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Europe > Ireland

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Cover Staff Discussion Notes
Green Jobs and the Future of Work for Women and Men
The transition to a sustainable and green economy requires workers to move out of carbon-intensive jobs and workers to move into green jobs. The pace and effectiveness of the transition hinge not only on climate policies but also on the skills and adaptability of workers. Evidence suggests that economies with a robust supply of STEM-educated workers and a more equal treatment of women are better placed to transition faster and at a lower cost to a green economy, even after controlling for other country characteristics, because these economies generate more green innovation and face lower bottlenecks in expanding the green workforce. Altogether, climate policies, particularly energy taxes, in these economies are associated with emission reductions that are 2 to 4 percentage points larger than in economies with a less inclusive and educated workforce. While green jobs have been growing worldwide, men currently hold close to two-thirds of these positions and women only one-third. Green jobs are associated with a 7 percent premium for men and an even higher premium of 12 percent for women, suggesting that men’s and women’s labor supply may not meet demand. These findings highlight the critical need for educational and labor policies that promote skill enhancement and gender inclusivity, to ensure a sufficient supply of workers for the green economy and that all workers can benefit from the green transition. Finally, AI could be beneficial for workers in green jobs.
Keywords:
Labor Market Transition; Climate Change; Employment; Gender Equality; gender green employment gap decomposition; employment share; green wage premium; worker occupation; women employment; green jobs workers' characteristic; Gender inequality; Women; Labor markets; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Willingness to Pay for Clean Air: Evidence from the UK
Giorgio Maarraoui
,
Walid Marrouch
,
Faten Saliba
, and
Ada Wossink
This paper uses life satisfaction data to help the design of climate mitigation policies in the United Kingdom. We assess the effects of the exposure to ambient pollutants on long-term life satisfaction and short-term mental health in the UK. We estimate augmented Cobb-Douglas utility functions using pooled and random effects ordinal logit models. Results show that increases in NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 significantly decrease the odds of longterm happiness and short-term mental health in the UK. The willingness to pay for clean air is also significant and increases with level of education. These measurements derived can be used as benchmarks for pollution abatement subsidies or pollution taxes and can help in projecting a more comprehensive assessment of costs and benefits.
Keywords:
Air Pollution; Happiness; Policy Valuation; Climate Change; Environmental Policies; Pollution Taxes; Pollution Abatement Subsidies; life satisfaction data; dataset description; air pollutant; pollutants' correlation; household data; ordinal Logit; Income; Europe; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Kingdom of the Netherlands—the Netherlands: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
Selected Issues
Keywords:
labor market slack; teaching staff; policy implication; support program; C. employment support scheme coverage; B. labor market development; efficiency frontier; education outcome; Employment; Education spending; Labor markets; COVID-19; Europe; North America; Caribbean; Global; Africa; Asia and Pacific
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, December 2018
International Monetary Fund. Communications Department
Finance and Development
Keywords:
FD; F&D; income; worker; remittances migrant; population aging; economy
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, December 2018
International Monetary Fund. Communications Department
Finance and Development
Keywords:
FD; F&D; income; worker; remittances migrant; population aging; economy
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, December 2018
International Monetary Fund. Communications Department
Finance and Development
Keywords:
FD; F&D; income; worker; remittances migrant; population aging; economy
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, December 2018
International Monetary Fund. Communications Department
Finance and Development
Keywords:
FD; F&D; income; worker; remittances migrant; population aging; economy
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, December 2018
International Monetary Fund. Communications Department
Finance and Development
Keywords:
FD; F&D; income; worker; remittances migrant; population aging; economy
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, December 2018
International Monetary Fund. Communications Department
This paper focuses on overcoming fears of technology and globalization means rethinking the rights and obligations of citizenship. While the causes of our discontent vary, they all point to the need to revitalize politics, economics, and social contract to provide citizens with a greater sense of security and confidence in the face of impending changes. The backlash highlights the need for a new social contract, one that adapts to changed economic realities and better manages the social implications of globalization. The social contract includes the payment of taxes in exchange for public goods, and the way that society looks after the old, the young, the infirm, and those who have fallen on hard times. Countries with greater social mobility grow faster because they more effectively match people to the right jobs. Another way to address inequality would be to put a floor under incomes, which would help ensure that even low-wage earners can enjoy a reasonable standard of living.
Keywords:
FD; F&D; income; worker; remittances migrant; population aging; economy; social insurance policy; governance of migration; s story; desk drawer; Personal income; Women; Income inequality; Global; Africa; Europe; East Asia; South Asia; Tax allowances; Social assistance spending; bond VigilanteBook review; time TravelerStraight talk; ProtectionPoint of view
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Labor Market Integration of Migrants in Europe: New Evidence from Micro Data
Giang Ho
and
Ms. Rima A Turk
This paper presents novel empirical evidence on the labor market integration of migrants across Europe. It investigates how successfully migrants integrate in 13 European countries by applying a unified framework to analyze a rich micro dataset with over ten million individuals surveyed between 1998 and 2016. Focusing on employment outcomes, we document substantial heterogeneity in the patterns of labor market integration across host countries and by migrant gender and origin. Our results also point to the importance of cohorts and network effects, initial labor market conditions, and the differential impact of education acquired domestically and abroad in determining migrants’ subsequent employment prospects. The analysis has implications for the design of effective integration policies.
Keywords:
WP; migrant; labor market; International migration; labor market integration; employment; micro data; integration speed; language skill; employment outcome; migrant status; arrival cohort; spends time; Migration; Labor markets; Unemployment; Europe; Asia and Pacific; North America