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Business and Economics > Production and Operations Management

You are looking at 1 - 7 of 7 items for :

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Cover Selected Issues Papers
A New Growth Engine for Japan: Women in STEM Fields; Japan
Rui Xu
Despite recent improvements in female labor force participation, women remain underrepresented in STEM fields in Japan. Given the close link between STEM workers and innovation, encouraging women to pursue STEM careers could boost growth potential. Using a calibrated endogenous growth model with STEM talent, this paper quantifies the potential gains from eliminating barriers to STEM fields among women. The findings suggest that bridging the gender gap in STEM fields can boost TFP growth by 20 percent and consumption-equivalent welfare by 4 percent in Japan.
Keywords:
STEM workers; women; endogenous growth; heterogenous talent; innovation; TFP growth; consumption-equivalent welfare; Japan; STEM field; STEM career; STEM worker; Gender inequality; Labor markets; Gender diversity; Total factor productivity
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Jordan: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
This Selected Issues paper explores the main obstacles related to low female labor force participation in Jordan. Lack of access to safe and reliable public transportation can hamper labor market choices for women. Gender-based legal restrictions may also prevent women from participating in the labor market. The analysis concludes that structural variables and regulations are the main drivers of the gender gap in participation and employment outcomes in Jordan. Based on the regression results, there is a statistically significant relationship between the structural variables and regulations and the gap in both participation and employment. The results for Jordan are also compared with the Middle East and North Africa region. It finds that gender disparity in labor market participation in Jordan is not due to access to basic services such as education and health but is rather based on structural and legal impediments. Particularly, structural variables as well as regulations help explain the gap in participation rates between men and women.
Keywords:
B. dissecting GDP growth; tourism growth; tourism sector growth; employment outcome; tourism fluctuation; participation opportunity; business environment indicator; labor market market trend; Women; Total factor productivity; Tourism; Labor productivity; Productivity; Global; Middle East; North Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Czech Republic: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper examines the state of labor supply in the Czech Republic. The Czech working age population is projected to decline. This has important implications for labor supply and long-term growth. Policies to increase participation rates and retirement age are important and can mitigate the decline in labor force, but are unlikely to offset it. Under a combined moderate policy improvement scenario, the labor force is expected to decline by 3 percent in 2030 and 15 percent in 2050. Under the very optimistic (hence less likely) scenario, the labor force would increase by 3 percentage points by 2030, but then start to decline later with a gap of 8 percent by 2050.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; productivity growth; gender pay gap; retirement age; labor productivity; TFP dispersion; TFP level; Productivity; Total factor productivity; Labor productivity; Gender diversity; Labor force; Western Europe; Global; Europe
Cover IMF Working Papers
Women Are Key for Future Growth: Evidence from Canada
Bengt Petersson
,
Rodrigo Mariscal
, and
Kotaro Ishi
How important are female workers for economic growth? This paper presents empirical evidence that an increase in female labor force participation is positively associated with labor productivity growth. Using panel data for 10 Canadian provinces over 1990–2015, we found that a 1 percentage point increase in the labor force participation among women with high educational attainment would raise Canada’s overall labor productivity growth by 0.2 to 0.3 percentage point a year. This suggests that if the current gap of 7 percentage points between male and female labor force participation with high educational attainment were eliminated, the level of real GDP could be about 4 percent higher today. The government has appropriately stepped up its efforts to improve gender equality, as part of its growth strategy. In particular, the government’s plan to expand access to affordable child care is a positive step. However, we argue that to maximize the policy outcome given a budget constraint, provision of subsidized child care—including publicly funded child care spaces—should be better targeted to working parents.
Keywords:
WP; labor force; parental leave; labor market; federal government; Canada; female participation; labor productivity; benefit system; taxation; productivity growth; Canada child benefit program; OECD economy; employment insurance; child care fee; assistance program; Women; Labor force participation; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Poland: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This paper discusses key issues related to the economy of Poland. Thanks to its sound policies, close links to the German supply chain, and substantial EU transfers, Poland is the only country in the European Union that avoided an outright recession during the global financial crisis. However, this strong performance has masked enduring regional disparities, which are undermining the quality of growth. Poland faces significant long-term challenges as an aging population weighs on potential growth and public finances. The new government, which took office in November, has approved a Responsible Development Plan, focused on spurring growth through innovation and reducing social and regional disparities.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; bank; Poland; asset tax; tax; productivity growth; OECD average; participation in Poland; tax outlay; Productivity; Bank levy; Women; Labor productivity; Gender diversity; Europe; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Costa Rica: Selected Issues and Analytical Notes
International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
This paper looks at the following important issues pertaining to the economy of Costa Rica: micro-financial linkages, financial sector vulnerabilities, monetary policy stance, financial deepening in Costa Rica, financial inclusion in Costa Rica, recent fiscal developments and medium-term sustainability, and female labor force participation in Costa Rica. This paper discusses linkages between the Costa Rican real economy and financial sector. Although increasingly diversified, the Costa Rican financial system is centered on banking intermediation. The banking system is highly segmented and heavily dollarized. To assess the adequacy of the current monetary policy stance, this paper estimates the neutral monetary policy interest rate.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; LFP rate; market development; macroeconomic fundamentals; monetary policy rate; debtor position vis-à-vis bank; net FX debt position; Financial inclusion; Financial sector development; Credit; Women; Fiscal consolidation; Global; Central America; Europe; Caribbean
Cover IMF Working Papers
Increasing Productivity Growth in Middle Income Countries
Aidar Abdychev
,
La-Bhus Fah Jirasavetakul
,
Mr. Andrew W Jonelis
,
Mr. Lamin Y Leigh
,
Ashwin Moheeput
,
Friska Parulian
,
Ara Stepanyan
, and
Albert Touna Mama
Many small middle-income countries (SMICs) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have experienced a moderation in growth in recent years. Although factor accumulation, most notably capital deepening, was crucial to the success of many SMICs historically, this growth model appears to have run its course. The analysis in this paper suggests that the decline in the contribution of total factor productivity (TFP) to growth is largely responsible for the slowdown in trend growth in many SMICs, which highlights the need for policy actions to reinvigorate productivity growth. This paper explores the question of what kind of structural policies could boost productivity growth in SMICs and the political economy factors that may be contributing to the slow implementation of these critical reforms in these countries. The findings suggest that although macroeconomic stability and trade openness are necessary for productivity growth, they are not sufficient. SMICs need to improve the quality of their public spending, most notably in education to minimize the skill mismatch in the labor market, reduce the regulatory burden on firms, improve access to finance by small and medium-sized enterprises and create the enabling environment to facilitate structural transformation in these economies.
Keywords:
WP; TFP growth; GDP; TFP; labor market; Growth; Productivity; potential growth…; regulation indices; TFP determinant; TFP datum; FDI inflow; SMICs in SSA; long-run TFP growth; credit market; TFP contribution; Total factor productivity; Labor markets; Gender diversity; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Global