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Asia and Pacific > India

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 38 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
  • Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies x
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Cover IMF How To Notes
How to Design and Implement Property Tax Reforms
Martin Grote
and
Jean-François Wen
Property taxes are often under-exploited sources of local public revenues. A broad-based tax, raised at modest rates, can potentially generate significantly higher revenues in many countries, and meet most of the costs of improved local public services. This note provides a practical guide to designing and implementing reforms to recurrent taxes on immoveable property and real estate transfer taxes. It addresses the fundamental policy choices regarding the property tax base and tax rate, and the key functions of the tax administration for managing collections – valuation, billing, and enforcement. The advice in the note stems from a review of the literature and insights gained from the experiences of the Fiscal Affairs Department in delivering capacity development on property taxes. It covers and updates some of the analytical work by Norregaard (2013) while providing granular advice on practical aspects of reforming property taxes. The note is motivated by the resource mobilization needs of developing countries, but the design considerations are also pertinent for advanced and emerging market economies seeking to increase the revenue productivity of property taxes.
Keywords:
property tax; recurrent tax; real estate; real property transfer tax; tax reform; implement property tax reform; property tax tax collection; revenue identity; property tax administration; property tax system; Tax administration core functions; Transaction tax; Estate tax; Africa
Cover Technical Assistance Reports
Sri Lanka: Technical Assistance Report-Property Taxation at the National and Subnational Level
International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
This report analyzes Sri Lanka’s options for improving the fairness and progressivity of the tax system through the introduction of a nationwide property tax. Given constitutional constraints that limit the taxation of property at the central government level, it recommends taxing the imputed rental value of owner-occupied housing. With a suitable exemption threshold and a progressive tax rate structure, such a tax can support fiscal consolidation by raising revenue from the most affluent members of Sri Lanka’s society while introducing little distortions. Implementation and enforcement of the tax will require substantive investments in data infrastructure, including through the introduction of a digital sales price and rents register. The report also outlines options for improving the fairness and revenue productivity of subnational assessment rates (local property taxes) and suggests additional reforms that can complement the taxation of real property at the national and subnational level.
Keywords:
Property taxation; Imputed rental income tax; Simplified assessment approach; Sri Lanka; Fiscal consolidation.; imputed rental income; central government; roll number; rental contract; market rental value; Property tax; Transaction tax; Income and capital gains taxes; Income; Global; Australia and New Zealand
Cover IMF Working Papers
Taxing Cryptocurrencies
Ms. Katherine Baer
,
Ruud A. de Mooij
,
Mr. Shafik Hebous
, and
Mr. Michael Keen
Policymakers are struggling to accommodate cryptocurrencies within tax systems not designed to handle them; this paper reviews the issues that arise. The greatest challenges are for implementation: crypto’s quasi-anonymity is an inherent obstacle to third-party reporting. Design problems arise from cryptocurrencies’ dual nature as investment assets and means of payment: more straightforward is a compelling case for corrective taxation of carbon-intensive mining. Ownership is highly concentrated at the top, but many crypto investors have only moderate incomes. The capital gains tax revenue at stake worldwide may be in the tens of billions of dollars, but the more profound risks may ultimately be for VAT/sales taxes.
Keywords:
Cryptocurrency; virtual assets; tax evasion; tax compliance; Bitcoin; sales taxation; B VAT; income taxation; tax authorities; bitcoin transaction; intrinsic value; Virtual currencies; Blockchain and DLT; Currencies; Capital gains tax; Value-added tax; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Cross-Country Evidence on the Revenue Impact of Tax Reforms
Mr. David Amaglobeli
,
Mr. Valerio Crispolti
, and
Xuguang Simon Sheng
Many countries face the challenge of raising additional tax revenues without hurting economic growth. Comprehensive, cross-country information on the revenue impact of tax policy changes can thus support informed decision-making on viable reforms. We assess the likely revenue impact of various tax policy changes based on a sample of 21 advanced and emerging market economies, using granular information from the IMF Tax Policy Reform Database v.4.0. Our findings suggest that the revenue yield of a tax policy change varies significantly depending on the tax instrument adopted (e.g., VAT or personal income tax) and the nature of the change (i.e., rate, base). For example, in our sample, base-broadening changes to personal and corporate income taxes as well as to excise and property taxes have generally a more significant and long-lasting revenue yields than rate changes. By contrast, rate changes appear to have a relatively more significant revenue impact in the case of VAT and social security contributions. We also observe an asymmetry in the revenue impact of most tax policy measures when controlling for the direction of tax changes (i.e., its significance varies depending on whether taxes are increased or decreased). While our results are based on qualitative information of tax policy changes (i.e., dummy variables), the revenue yields of rate measures are not materially different from those that would be obtained using quantitative information on the size of the change.
