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Europe > Ireland

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 53 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
  • Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions x
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Cover Departmental Papers
Affordable Rental Housing: Making It Part of Europe’s Recovery
Khalid ElFayoumi
,
Ms. Izabela Karpowicz
,
Ms. Jenny Lee
,
Ms. Marina Marinkov
,
Ms. Aiko Mineshima
,
Jorge Salas
,
Andreas Tudyka
, and
Ms. Andrea Schaechter
Many European economies have faced pressure from rental housing affordability that has widened social and economic divergence. While significant country and regional differences exist, this departmental paper finds that in many advanced European economies a large and rising share of low-income renters, the young, and those living in cities is overburdened. In several locations, middle-income groups also increasingly face rental affordability issues.
Keywords:
Europe, Rental housing, Rental market policies, Housing affordability, Social inclusion, Low-income housing, Low-income tenants, Income distribution; rental housing affordability; affordability issue; rental market; rental cost; rental price; Housing; Income; Housing prices; Disposable income; Income inequality; Europe; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Anatomy of the Transmission of Macroprudential Policies
Viral V. Acharya
,
Katharina Bergant
,
Matteo Crosignani
,
Tim Eisert
, and
Fergal McCann
We analyze how regulatory constraints on household leverage—in the form of loan-to-income and loan-to-value limits—a?ect residential mortgage credit and house prices as well as other asset classes not directly targeted by the limits. Supervisory loan level data suggest that mortgage credit is reallocated from low-to high-income borrowers and from urban to rural counties. This reallocation weakens the feedback loop between credit and house prices and slows down house price growth in “hot” housing markets. Consistent with constrained lenders adjusting their portfolio choice, more-a?ected banks drive this reallocation and substitute their risk-taking into holdings of securities and corporate credit.
Keywords:
WP; lending limit; Macroprudential Regulation; Household Leverage; Residential Mortgage Credit; House Prices; credit reallocation; mortgage credit; mortgage issuance; house price growth; bank portfolio choice; Housing prices; Mortgages; Credit; Personal income; Residential mortgages; Loans
Cover IMF Working Papers
An Assessment of Global Formula Apportionment
Ruud A. de Mooij
,
Ms. Li Liu
, and
Dinar Prihardini
Formula apportionment as a way to attribute taxable profits of multinationals across jurisdictions is receiving increased attention. This paper reviews existing literature and discusses experiences in selective federal states to evaluate the economic properties of formula apportionment relative to the current international tax regime that is based on separate accounting. It highlights major advantages, such as the elimination of profit shifting within multinational groups; and it discusses new distortions and the impact on tax competition. The analysis exploits different datasets to assess the direct revenue implications for individual countries under alternative formulas. The distributional effects across countries are found to be large, reflecting major discrepancies between where profits are currently attributed and where factors of production are located or sales take place. The largest losses appear in investment hubs (i.e. countries with a disproportionate ratio of foreign direct investment to GDP), while several large advanced countries are likely to gain. Developing countries gain most likely if employment receives a large weight in the formula; they also tend to benefit, on average, from a formula based on sales by destination.
Keywords:
WP; parent company; taxable income; company group; company transaction; enterprise tax.; non-loss-making company; International corporate taxation; Multinationals; Formula apportionment; enterprise tax; tax competition; data from ORBIS; tax enforcement; revenue effect; Corporate income tax; Personal income; Employment; Global; Europe
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Ireland: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper examines the past and present impact of personal income tax reform in Ireland. Personal income in Ireland is taxed under two distinct schemes. Changes in Ireland’s personal income taxation have been procyclical and created vulnerabilities to public finances. The reduction in personal income taxes during the boom has been broad based, albeit more for low-income taxpayers. With somewhat shrinking corporate profits during the crisis, personal income taxation was increased. The reformed income tax would reduce the vulnerability of public finances to interplay of corporate (CIT) revenues and reduce procyclicality. A robust, stable income tax system performs a stabilizing role over the business cycle, while the additional CIT revenues during booms could be saved as buffers to be used for smoothing downturns or to reduce the still high public debt. Post-2014, income taxes have been reduced again, fueling the recovery in domestic demand. The Income Tax could be further amended to enhance incentives to work, while safeguarding the progressivity of the system.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; income tax; asset; tax rate; Ireland; payer; personal income income tax; asset exposure; tax yield; sector assets; portfolio survey; asset quality; OFI asset; Income tax systems; Personal income tax; Mutual funds; Personal income; Financial sector; Global
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, December 2018
International Monetary Fund. Communications Department
Finance and Development
Keywords:
FD; F&D; income; worker; remittances migrant; population aging; economy
Cover IMF Working Papers
Fiscal Redistribution and Social Welfare
Mr. David Coady
,
Devin D'Angelo
, and
Brooks Evans
Fiscal policy is a key tool for achieving distributional objectives in advanced economies. This paper embeds the discussion of fiscal redistribution within the standard social welfare framework, which lends itself to a transparent and practical evaluation of the extent and determinants of fiscal redistribution. Differences in fiscal redistribution are decomposed into differences in the magnitude of transfers (fiscal effort) and in the progressivity of transfers (fiscal progressivity). Fiscal progressivity is further decomposed into differences in the distribution of transfers across income groups (targeting performance) and in the social welfare returns to targeting due to varying initial levels of income inequality (targeting returns). This decomposition provides a clear distinction between the concepts of progressivity and targeting, and clarifies the relationship between them. For illustrative purposes, the framework is applied to data for 28 EU countries to determine the factors explaining differences in their fiscal redistribution and to discuss patterns in fiscal redistribution highlighted in the literature.
Keywords:
WP; fiscal policy; Fiscal redistribution; progressivity; targeting; transfers; taxes; benefit share; welfare impact; EUROMOD data; transfer program; percentage decrease; share of transfer; cost-benefit ratio; welfare weight; Income inequality; Personal income; Progressive taxation; Income distribution
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, December 2018
International Monetary Fund. Communications Department
Finance and Development
Keywords:
FD; F&D; income; worker; remittances migrant; population aging; economy
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, December 2018
International Monetary Fund. Communications Department
Finance and Development
Keywords:
FD; F&D; income; worker; remittances migrant; population aging; economy
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, December 2018
International Monetary Fund. Communications Department
Finance and Development
Keywords:
FD; F&D; income; worker; remittances migrant; population aging; economy
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, December 2018
International Monetary Fund. Communications Department
Finance and Development
Keywords:
FD; F&D; income; worker; remittances migrant; population aging; economy