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Business and Economics > Production and Operations Management

You are looking at 1 - 7 of 7 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
  • Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables: General x
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Cover IMF Working Papers
Output Gap Uncertainty and Fiscal Policy Adjustment in Real-Time in Emerging Economies
Giacomo Cattelan
and
Boaz Nandwa
Uncertainty around the real-time output gap has important implications for fiscal policy. This study uses successive vintages of the World Economic Outlook for emerging markets (EMs) during 1998-2022 to examine the reaction of discretionary fiscal policy to uncertain economic cycle in real-time. The findings show that EMs tend to have persistently negative and significantly more volatile real-time output gap estimates compared to advanced economies (AEs) and are less responsive to the output gap shocks. We calibrate a New Keynesian DSGE model to match the behavior of an average EM. The results from the model suggest that when EM policy makers are equally concerned about uncertainty around the output gap estimates and about fiscal implementation, fiscal policy is less counter-cyclical than the benchmark case with no uncertainty, entailing an efficiency loss for the purpose of output gap stabilization. On the other hand, when the concern is only about output gap uncertainty, EM policy makers tend to react more counter-cyclically but at a cost of public debt spiking in the short term and stabilizing over the long term. This implies that it might be optimal for EM policy makers to act more aggressively to stabilize the economy. We show that by adjusting the relative importance of output gap vs debt stabilization in their objective function, EM policy makers can achieve a similar outcome as in the benchmark case with no uncertainty.
Keywords:
Fiscal policy; real-time output gap estimates; public debt; output gap uncertainty; output gap shock; output gap estimate; real-time output gap; fiscal policy adjustment; Output gap; Fiscal stance; Neoclassical theory
Cover IMF Working Papers
Crowding-Out or Crowding-In? Public and Private Investment in India
Girish Bahal
,
Mr. Mehdi Raissi
, and
Mr. Volodymyr Tulin
This paper contributes to the debate on the relationship between public-capital accumulation and private investment in India along the following dimensions. First, acknowledging major structural changes that the Indian economy has undergone in the past three decades, we study whether public investment in recent years has become more or less complementary to private investment in comparison to the period before 1980. Second, we construct a novel data-set of quarterly aggregate public and private investment in India over the period 1996Q2-2015Q1 using investment-project data from the CapEx-CMIE database. Third, embedding a theory-driven long-run relationship on the model, we estimate a range of Structural Vector Error Correction Models (SVECMs) to re-examine the public and private investment relationship in India. Identification is achieved by decomposing shocks into those with transitory and permanent effects. Our results suggest that while public-capital accumulation crowds out private investment in India over 1950-2012, the opposite is true when we restrict the sample post 1980 or conduct a quarterly analysis since 1996Q2. This change can most likely be attributed to the policy reforms which started during early 1980s and gained momentum after the 1991 crises.
Keywords:
WP; crowding in; math; India; Public investment; Private investment; Crowding out; Permanent shocks; Structural identification; Vector error correction models; investment series; investment activity; cost trend; infrastructure investment; impulse response; Public investment spending; Government debt management; Productivity; Infrastructure; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Inflation Dynamics in FYR Macedonia
Maral Shamloo
In this paper we study the dynamics of inflation in Macedonia, provide three forecasting tools and draw some policy conclusions from the quantitative results. We explore three forecasting methods for inflation. We use a Dynamic Factor Model (DFM) for short-term, monthly forecasting. We also develop two quarterly models: A Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), and a New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC) for a more structural model of inflation. The NKPC shows a significant effect of output gap and inflation expectations on current inflation, confirming that the expectations channel of monetary transmission mechanism is strong. In terms of forecast-error variance, we show that all three models do very well in one-period ahead forecasting.
Keywords:
WP; Phillips curve; Inflation forecasting; VECM; DFM; understanding inflation dynamics; inflation expectation; Macedonian inflation data; monetary policy shock; inflation term; NKPC forecast; Inflation; Vector error correction models; Central bank policy rate; Vector autoregression; Output gap
Cover IMF Working Papers
Predicting Recessions: A New Approach for Identifying Leading Indicators and Forecast Combinations
Turgut Kisinbay
and
Chikako Baba
This study proposes a data-based algorithm to select a subset of indicators from a large data set with a focus on forecasting recessions. The algorithm selects leading indicators of recessions based on the forecast encompassing principle and combines the forecasts. An application to U.S. data shows that forecasts obtained from the algorithm are consistently among the best in a large comparative forecasting exercise at various forecasting horizons. In addition, the selected indicators are reasonable and consistent with the standard leading indicators followed by many observers of business cycles. The suggested algorithm has several advantages, including wide applicability and objective variable selection.
Keywords:
WP; business cycle; significance level; formal methods; business cycles; leading indicators; forecast encompassing; forecast combination; leading indicator literature; EAL forecast; housing sector variable; EAL algorithm; forecasting recession; employment variable; Cyclical indicators; Housing; Labor markets; Capacity utilization; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Forecasting U.S. Investment
Mr. Pau Rabanal
and
Mr. Jaewoo Lee
The driving force of U.S. economic growth is expected to rotate from the fiscal stimulus and inventory rebuilding in 2009 to private demand in 2010, with consumption and particularly investment expected to be important contributors to growth. The strength of U.S. investment will hence be a crucial issue for the U.S. and global recovery. On the basis of several traditional models of investment, we forecast that the U.S. investment in equipment and software will grow by about 10 percent on average over the 2010-12 period. The contribution of investment to real GDP growth will be 0.8 percentage points on average over the same period.
Keywords:
WP; investment; ratio; E&S; cost of capital; real GDP
Cover IMF Working Papers
Investment: Specific Technology Shocks and International Business Cycles: An Empirical Assessment
International Monetary Fund
In this paper, we first introduce investment-specific technology (IST) shocks to an otherwise standard international real business cycle model and show that a thoughtful calibration of them along the lines of Raffo (2009) successfully addresses the "quantity", "international comovement", "Backus-Smith", and "price" puzzles. Second, we use OECD data for the relative price of investment to build and estimate these IST processes across the U.S and a "rest of the world" aggregate, showing that they are cointegrated and well represented by a vector error correction model (VECM). Finally, we demonstrate that when we fit such estimated IST processes in the model instead of the calibrated ones, the shocks are actually not as powerful to explain any of the four montioned puzzles.
Keywords:
WP; standard deviation; capital formation; International Business Cycles; Cointegration; Investment-Specific Technology Shocks; IST shock; IST process; TFP shock; log) IST; TFP processes; Total factor productivity; Consumption; Vector error correction models; Terms of trade; Labor supply
Cover IMF Working Papers
Cointegrated TFP Processes and International Business Cycles
Vicente Tuesta
,
Juan F. Rubio-Ramirez
, and
Mr. Pau Rabanal
A puzzle in international macroeconomics is that observed real exchange rates are highly volatile. Standard international real business cycle (IRBC) models cannot reproduce this fact. We show that TFP processes for the U.S. and the "rest of the world," is characterized by a vector error correction (VECM) and that adding cointegrated technology shocks to the standard IRBC model helps explaining the observed high real exchange rate volatility. Also we show that the observed increase of the real exchange rate volatility with respect to output in the last 20 year can be explained by changes in the parameter of the VECM.
Keywords:
WP; exchange rate; standard deviation