Keywords:
corporate income tax; personal income tax; value added taxes; social security contributions; excise; property taxes; tax reforms; revenue yield; revenue impact; Tax-to-GDP ratio; rate change; SSC rate hike; Tax collection; Value-added tax
Cover IMF Working Papers
Applying the Central Clearing Mandate: Different Options for Different Markets
Mr. John Kiff
,
Alessandro Gullo
,
Mr. Cory Hillier
, and
Panagiotis Papapanagiotou
Back in 2009, G-20 leaders have called for all standardized over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives to be cleared through central counterparties (CCPs). By now, 18 of the 24 Financial Stability Board (FSB) member jurisdictions have provided for mandatory central clearing frameworks in place, covering at least 90 percent of all standardized OTC derivatives in their jurisdictions. However, the authorities in several countries remain confronted with the hows and wherefores of mandatory central clearing, also in light of the international dimension of OTC derivatives contracts. This paper examines the policy options available to countries that have yet to fully conform to the clearing mandate, centered on the setup of local CCPs or on the use of foreign CCPs, and elaborates on their feasibility, risks and benefits from an economic, legal and tax viewpoint.
Keywords:
central counterparties; international over the counter derivatives markets; regulation and governance.; interest rate derivatives CCP; Non-U.S. OTC foreign exchange; OTC derivatives transaction; counter derivatives market; clearing mandate; Central counterparty clearing house; Withholding tax; Interest payments; Collateral; Tax law; Global; Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
Brazil: Tax Expenditure Rationalization Within Broader Tax Reform
Maria Delgado Coelho
The excessive complexity and burden of the Brazilian tax system, riddled by cumulative indirect taxes and heavy payroll contributions, have led to an accumulation of fiscal incentives aimed at reducing its burden on taxpayers and productive activities. Federal and subnational tax expenditures currently stand at over 5 percent of GDP. Rationalizing them can only be comprehensively feasible in the context of a broader sequenced tax reform, and could reduce resource misallocation and income inequality, as well as provide new revenues.
Keywords:
rationalization experience; Labor tax wedge; sequenced tax reform; cost of capital; zero rating; tax relief; single tax; Tax expenditures; Corporate income tax; Tax incentives; Personal income tax; Social security contributions; Global
Cover Departmental Papers
Digitalization and Taxation in Asia
Ms. Era Dabla-Norris
,
Ruud de Mooij
,
Andrew Hodge
,
Jan Loeprick
,
Dinar Prihardini
,
Ms. Alpa Shah
,
Sebastian Beer
,
Sonja Davidovic
,
Arbind M Modi
, and
Fan Qi
Digitalization in Asia is pervasive, unique, and growing. It stands out by its sheer scale, with internet users far exceeding numbers in other regions. This facilitates e-commerce in markets that are large by international standards, supported by innovative payment systems and featuring major corporate players, including a number of large, home-grown, highly digitalized businesses (tech giants) that rival US multinational enterprises (MNEs) in size. Opportunity for future growth exists, as a significant population share remains unconnected.
Keywords:
reform option; tech giant; tax design; reform proposal; OECD-Inclusive Framework; Value-added tax; Corporate income tax; Income and capital gains taxes; Digitalization; Asia and Pacific; Global
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, June 2020
International Monetary Fund
Finance & Development, June 2020
Keywords:
FD; F&D; economy; economics; dynamics unfolding; politics; policy solution
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, June 2020
International Monetary Fund
Finance & Development, June 2020
Keywords:
FD; F&D; economy; economics; dynamics unfolding; politics; policy solution
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, June 2020
International Monetary Fund
Finance & Development, June 2020
Keywords:
FD; F&D; economy; economics; dynamics unfolding; politics; policy solution