Sta TA; TA provider; evaluation mission; TA effort; TA recommendation; fund course; RMA staff; availability fund staff; collection procedure; TA work; course nomination; enhancing TA policy; TA evaluation mission; compilation procedure; External sector statistics; Government finance statistics; Balance of payments statistics; Monetary statistics; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Working Papers
New Indicators for Tracking Growth in Real Time
Mr. Troy D Matheson
We develop monthly indicators for tracking growth in 32 advanced and emerging-market economies. We test the historical performance of our indicators and find that they do a good job at describing the business cycle. In a recursive out-of-sample forecasting exercise, we find that the indicators generally produce good GDP growth forecasts relative to a range of time series models.
Keywords:
WP; real GDP
Cover External Debt Statistics
External Debt Statistics
Guide for Compilers and Users
International Monetary Fund

Abstract

This Guide provides clear, up-to-date guidance on the concepts, definitions, and classifications of the gross external debt of the public and private sectors, and on the sources, compilation techniques, and analytical uses of these data. The Guide supersedes the previous international guidance on external debt statistics available in External Debt: Definition, Statistical Coverage, and Methodology (known as the Gray Book), 1988. The Guides conceptual framework derives from the System of National Accounts 1993 and the fifth edition of the IMFs Balance of Payments Manual(1993). Preparation of the Guide was undertaken by an Inter-Agency Task Force on Finance Statistics, chaired by the IMF and involving representatives from the BIS, the Commonwealth Secretariat, the European Central Bank, Eurostat, the OECD, the Paris Club Secretariat, UNCTAD, and the World Bank.

Keywords:
M&G; debt; debt liability; short-term debt; liability; interest cost; security transaction; security taker; debt position; Securities; Financial derivatives; Loans; Currencies; Global; West Africa; Africa; Southern Africa; East Africa; unit of account; External sector statistics