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Business and Economics > Production and Operations Management

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 17 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
  • Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models x
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Cover IMF Working Papers
Drivers of Inflation in the Caucasus and Central Asia
Maria Atamanchuk
,
Alejandro Hajdenberg
,
Dalia Kadissi
,
Giulio Lisi
, and
Nasir H Rao
In parallel with global developments, inflation in the Central Asia and Caucasus (CCA) has exhibited large swings in recent years. This paper investigates inflation dynamics in the CCA and its main drivers and derives conclusions that can inform policymaking. The analysis is based on three empirical approaches. Inflation drivers and its dynamics are investigated through the estimation of a Phillips curve augmented with foreign factors and a panel vector autoregression. The paper also assesses the role of monetary policy in steering inflation outcomes by estimating a local projection model. The paper finds that external factors play a major role in determining CCA inflation dynamics, although domestic factors (e.g., demand conditions, expectations) also contribute. Monetary policy is found to have a statistically significant effect on inflation, including by moderating the impact of external drivers. The findings point to the need to continue strengthening policy frameworks to steer expectations and improve the effectiveness of monetary policy, while establishing adequate social safety nets to cushion the impact from global shocks.
Keywords:
Inflation; Caucasus and Central Asia; Phillips curve; panel VAR; local projection method; monetary policy; CCA inflation dynamics; inflation driver; Phillips Curve estimation; inflation development; inflation outcome; Food prices; Output gap; Nominal effective exchange rate; Oil prices; Global; Central Asia and the Caucasus
Cover IMF Working Papers
Here Comes the Change: The Role of Global and Domestic Factors in Post-Pandemic Inflation in Europe
Mahir Binici
,
Samuele Centorrino
,
Mr. Serhan Cevik
, and
Gyowon Gwon
Global inflation has surged to 7.5 percent in August 2022, from an average of 2.1 percent in the decade preceding the COVID-19 pandemic, threatening to become an entrenched phenomenon. This paper disentangles the confluence of contributing factors to the post-pandemic rise in consumer price inflation, using monthly data and a battery of econometric methodologies covering a panel of 30 European countries over the period 2002-2022. We find that while global factors continue to shape inflation dynamics throughout Europe, country-specific factors, including monetary and fiscal policy responses to the crisis, have also gained greater prominence in determining consumer price inflation during the pandemic period. Coupled with increasing persistence in inflation, these structural shifts call for significant and an extended period of monetary tightening and fiscal realignment.
Keywords:
Inflation; output gap; globalization; Phillips curve; dynamic factor model; fixed effect estimator; local projection method; inflation dynamics; consumer price inflation; fiscal policy response; inflation expectation; inflation process; commodity price; core CPI; Commodity prices; COVID-19; Energy prices; Global; Europe
Cover IMF Working Papers
Measuring Output Gap: Is It Worth Your Time?
Mr. Jiaqian Chen
and
Lucyna Gornicka
We apply a range of models to the U.K. data to obtain estimates of the output gap. A structural VAR with an appropriate identification strategy provides improved estimates of output gap with better real time properties and lower sensitivity to temporary shocks than the usual filtering techniques. It also produces smaller out-of-sample forecast errors for inflation. At the same time, however, our results suggest caution in basing policy decisions on output gap estimates.
Keywords:
WP; output gap estimate; open economy; open economy SVAR; U.K. output gap; output gap series; output gap model; output gap measure; Output gap; Potential output; Structural vector autoregression; Supply shocks; Inflation; Global; output gaps; real time estimation; business cycles
Cover IMF Working Papers
Demographics and the Natural Rate of Interest in Japan
Mr. Fei Han
Japan’s aging and shrinking population could lower the natural rate of interest and, together with low inflation expectations, challenge the Bank of Japan’s efforts to reflate the economy. This paper uses a semi-structural model to estimate the impact of demographics on the natural rate in Japan. We find that demographic change has a significantly negative impact on the natural rate by lowering trend potential growth. We also find that the negative impact has been increasing over time amid stronger demographic headwinds. These findings highlight the importance of boosting potential growth to offset the negative demographic impact and lift the natural rate in Japan.
Keywords:
WP; rate of interest; real interest rate; Demographic change; natural rate of interest; monetary policy; Japan; natural rate; interest rate gap; baseline estimate; core inflation; inflation expectation; Real interest rates; Population growth; Return on investment; Potential output; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
A Closed Form Multivariate Linear Filter
Mr. Francis Vitek
This paper considers the problem of jointly decomposing a set of time series variables into cyclical and trend components, subject to sets of stochastic linear restrictions among these cyclical and trend components. We derive a closed form solution to an ordinary problem featuring homogeneous penalty term difference orders and static restrictions, as well as to a generalized problem featuring heterogeneous penalty term difference orders and dynamic restrictions. We use our Generalized Multivariate Linear Filter to jointly estimate potential output, the natural rate of unemployment and the natural rate of interest, conditional on selected equilibrium conditions from a calibrated New Keynesian model.
Keywords:
WP; Closed form; Multivariate linear filter; New Keynesian model; Potential output; Natural rate of unemployment; Natural rate of interest; gap estimate; objective function; estimates to parameter perturbation; parameter estimate; maximization problem; inflation gap estimate; equilibrium value; interest rate gap; estimation Results; Unemployment rate; Output gap; Central bank policy rate; Neoclassical theory; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Designing a Simple Loss Function for Central Banks: Does a Dual Mandate Make Sense?
