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Ms. Emine Boz
,
Ms. Gita Gopinath
, and
Mikkel Plagborg-Møller
We document that the U.S. dollar exchange rate drives global trade prices and volumes. Using a newly constructed data set of bilateral price and volume indices for more than 2,500 country pairs, we establish the following facts: 1) The dollar exchange rate quantitatively dominates the bilateral exchange rate in price pass-through and trade elasticity regressions. U.S. monetary policy induced dollar fluctuations have high pass-through into bilateral import prices. 2) Bilateral non-commodities terms of trade are essentially uncorrelated with bilateral exchange rates. 3) The strength of the U.S. dollar is a key predictor of rest-of-world aggregate trade volume and consumer/producer price inflation. A 1 percent U.S. dollar appreciation against all other currencies in the world predicts a 0.6–0.8 percent decline within a year in the volume of total trade between countries in the rest of the world, controlling for the global business cycle. 4) Using a novel Bayesian semiparametric hierarchical panel data model, we estimate that the importing country’s share of imports invoiced in dollars explains 15 percent of the variance of dollar pass-through/elasticity across country pairs. Our findings strongly support the dominant currency paradigm as opposed to the traditional Mundell-Fleming pricing paradigms.
International Monetary Fund
In recent years, the IMF has released a growing number of reports and other documents covering economic and financial developments and trends in member countries. Each report, prepared by a staff team after discussions with government officials, is published at the option of the member country.
International Monetary Fund
In recent years, the IMF has released a growing number of reports and other documents covering economic and financial developments and trends in member countries. Each report, prepared by a staff team after discussions with government officials, is published at the option of the member country.
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.

Abstract

This paper recognizes the difficulties and problems being faced by member countries under present circumstances and the uncertainties resulting from the strained international situation and rearmament. After the various relaxations and intensifications, there still remains a widespread use of restrictive practices by the IMF’s members. Despite some similarity between the restrictive systems of different countries, there is, as noted, a widespread diversity in the practices of IMF members. Multiple currency practices of many types and a variety of other devices are employed either in isolation or in combination. The purpose of many of the restrictions employed is to cope with balance of payments difficulties of the country imposing them. Some of the difficulties, however, are the result of measures in important export markets. Limitations on imports by one country, through exchange or trade restrictions or other devices, restrict the earnings of other countries and consequently may result in the latter restricting their payments.

International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.

Abstract

Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions 1951