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Business and Economics > Corporate Taxation

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Cover Technical Assistance Reports
Republic of Armenia: Technical Assistance Report-Personal Income Tax and Social Security Contribution Gaps
International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
This report presents results on a review of data available to the State Revenue Committee for estimating the Personal Income Tax and Social Security Contribution gaps. It is concluded that SRC has sufficient quality data available from operational audits to assess the gaps.
Keywords:
Personal Income Tax Gap; Social Security Contributions Gap; Bottom-up approach; Operational audits; Heckman Sample Selection model; Republic of Armenia.; SSC gap; PIT gap measurement methodology; social security contribution gap; PIT gap; SRC data; assessed PIT; Personal income tax; Auditing; Tax audits; Corporate income tax; Tax gap; Global
Cover Technical Assistance Reports
Republic of Armenia: Technical Assistance Report-Corporate Income Tax Gap Prediction 2023 Based on Corporate Income Tax Returns
International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
This report presents estimates of predictions of the Corporate Income Tax (CIT) gap for Armenia for 2023. The predicted CIT Gap is based on not-yet audited tax returns. The CIT gap is predicted to be 25.5 to 34.1 percent of potential CIT liability in 2023.
Keywords:
Predicted Corporate Income Tax Gap; Bottom-up approach; Not-yet audited tax returns; Heckman Sample Selection model; Republic of Armenia.; CIT gap; CIT gap estimate; IMF team; gap analysis; IMF short term expert; Corporate income tax; Auditing; Business enterprises; Tax gap; Tax audit performance measurement
Cover Technical Assistance Reports
Republic of Armenia: Technical Assistance Report-Corporate Income Tax Gap Estimation Based on Operational Audits
International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
This report presents estimates of the Corporate Income Tax (CIT) gap for Armenia for the period 2020–2022. The CIT gap is based on a bottom-up approach using operational audits. The average CIT gap in Armenia is estimated at 26.4-35.2 percent of potential CIT liability.
Keywords:
Republic of Armenia; Corporate Income Tax Gap; Bottom-up approach; Operational audits; Heckman Sample Selection model; Machine learning model; Select cases for future audits.; CIT Gap; CIT gap estimate; A. CIT gap result; CIT gap; Corporate income tax; Auditing; Income; Tax audit performance measurement; Business enterprises
Cover Technical Notes and Manuals
Corporate Income Tax Gap Estimation by using Bottom-Up Techniques in Selected Countries: Revenue Administration Gap Analysis Program
Patricio A Barra
,
Mr. Eric Hutton
, and
Polina Prokof'yeva
This technical note describes bottom-up CIT gap estimation techniques applied by revenue administrations in the following highly experienced countries in this approach: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The main topics included in the descriptions are techniques applied, CIT gap results, advantages and disadvantages of different available options, and future developments and recommendations for any revenue administration interested in starting bottom-up CIT gap estimation programs having no prior experience.
Keywords:
Tax Administration; Tax Compliance; Corporate Income Tax; Tax Gap; Tax Evasion; Random Audit Program; Risk-Based Audits; bottom-up technique; CIT gap; gap definition; Ra-GAP team; members of the Revenue Administration Gap Analysis Program; Auditing; Revenue Administration Gap Analysis Program (RA-GAP); Small and medium enterprises
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Slovenia: Technical Assistance Report-Revenue Administration Gap Analysis Program—Corporate Income Tax Gap
International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
This paper discusses the estimates of tax gaps for corporate income tax (CIT) for nonfinancial corporations in Slovenia by applying the methodology of the IMF’s Revenue Administration – Gap Analysis Program (RA-GAP). The RA-GAP methodology for CIT gap is based on a top-down approach, which estimates the potential tax base and liability from macroeconomic data. The top-down estimation of the CIT gap provides an initial evaluation of the level and change in taxpayers’ compliance; however, further work in some areas is needed to improve the application of the methodology and reliability of results. Assessed CIT for nonfinancial corporations dropped from 2011 to 2012 then rose until 2020; potential CIT roughly followed the same pattern. The estimates for the assessment gap for nonfinancial corporations indicate there may have been an increase in 2012, and then a decline back to the 2011 levels. Under either method, the bulk of the assessment gap appears to be in the manufacturing sector.
Keywords:
CIT productivity; CIT liability; Ra-gap CIT gap methodology; gap estimate; IMF's Fiscal Affairs Department; CIT-efficiency ratio; CIT compliance gap; CIT gap analysis; Corporate income tax; Tax gap; Business enterprises; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Global Firms, National Corporate Taxes: An Evolution of Incompatibility
Mr. Shafik Hebous
How did the rise of multinational enterprises (MNEs) put pressure on the prevailing international corporate tax framework? MNEs, and firms with market power, are not new phenomena, nor is the corporate income tax, which dates to the early 20th century. This prompts the question, what is distinctly new (about multinational enterprises)—if anything—that has triggered unprecedented recent concerns about vulnerabilities in international tax arrangements and the taxation of MNEs? This paper presents a set of empirical observations and a synthesis of strands of the literature to answer this question. A key message is that MNEs of the 21st century operate differently from prior periods and have evolved to become global firms—with important tax ramifications. The fragility of international tax arrangements was present at the outset of designing international tax rules, but the challenges have drastically intensified with the global integration of business, the increased trade in hard-to-price services and intangibles, and the rapid growth of the digital economy.
