Business and Economics > Production and Operations Management

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Zamid Aligishiev

The Bahamas is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including gradual sea level rise, biodiversity loss, and intensifying hurricanes. Together, these challenges threaten to undermine the country’s potential output over the long term by inflicting damages to physical assets and eroding natural capital, which is vital to its tourism-driven economy. Importantly, these risks are unevenly distributed with smaller islands being more exposed and sensitive than the larger, more developed ones. Addressing these disparities as well as closing economy-wide adaptation needs through investments in structural resilience can unlock large potential output gains.

Zamid Aligishiev
The Bahamas is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including gradual sea level rise, biodiversity loss, and intensifying hurricanes. Together, these challenges threaten to undermine the country’s potential output over the long term by inflicting damages to physical assets and eroding natural capital, which is vital to its tourism-driven economy. Importantly, these risks are unevenly distributed with smaller islands being more exposed and sensitive than the larger, more developed ones. Addressing these disparities as well as closing economy-wide adaptation needs through investments in structural resilience can unlock large potential output gains.
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Ce document de réflexion évalue le déficit de recettes fiscales, qui reflète l'écart entre les recettes fiscales effectivement perçues et les recettes potentielles compte tenu du contexte économique et institutionnel du Niger. Ce déficit de recettes fiscales s'accroît depuis 2015 et a atteint 3,4 % du produit intérieur brut en 2022, principalement en raison des déficits de perception des taxes sur les biens et services et des taxes sur le commerce international. Afin d'améliorer la mobilisation des recettes au Niger, il est essentiel de rationaliser les exonérations de taxe sur la valeur ajoutée (TVA) et les taux réduits de TVA sur certains produits, de réformer les droits d'accise et les taxes foncières, et de renforcer l'administration fiscale. Par ailleurs, la lutte contre l'informalité et le renforcement des capacités de collecte des impôts du secteur informel, ainsi que l'amélioration de la gouvernance, renforceront la capacité de mobilisation des recettes à moyen et long terme. L'amélioration de l'acceptabilité sociale nécessitera une stratégie de communication réfléchie et des mesures d'atténuation. L'amélioration de la transparence et de la redevabilité des institutions est essentielle pour obtenir le soutien nécessaire à la mobilisation des recettes.
Swarnali A Hannan
and
Samuel Pienknagura
Swarnali A Hannan
and
Samuel Pienknagura
The Brazilian labor market went through significant changes in 2017 with reforms to reduce litigation and increase flexibility in employment contracts. Using firm-level data, we exploit the variation in litigation cases across Brazilian states to estimate the impact of the 2017 labor reforms on productivity. The results suggest a significant boost in total factor productivity (TFP) for labor- and trade-intensive firms from the decline in litigation costs. High labor intensive firms witnessed an increase in TFP of about 15 percent after the reform compared to low labor-intensive firms. Similar magnitudes are found for trade-internsive firms. There is also some suggestive evidence that the productivity-enhancing effects of the reforms are especially pronounced for small firms.
Swarnali A Hannan
and
Samuel Pienknagura

The Brazilian labor market went through significant changes in 2017 with reforms to reduce litigation and increase flexibility in employment contracts. Using firm-level data, we exploit the variation in litigation cases across Brazilian states to estimate the impact of the 2017 labor reforms on productivity. The results suggest a significant boost in total factor productivity (TFP) for labor- and trade-intensive firms from the decline in litigation costs. High labor intensive firms witnessed an increase in TFP of about 15 percent after the reform compared to low labor-intensive firms. Similar magnitudes are found for trade-internsive firms. There is also some suggestive evidence that the productivity-enhancing effects of the reforms are especially pronounced for small firms.

International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.

The Swedish authorities would like to thank the mission team for the report and for the open and constructive policy discussions during the Article IV consultation with Sweden. The authorities broadly agree with the conclusions and recommendations of the staff report. This Buff statement refers to the March forecasts of the Swedish Ministry of Finance and the Riksbank, which were both published after the cut-off date for the report.

International Monetary Fund. European Dept.

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