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Mr. Antonio Spilimbergo
and
Mr. Krishna Srinivasan

Abstract

Brazil is at crossroads, emerging slowly from a historic recession that was preceded by a huge economic boom. Reasons for the historic bust following a boom are manifold. Policy mistakes were an important contributory factor, and included the pursuit of countercyclical policies, introduced to deal with the effects of the global financial crisis, beyond the point where they were helpful. More fundamentally, it reflects longstanding structural weaknesses plaguing the economy, that also help explain Brazil’s uninspiring growth performance over the past four decades.

Bill Battaile
and
Mr. Saurabh Mishra
This paper provides an empirical benchmarking of growth, productivity and export patterns for developing NREs against other low and middle income developing countries, to inform policy discussions and future analytical work. There is stark heterogeneity in the association of resource sector and overall growth outcomes, by commodity and degree of dependence. Over the long term, inter-sectoral growth dynamics have been more muted for NREs than other developing countries, especially at lower incomes. Despite productivity convergence in mining, as expected, productivity growth in manufacturing and services was generally lower in NREs. Exceptions are few, in East Asia and the CIS area which experienced broad-based productivity growth. NRE product exports are more concentrated and relatively less complex, though we find increasingly diversified service export baskets. Technological progress and specialization in trade in services may offer diversification options for the future.
Ms. Dora M Iakova
,
Mr. Luis M. Cubeddu
,
Gustavo Adler
, and
Mr. Sebastian Sosa

Abstract

En los últimos 15 años, los países de América Latina realizaron enormes avances en el fortalecimiento de sus economías y la mejora de las condiciones de vida. Si bien el producto cayó temporalmente durante la crisis financiera mundial, la mayoría de las economías registraron una rápida recuperación. Sin embargo, la actividad económica en toda la región se ha estado enfriando y la región se enfrenta a un período de desafíos crecientes. Este libro argumenta que América Latina puede estar a la altura de estos desafíos, y las autoridades de la región ya están implementando reformas en educación, energía y otros sectores. Pero es necesario, y posible, profundizar la búsqueda de mejores condiciones de vida para los habitantes de América Latina.

Ms. Dora M Iakova
,
Mr. Luis M. Cubeddu
,
Gustavo Adler
, and
Mr. Sebastian Sosa

Abstract

Over the past fifteen years countries in Latin America made tremendous progress in strengthening their economies and improving living standards. Although output fell temporarily during the global financial crisis, most economies staged a rapid recovery. However, economic activity across the region has been cooling off and the region is facing a more challenging period ahead. This book argues that Latin America can rise to the challenge, and policymakers in the region are already implementing reforms in education, energy, and other sectors. More is needed, and more is possible, in Latin America’s quest to continue to improve living standards.

Mr. Fei Han
This paper quantifies the effects of external risks for Peru, with particular attention to two major external risks, China’s investment slowdown and the U.S. monetary policy tightening. In particular, a macroeconomic model for a small open and partially dollarized economy is developed and estimated for Peru to measure the risk spillovers, and simulate domestic macroeconomic responses in different scenarios with these two external risks. The simulation results suggest that Peru’s output is vulnerable to both risks, particularly the U.S. monetary policy tightening. Simulations also highlight the importance of higher exchange rate flexiblity and a lower degree of dollarization, which could help mitigate the negative spillover effects of these external risks.
International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Abstract

A pesar de algunos riesgos mundiales, seguramente las condiciones externas seguirán siendo propicias para América Latina. Dado que se espera que en las economías avanzadas se mantenga una política monetaria laxa durante algún tiempo, las condiciones de financiamiento externo seguirán siendo favorables. El dinamismo de la demanda en las economías emergentes de Asia y la recuperación gradual en las economías avanzadas continuarán apuntalando los precios de las materias primas, lo que beneficiará a los países que las exportan. Para la mayoría de los países de la región, el principal desafío de política económica es aprovechar las condiciones actuales para seguir consolidando las bases para un crecimiento sostenido. Para la región también es importante: i) fortalecer los balances; ii) comprender de qué manera la modificación de las condiciones externas podría incidir en la dinámica de la deuda pública y la deuda externa, y iii) aprovechar los ingresos extraordinarios resultantes del reciente auge de los términos de intercambio.

International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Abstract

Despite some global risks, external conditions for Latin America should remain stimulative. With monetary policy in advanced economies expected to stay accommodative, external financing conditions will remain favorable. Strong demand from emerging Asian economies and the gradual recovery of advanced economies will continue to support commodity prices, benefiting exporters. The main policy challenge for most of the region is to take advantage of current conditions to continue buttressing a foundation for sustained growth. Other issues important to the region include: (i) strengthening balance sheets; (ii) understanding how changes in external conditions could impact public and external debt dynamics; and (iii) making the best use of the windfall from the recent terms-of-trade boom.

International Monetary Fund
En los últimos años, el FMI ha publicado cada vez más informes y trabajos que abarcan los fenómenos y tendencias en materia económica y financiera en los países miembros. Un equipo de integrantes del personal técnico del FMI elabora cada informe tras celebrar consultas con los funcionarios de los gobiernos; el país miembro puede optar por publicar el informe.
International Monetary Fund
Paraguay’s economy recently experienced particularly large output swings. Economic policies will play a critical role in raising investment by making sure that macroeconomic stability is maintained. The spillovers from the agricultural sector to the rest of the economy are limited. The high level of bank excess reserves in Paraguay reflects a mixture of precautionary and involuntary factors. Large bank excess reserves weaken the monetary transmission channel, and cause inefficiency costs. Bank reforms should be undertaken to preserve financial and macroeconomic stability.