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Europe > Switzerland

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 1,411 items

Cover IMF Working Papers
Demand for Safe Assets and Spillovers from the Global Dollar Cycle
Cian Allen
,
Rudolfs Bems
,
Lukas Boer
, and
Racha Moussa
US dollar appreciations can inflict sizable negative cross-border spillovers. We investigate such spillovers from flight-to-safety shocks and the accompanying “global dollar cycle”. Results show that negative real sector spillovers from US dollar appreciations fall disproportionately on emerging markets. In contrast, effects on advanced economies are small and short-lived. Emerging market commodity exporters historically experienced larger negative spillovers than commodity importers, reflecting a strong negative link between the US dollar and commodity prices. In terms of policies, more anchored inflation expectations can mitigate the initial negative spillovers while more flexible exchange rates can speed up the subsequent economic recovery.
Keywords:
Uncovered Interest Parity; International Spillovers; Global Financial Cycle; Commodity Prices; emerging market commodity exporter; UIP deviation; USD Index; commodity exporter; invoicing share; index weight; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Interest rate parity; Negative spillovers; Exchange rate arrangements; Spillovers; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Principality of Liechtenstein: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper focuses on cross-border income flows in Liechtenstein. In Liechtenstein, the gap between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Income (GNI) is significant due to the country’s economic structure as a financial center with a high percentage of cross-border commuters and globally competitive manufacturers contributing to high GDP per capita. Using currently available data, this paper examines the drivers of the GDP-GNI gap in Liechtenstein to provide a broader context of its high per capita income. The paper illustrates the importance of analyzing Liechtenstein’s economic developments through an alternate lens, given its unique structure, namely the significant presence of commuters as well as foreign investments by Liechtenstein residents. The GDP–GNI gap is among the largest among major economies and comparable in magnitude to Ireland and Luxembourg—but is more volatile. Liechtenstein’s gap is largely due to net outflows to foreign workers, and not because MNCs are domiciling operations in the country for financial reasons.
Keywords:
property income; Liechtenstein authorities; budget rule principle; High-Frequency Indicator of Economic Growth; gender wage gap; labor market characteristic; Income; Pensions; Pension spending; Labor markets; Value-added tax; Global; Europe
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Principality of Liechtenstein: 2025 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Principality of Liechtenstein
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
The 2025 Article IV Consultation with Liechtenstein highlights that after exhibiting significant volatility in 2020-23 with the pandemic and spillovers from Russia’s war in Ukraine, growth has resumed, albeit at a low rate. The economy is recovering moderately. Gross domestic product growth is expected to gain momentum in 2025. A recovery in external demand for industrial products and services and a steady increase in financial services are expected to support growth reaching 1 percent in 2025. Risks to the outlook are tilted to the downside. As a highly open economy, a potential regional or global slowdown or accelerated geo-economic fragmentation would adversely affect exports and impede recovery. Measures are needed to narrow skills gaps for residents and increase domestic labor supply. Preserving pension system sustainability is essential in the face of adverse demographic trends. Priorities include improving timeliness of national accounts and establishing balance of payment statistics.
Keywords:
currency treaty; Liechtenstein's legal tender; Liechtenstein authorities; financial center strategy; Swiss Franc banknote; Labor markets; Anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT); Financial sector; Income; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Liechtenstein’s Pension System
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.

Liechtenstein’s pension system is structured around a three-pillar framework designed to provide a balanced, sustainable, and secure retirement income. This well-capitalized system aims to safeguard a basic income level for all employees while encouraging supplemental private savings and income.
Keywords:
standard of living; AHV contributor; funding basis; occupational pension; early retirement provision; Pensions; Pension spending; Aging; Retirement; Insurance; Global
Cover System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Ecosystem Accounting
United Nations
,
European Commission
,
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
,
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
,
United Nations Environment Programme
, and
World Bank

Abstract

The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting: Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA) constitutes an integrated and comprehensive statistical framework for organizing data about habitats and landscapes, measuring the ecosystem services, tracking changes in ecosystem assets, and linking this information to economic and other human activity. The United Nations Statistical Commission adopted the SEEA Ecosystem Accounting at its 52nd session in March 2021. This adoption follows a comprehensive and inclusive process of detailed testing, consultation and revision. Today, ecosystem accounts have already been used to inform policy development in more than 34 countries.