Keywords:
WP; company; multinational enterprise; conduit company; holding company; business organization; Multinational enterprises; global firm; tax avoidance; international tax; management company; credit card company; financing company; Corporate income tax; Foreign direct investment; Double taxation; Trade in services; Personal income; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Armenia: Technical Assistance Report-Strategic Choices for Tax Administration to Enhance Tax Compliance
International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
This technical assistance report on Republic of Armenia advices on advises on strategic choices for tax administration and compliance risk management. It complements the March 2018 tax administration mission, which provided the State Revenue Committee (SRC) with general guidance to develop and implement a compliance improvement framework. Armenia’s tax policy setting creates challenges for the SRC to effectively manage tax compliance. The Government’s tax policy framework is likely to create new noncompliance opportunities and result in revenue leakages. Strengthened fundamental functions and processes are needed for the delivery of effective tax administration. Two issues raised in the 2018 tax administration mission report need to be highlighted again. The mission provided an analysis of SRC case selection and advised on the adoption of analytical tools to achieve better results. The SRC’s current additive risk rule scoring approaches need to be supplemented by predictive modeling giving better predictions and prioritization of the likelihood and potential consequences of noncompliance—the use of such model is envisaged in the SRC’s draft strategic plan.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; administration; taxpayer; tax administration; compliance management approach; mission report need; increase taxpayer confidence; taxpayer register; core tax administration function; governance arrangement; Tax administration core functions; Tax return filing compliance; Auditing; Corporate income tax
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Indonesia: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
This Selected Issues paper provides an overview of the exchange rate and trade dynamics in Indonesia. Using data on monthly export and import price and volume at the sectoral level, the paper estimates pass-through effects of exchange rate changes to trade price and volume. Results indicate adjustment frictions that depend on the source of the exchange rate fluctuation and the degree of integration in global value chains. Overall, combining price and volume effects, we find that 10 percent depreciation in the exchange rate is associated with a rise in the goods net-exports of up to 1.6 percent of GDP. Results indicate that there is considerable asymmetry and sectoral heterogeneity in the pass-throughs of exchange rate on import and export prices. Import prices adjust well to exchange rate fluctuations with the effects being stronger for appreciation episodes. The price sensitivity of export prices to exchange rate shocks is generally lower than of imports and concentrated over shorter horizons and during episodes of depreciation. The price and quantity results imply that exchange rate changes can have significant effects on the current account, by affecting movements in net-exports of goods.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; rate; price; market; pass-through; monetary policy report; market rate; monetary policy press releases; monetary policy decision; pass-through coefficient; upside risk; Exchange rates; Corporate income tax; Tax administration core functions; Value-added tax; Medium term revenue strategy; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Revenue Implications of Destination-Based Cash-Flow Taxation
Mr. Shafik Hebous
,
Mr. Alexander D Klemm
, and
Saila Stausholm
We estimate the revenue implications of a Destination Based Cash Flow Tax (DBCFT) for 80 countries. On a global average, DBCFT revenues under unchanged tax rates would remain similar to the existing corporate income tax (CIT) revenue, but with sizable redistribution of revenue across countries. Countries are more likely to gain revenue if they have trade deficits, are not reliant on the resource sector, and/or—perhaps surprisingly—are developing economies. DBCFT revenues tend to be more volatile than CIT revenues. Moreover, we consider the revenue losses resulting from spillovers in case of unilateral implementation of a DBCFT. Results suggest that these spillover effects are sizeable if the adopting country is large and globally integrated. These spillovers generate strong revenue-based incentives for many—but not all—other countries to follow the DBCFT adoption.
Keywords:
WP; revenue loss; trade deficit; revenue estimate; Tax Revenue; Destination-Based Cash Flow Tax; Border Adjustment Tax; DBCFT country; profit shifting; DBCFT revenue; DBCFT adoption; DBCFT base; loss-making firm; Value-added tax; Corporate income tax; Trade balance; Trade surpluses; Global
Cover Technical Notes and Manuals
Estimating the Corporate Income Tax Gap: The RA-GAP Methodology
Mr. Junji Ueda
The IMF Fiscal Affairs Department's Revenue Administration Gap Analysis Program (RA-GAP) aims to provide a quantitative analysis of the tax gap between potential revenues and actual collections, and this technical note explains the concept of the tax gap for corporate income tax (CIT), and the methodology to estimate CIT gaps. It includes detailed steps to derive the potential CIT base and liability with careful consideration for the theoretical differences between the coverage of statistical macroeconomic data and the actual tax base of CIT, and then compare the estimated results with actual declarations and revenues. Although the estimated gaps following the approach will have margins of errors, it has the advantage of using available data without additional costs of collection and suits initial evaluations of overall CIT noncompliance in a country.
Keywords:
TNM; CIT gap; CIT efficiency ratio; CIT base; CIT liability; CIT legislation; Tax Gap; Tax Evasion; Tax Compliance; Corporate Income Tax; CIT Policy gap; CIT payment; CIT credit; CIT noncompliance; taxable income; CIT collection gap; Personal income; Business enterprises; Fiscal accounting and reporting