Narrow Your Choices

Refine By Topic

Refine By Series

Refine By Language

Refine By Date

—

Refine By IMF Taxonomy

Refine By JEL Taxonomy

Refine by LOC Taxonomy

Refine By THEMA Taxonomy

  • Print
  • Save

Europe > Ireland

You are looking at 1 - 5 of 5 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
  • Gender Studies x
Clear All Modify Search
Cover Staff Discussion Notes
Green Jobs and the Future of Work for Women and Men
The transition to a sustainable and green economy requires workers to move out of carbon-intensive jobs and workers to move into green jobs. The pace and effectiveness of the transition hinge not only on climate policies but also on the skills and adaptability of workers. Evidence suggests that economies with a robust supply of STEM-educated workers and a more equal treatment of women are better placed to transition faster and at a lower cost to a green economy, even after controlling for other country characteristics, because these economies generate more green innovation and face lower bottlenecks in expanding the green workforce. Altogether, climate policies, particularly energy taxes, in these economies are associated with emission reductions that are 2 to 4 percentage points larger than in economies with a less inclusive and educated workforce. While green jobs have been growing worldwide, men currently hold close to two-thirds of these positions and women only one-third. Green jobs are associated with a 7 percent premium for men and an even higher premium of 12 percent for women, suggesting that men’s and women’s labor supply may not meet demand. These findings highlight the critical need for educational and labor policies that promote skill enhancement and gender inclusivity, to ensure a sufficient supply of workers for the green economy and that all workers can benefit from the green transition. Finally, AI could be beneficial for workers in green jobs.
Keywords:
Labor Market Transition; Climate Change; Employment; Gender Equality; gender green employment gap decomposition; employment share; green wage premium; worker occupation; women employment; green jobs workers' characteristic; Gender inequality; Women; Labor markets; Global
Cover Policy Papers
Categorization Of Open Actions In Management Implementation Plans
International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, &amp
and
Review Department
This paper undertakes a triage of the backlog of open actions in Management Implementation Plans (MIPs) responding to recommendations by the Independent Evaluation Office (IEO), based on the Framework endorsed by the Board in March 2019.
Keywords:
PP; IEO recommendation; Categorization paper; PMR cycle; diversity; monitoring mechanism; further consultation; further monitoring; Gender diversity; Financial sector; Financial Sector Assessment Program; Debt sustainability analysis; Global
Cover Staff Discussion Notes
Economic Gains From Gender Inclusion: New Mechanisms, New Evidence
Mr. Jonathan David Ostry
,
Mr. Jorge A Alvarez
,
Mr. Raphael A Espinoza
, and
Mr. Chris Papageorgiou
While progress has been made in increasing female labor force participation (FLFP) in the last 20 years, large gaps remain. The latest Fund research shows that improving gender diversity can result in larger economic gains than previously thought. Indeed, gender diversity brings benefits all its own. Women bring new skills to the workplace. This may reflect social norms and their impact on upbringing and social interactions, or underlying differences in risk preference and response to incentives for example. As such, there is an economic benefit from diversity, that is from bringing women into the labor force, over and above the benefit resulting from more (male) workers. The study finds that male and female labor are imperfect substitutes in production, and therefore gender differences in the labor force matter. The results also imply that standard models, which ignore such differences, understate the favorable impact of gender inclusion on growth, and misattribute to technology a part of growth that is actually caused by women’s participation. The study further suggests that narrowing gender gaps benefits both men and women, because of a boost to male wages from higher FLFP. The paper also examines the role of women in the process of sectoral reallocation from traditional agriculture to services and the resulting effect on productivity and growth. Because FLFP is relatively high in services, sectoral reallocation along development paths serves to boost gender parity and productivity.
Keywords:
SDN; labor force; capital stock; comparative advantage; Gender diversity; female labor force participation; production function; structural transformation; FLFP barrier; labor force participation; male-to-female employment ratio; employment growth; services employment share; Women; Gender inequality; Employment; South Asia; Middle East; North Africa; Central Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
Individual Choice or Policies? Drivers of Female Employment in Europe
Lone Engbo Christiansen
,
Ms. Huidan Huidan Lin
,
Ms. Joana Pereira
,
Petia Topalova
, and
Ms. Rima A Turk
Female labor force participation has increased markedly in many European countries during the past decades. Nonetheless, participation rates remain low in some economies, and a significant gender gap persists in most countries. Using micro-level data to control for factors that influence personal choice, we re-examine the determinants of female employment in Europe. The results highlight the importance of positive attitudes towards women working and individual characteristics such as years of education and number of children. However, even after controlling for these factors, policies are also key drivers of female employment.
Keywords:
WP; country; policy; wage; family allowance; Labor force participation; labor markets; gender gaps; International Social Survey Programme; childcare provision; employment rate; gender employment gap; employment decision; Women; Gender diversity; Employment; Europe
Cover IMF Working Papers
Gender Bias in Tax Systems
Ms. Janet Gale Stotsky
This paper examines the nature of gender bias in tax systems. Gender bias takes both explicit and implicit forms. Explicit gender bias is found in many personal income tax systems. Several countries, especially those in Western Europe, have undertaken to eliminate explicit gender bias in recent years. It is more difficult to identify implicit gender bias, since this depends in large part on value judgments as to desirable social and economic behavior. Implicit gender bias has also been a target for reform of tax systems in recent years.
Keywords:
WP; gender bias; income; explicit gender bias; tax preference; income taxation; b. gender bias; benefits in Sweden; tax subject; labor income; personal income tax system; tax regulation; gender bias in tax systems; tax liability; United States income tax; c. gender bias; Personal income; Gender inequality; Income tax systems; Women; Personal income tax; Global