Keywords:
ecosystem service; ecosystem type; ecosystem assets; ecosystem asset; ecosystem accounting; Environmental policy; Asset valuation; Natural resources; Global; Europe
Cover Technical Assistance Reports
Libya: Technical Assistance Report-Redesign of Income Tax Forms
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
METAC assisted the Libyan Tax Authority in reviewing tax forms to enhance taxpayer data collection. The proposed data set will significantly expand existing information, improving the completeness of taxpayer records and greatly aiding the risk assessment process.
Keywords:
Registration application; Annual Tax declaration for unincorporated taxpayers; Annual Corporate Income Tax; Data; Risk assessment; Industry classification; Business community; Libya.; declaration reporting; LTA staff; LTA income tax operation; income tax registration; request of the Libyan Tax Authority; Income tax systems; Income; Corporate income tax; Tax administration core functions; Taxpayer registration
Cover International Monetary Fund Annual Report 2024
International Monetary Fund Annual Report 2024
Resilience in the Face of Change
International Monetary Fund. Secretary's Department

Abstract

The experience of the global economy since the end of the pandemic has been turbulent. The 2024 IMF Annual Report highlights the IMF’s work to on global challenges, including safeguarding macroeconomic stability, returning to fiscal sustainability, bringing inflation back to targets, and embracing transformative developments. In FY 2024, the Fund continued to support its members in our three core areas: 1) Economic surveillance: 128 country health checks completed. 2) Lending: $70 billion to 30 countries, including about $15 billion to 20 low-income countries, for a total of $357 billion to 97 countries since the start of the pandemic. 3) Capacity development: $382 million for hands-on technical advice, policy-oriented training, and peer learning. The report is also available in Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish. Note: The 2024 IMF Annual Report covers the activities of the Executive Board and IMF management and staff during the financial year May 1, 2023, through April 30, 2024, and in some cases more recently. Background: The Annual Report website includes the IMF’s financial statements for FY 2024 and other background documentation. The Annual Report and the financial statements are also available online at www.imfbookstore.org or www.elibrary.IMF.org

Keywords:
inflation; resilience; debt vulnerabilities; inequality food insecurity; quota; PRGT; geopolitical fragmentation; conflict; climate change; digitalization; cyber risks; artificial intelligence; capacity development; lending; economic surveillance; Deputy managing director; IMF organization chart; boards of governors of the bank; Joint Ministerial Committee of the boards of governors; and international cooperation; IMF staff calculation; IMF-World Bank Annual Meetings; IMF employee; IMF research; capital markets department; Training and development in revenue administration; Credit; External audit; Balance of payments need; Global; Middle East; Asia and Pacific; Europe
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Front Matter
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.

IMF Country Report No. 24/179
Keywords:
Policy discussion; CS experience; fiscal policy well; IMF's transparency policy; Credit Suisse crisis; Inflation; Financial Sector Assessment Program; Current account; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Front Matter
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.

IMF Country Report No. 24/180
Keywords:
market valuation; mortgage price; transmission in Switzerland; Beveridge Curve shifter; housing construction; Real estate prices
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Switzerland: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issue Paper studies the relationship between monetary policy, financial conditions, and real activity during the current monetary policy-tightening episode in Switzerland. After a review of various channels through which monetary policy changes affect financial conditions, the paper shows that the transmission of policy rates to market rates has been swift and that the exchange rate is an important channel. The response of real activity to tightening financial conditions has remained broadly in line with past tightening episodes. The interest rate increase has influenced cash flows for households due to higher mortgage interest expenses. Higher interest rates also lead to higher rental cost for non-homeowners. Policy rate adjustments affect the average interest rates of mortgages and thus the mortgage reference interest rate, which is a factor for rent adjustments by Swiss regulation. Monetary tightening has contributed to a slowdown of private credit and house-price growth. Growth of mortgage loans, which represent 85 percent of bank lending, moderated to 2.4 percent in 2023 from 3.5 percent in 2022.
Keywords:
mortgage price; market valuation; real estate price development; monetary policy transmission; B. Beveridge Curve dynamics; Real estate prices; Mortgages; Labor markets; Inflation; Central bank policy rate; Global; Europe