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Business and Economics > Production and Operations Management

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 36 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
  • Social Security and Public Pensions x
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Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Chile: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
2024 Selected Issues
Keywords:
input-output linkage; housing wealth effect; growth slowdown; real estate sector; risk assessment; Pension spending; Exports; Mortgages; Loans; Global; Eastern Europe
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Poland: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
2024 Selected Issues
Keywords:
D. pension inequity; convergence success; firm investment trend; B. pension projection; E. pension funds' role; pension benefit; Pension spending; Pensions; Productivity; Aging; Total factor productivity; Global; Europe
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Principality of Andorra: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
Selected Issues
Keywords:
policy implication; banking model; staff team of the International Monetary Fund; features of the Andorran banking sector; contribution rate; Pension spending; Potential output; Pensions; Retirement; Liquidity requirements; Europe; Middle East; South America
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
People’s Republic of China: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
Selected Issues
Keywords:
SOE intensity; MACRO-FINANCIAL implication; Investment agreement; reform priority; B. China's reform experience; Pensions; Pension spending; Income inequality; Social assistance spending; Productivity; Global; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Lithuania: 2018 Article IV Consultation - Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Republic of Lithuania
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This 2018 Article IV Consultation highlights that the economy of Lithuania picked up steam in 2017, following two years of sluggish growth. Real GDP expanded by 3.9 percent largely because of the acceleration of investment, which benefited from credit growth and high capacity utilization. Private consumption remained the main engine of growth, though it was held back by decelerating real wages. The external current account swung to a modest surplus with exports benefiting from past investments in export capacity and improved external demand. Growth in 2018 is projected at 3.2 percent, mainly because of weaker exports after a very strong performance in 2017 and a slowdown of consumption driven by negative employment growth.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; transition story; low income; low income earner; productivity; banking sector cost efficiency; productivity-enhancing reform; EU average; Income; Pension spending; Wages; Global; Baltics; Western Europe
Cover IMF Working Papers
A New Strategy for Korea’s Fiscal Policy in a Low Growth Environment
Ms. Edda Zoli
,
Hou Wang
, and
Mr. Douglas Laxton
Adverse demographics and other structural weaknesses impinge on Korea’s long-term fiscal outlook and potential growth. Moreover, inadequate social protection is creating poverty and dampening consumption. The paper presents projections of Korea’s fiscal outlook, using new estimates of potential growth obtained with a novel multivariate filter. It shows that keeping fiscal revenues-to-GDP constant would result in an explosive public debt dynamic in the long term. Then, through simulations of the Flexible System of Global Models, the paper analyzes policies to preserve fiscal sustainability, while boosting potential growth and social protection. It concludes that with greater revenue mobilization, Korea can stabilize debt-to-GDP well below “dangerous” levels. Policies to address Korea’s challenges include higher targeted transfers to the most vulnerable and fiscal measures to support female labor force participation and employment, accompanied by product and labor market reforms.
Keywords:
WP; GDP; product market; labor market; deficit; aging; long-term fiscal sustainability; structural reforms; potential output; product market distortion; yield productivity gain; production function; GDP ratio; Korea's productivity catch-up; Korea's total factor productivity; product market regulation; Productivity; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Italy: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper analyzes the competitiveness and wage bargaining reform in Italy. The growth of Italian exports has lagged that of euro area peers. Wages are set at the sectoral level and extended nationally. However, they do not respond well to firm-specific productivity, regional disparities, or skill mismatches. Nominally rigid wages have also implied adjustment through lower profits and employment. The analysis also suggests substantial gains from moving from sectoral- to firm-level wage setting of at least 3.5 percentage points, lower unemployment (or higher employment) rate and a notable improvement in Italy’s competitiveness over the medium term.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; real GDP; GDP; Italy; dividend; tax credit; IMF's Global Integrated Monetary and Fiscal; reform package; wage bargaining; NPL ratio; internal rate of return; GIMF simulation strategy; productivity differential; structural surplus; Pension spending; Wages; Pensions; Tax allowances; Global; Europe
Cover IMF Working Papers
Long-Run Biological Interest Rate for Pay-As-You-Go Pensions in Advanced and Developing Countries
Mr. Masahiro Nozaki
How much of an internal rate of return would a sustainable pay-as-you-go pension system offer current and future generations equally? The answer is the sum of the Long-Run Biological Interest Rates (LBIR), the real-world equivalent of Samuelson’s (1958) biological interest rate, and future productivity growth. Reflecting global population ageing, the median LBIR across 172 countries is as low as 1 percent per year. The LBIRs are particularly low in advanced countries, estimated to be negative in many of them, and require ample financial reserves today or future productivity growth to maintain participation in pension schemes. On the other hand, the LBIRs in less developed regions, such as in sub-Saharan Africa, are relatively high, indicating a potential to use a pay-as-you-go scheme to expand the coverage of public pensions. Raising the retirement age by five years brings up the LBIR by 40 basis points, significantly improving the long-run budget constraint of a pension scheme.
Keywords:
WP; rate of return; life expectancy; LBIR estimate; Pay-as-you-go pension; internal rate of return; pension reform; contribution rate; LBIR level; RCR decrease; replacement rate; medium-fertility variant; median LBIR; Pensions; Aging; Pension spending; Productivity; Retirement; Sub-Saharan Africa; Middle East; Europe; North Africa; East Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Slovak Republic: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper uses the case of the Slovak Republic to investigate how European Union (EU) countries can make optimal use of EU funds to reduce regional disparities. The findings suggest that high-quality government and a more educated population lead to better absorption of EU funds. There is also evidence that absorption increases when spending is more decentralized. Regions with a sufficient level of human capital and adequate institutions are more likely to spend the allocated funds efficiently and to experience growth as a result. With appropriate administrative and governance capacities, fighting corruption should therefore be the priority to speed absorption and allow for higher-quality projects.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Slovakia; expenditure; EU funds; EU transfer; B. EU; EU Cohesion Policy; EU allocation; Pension spending; Aging; Health care spending; Total factor productivity; Absorptive capacity; Global; Europe
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
El Salvador: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
This paper focuses on policies to raise growth; underpin fiscal sustainability while enhancing social safety nets; and strengthen financial sector stability, deepening, and inclusiveness. GDP growth averaged 2 percent during 2000–14, well below the Central American regional average of 4½ percent. While the underlying causes of the low growth are complex, a key channel through which they are evident appears to be low investment. Given the need to increase growth, revenue-raising measures should be accompanied by cuts in distortionary taxation. Stress tests suggest that financial buffers are adequate to contain most risks. The financial deepening and advancing financial inclusion could have a meaningful impact on both growth and poverty.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; TFP growth; employment growth; TFP; crowding out; liquidity; productivity shortfall; labor market rigidity; TFP performance; liquidity constraint; Pension spending; Fiscal rules; Pensions; Central America; Global