Davide Debortoli
,
Mr. Jinill Kim
,
Jesper Lindé
, and
Mr. Ricardo C Nunes
Yes, it makes a lot of sense. This paper studies how to design simple loss functions for central banks, as parsimonious approximations to social welfare. We show, both analytically and quantitatively, that simple loss functions should feature a high weight on measures of economic activity, sometimes even larger than the weight on inflation. Two main factors drive our result. First, stabilizing economic activity also stabilizes other welfare relevant variables. Second, the estimated model features mitigated inflation distortions due to a low elasticity of substitution between monopolistic goods and a low interest rate sensitivity of demand. The result holds up in the presence of measurement errors, with large shocks that generate a trade-off between stabilizing inflation and resource utilization, and also when ensuring a low probability of hitting the zero lower bound on interest rates.
Keywords:
WP; central bank; Central banks’ objectives; simple loss function; monetary policy design; sticky prices and sticky wages; DSGE models; loss function; inflation-output gap mandate; wage inflation; output gap fluctuation; inflation-output gap trade-off; Output gap; Inflation; Wages; Production growth; Labor markets; Europe
Cover IMF Working Papers
Crowding-Out or Crowding-In? Public and Private Investment in India
Girish Bahal
,
Mr. Mehdi Raissi
, and
Mr. Volodymyr Tulin
This paper contributes to the debate on the relationship between public-capital accumulation and private investment in India along the following dimensions. First, acknowledging major structural changes that the Indian economy has undergone in the past three decades, we study whether public investment in recent years has become more or less complementary to private investment in comparison to the period before 1980. Second, we construct a novel data-set of quarterly aggregate public and private investment in India over the period 1996Q2-2015Q1 using investment-project data from the CapEx-CMIE database. Third, embedding a theory-driven long-run relationship on the model, we estimate a range of Structural Vector Error Correction Models (SVECMs) to re-examine the public and private investment relationship in India. Identification is achieved by decomposing shocks into those with transitory and permanent effects. Our results suggest that while public-capital accumulation crowds out private investment in India over 1950-2012, the opposite is true when we restrict the sample post 1980 or conduct a quarterly analysis since 1996Q2. This change can most likely be attributed to the policy reforms which started during early 1980s and gained momentum after the 1991 crises.
Keywords:
WP; crowding in; math; India; Public investment; Private investment; Crowding out; Permanent shocks; Structural identification; Vector error correction models; investment series; investment activity; cost trend; infrastructure investment; impulse response; Public investment spending; Government debt management; Productivity; Infrastructure; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Estimating Sri Lanka’s Potential Output
Ding Ding
,
John Nelmes
,
Roshan Perera
, and
Mr. Volodymyr Tulin
In this paper we present various techniques to estimate Sri Lanka’s potential output and output gap, including statistical and model-based approaches. Compared to conventional statistical filters that rely exclusively on information in a single series, the model-based approaches allow potential output estimates to incorporate information contained in observable data series including inflation, actual output, unemployment and capacity utilization. The estimation results suggest that Sri Lanka’s potential output has risen slightly in the last few years.
Keywords:
WP; excess demand; Potential Output; Output Gap; Multivariate Filter; Inflation Expectations; Capacity Utilization; Unemployment; output gap estimate; equilibrium unemployment unemployment rate; inflation equation; inflation-output trade-off; inflation objective; Inflation; Unemployment rate; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Global Financial Crisis: An Anatomy of Global Growth
Mr. Troy D Matheson
The global financial crisis was a stark reminder of the importance of cross-country linkages in the global economy. We document growth synchronization across a diverse group of 185 countries covering 7 regions, and pay particular attention to the period around the global financial crisis. A dynamic factor model is used to decompose each country’s growth into contributions from global, regional, and idiosyncratic shocks. We find a high degree of global synchronization over 1990 to 2011, particularly across advanced economies. Examining the period around the global financial crisis, we find global shocks had large and widespread effects on growth, with more diversity in growth experiences in the early part of the recovery. In a recursive experiment, we find rising global growth synchronization just prior to the crisis, largely resulting from a shift in the importance of global shocks between countries. In contrast, the crisis period caused a much more widespread increase in growth synchronization, and was followed by a similarly pervasive decrease in synchronization in the early recovery.
Keywords:
WP; simple time; Globalization; Financial Crisis; Growth Synchronization; crisis period; WEO estimate; standard deviation; country's growth; countries in Africa; Global financial crisis of 2008-2009; Potential output; Crisis resolution; Industrial sector; Global; Middle East; Sub-Saharan Africa; North Africa; East Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
Inflation Dynamics in Asia: Causes, Changes, and Spillovers From China
Ms. Carolina Osorio Buitron
and
Ms. Filiz D Unsal
The perception that Asia's inflation dynamics is driven by idiosyncratic supply shocks implies, as a corollary, that there is little scope for a policy reaction to a build-up of inflationary pressures. However, Asia's fast growth and integration over the last two decades suggest that the drivers of inflation may have changed, and that domestic demand pressures may now play a larger role than in the past. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of inflation dynamics in Asia using a Global VAR (GVAR) model, which explicitly incorporates the role of regional and global spillovers in driving Asia's inflation. Our results suggest that over the past two decades the main drivers of inflation in Asia have been monetary and supply shocks, but also that, in recent years, the contribution of these shocks has fallen, whereas demand-side pressures have started to emerge as an important contributor to inflation in Asia.
Keywords:
WP; inflation dynamics; Inflation; Global VAR (GVAR); Monetary Policy; inflation fluctuation; producer price inflation; inflation spillover; spillovers from China; inflation process; Commodity prices; Spillovers; Supply shocks; Output gap; Asia and Pacific; Global