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Business and Economics > Corporate Taxation

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Cover Selected Issues Papers
Drivers of Corporate Cash Holdings in Japan: Japan
Seho Kim
,
Pablo Lopez Murphy
, and
Rui Xu
In Japan, corporate savings have risen since 2000 in line with profits. A large share of the additional savings was kept as cash holdings (i.e., cash and short-term investments) rather than used for investment. Building on a rich literature, this paper identifies two additional drivers of corporate cash holdings using financial data of public and private Japanese firms. First, a higher share of intangible capital is associated with more cash holdings. This indicates the presence of financial frictions as intangible capital is not easily collateralizable. Such financial friction could be alleviated by shifting towards cash flow-based lending that is prevalent in the United States (US). Second, corporate tax cuts are associated with more cash holdings while having no significant effect on investment. Given the significant fiscal cost, the efficiency of corporate tax cuts should be re-evaluated.
Keywords:
Corporate cash holdings; Investment; intangible assets; financial frictions; tax cuts; Japan; cash holding; corporate tax tax cut; drivers of Corporate Cash Holdings; firm sample; short-term investment; Intangible capital; Corporate income tax; Effective tax rate; Tax allowances; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Macroeconomic Effects of Dividend Taxation with Investment Credit Limits
Matteo Ghilardi
and
Roy Zilberman
We analyze the effects of dividend taxation in a general equilibrium business cycle model with an occasionally-binding investment credit limit. Permanent dividend tax reforms distort capital investment decisions in the binding long-run equilibrium, but are neutral otherwise. Temporary unexpected tax cuts stimulate shortterm real activity in the credit-constrained economy, yet produce contractionary macroeconomic outcomes in the slack regime. The occasionally-binding constraint reconciles the `traditional' and `new' views of dividend taxation, and highlights the importance of measuring the firm's initial borrowing position before enacting tax reforms. Finally, permanently lower dividend taxes dampen financial business cycles, and help to explain macroeconomic asymmetries.
Keywords:
Dividend Taxation; Occasionally-Binding Borrowing Constraints; Investment; Business Cycles.; borrowing position; tax relief; dividend distribution; dividend tax rate; dividend tax adjustment; tax environment; benchmark system; dividend tax shock; dividend tax cut; tax adjustment; dividend tax system; Dividend tax; Credit; Corporate income tax; Collateral; Stocks
Cover IMF Working Papers
U.S. Investment Since the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
Emanuel Kopp
,
Mr. Daniel Leigh
,
Susanna Mursula
, and
Suchanan Tambunlertchai
There is no consensus on how strongly the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) has stimulated U.S. private fixed investment. Some argue that the business tax provisions spurred investment by cutting the cost of capital. Others see the TCJA primarily as a windfall for shareholders. We find that U.S. business investment since 2017 has grown strongly compared to pre-TCJA forecasts and that the overriding factor driving it has been the strength of expected aggregate demand. Investment has, so far, fallen short of predictions based on the postwar relation with tax cuts. Model simulations and firm-level data suggest that much of this weaker response reflects a lower sensitivity of investment to tax policy changes in the current environment of greater corporate market power. Economic policy uncertainty in 2018 played a relatively small role in dampening investment growth.
Keywords:
WP; business investment; investment growth; capital expenditure; aggregate demand; employment behavior; firm level; Investment; fiscal policy; market power; uncertainty; investment response; growth impact; company markup; savings company; investment growth impact; response to the TCJA; Private investment; Corporate income tax; Capital spending; Employment; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Do Temporary Business Tax Cuts Matter? A General Equilibrium Analysis
William Gbohoui
This paper develops a dynamic general equilibrium model to assess the effects of temporary business tax cuts. First, the analysis extends the Ricardian equivalence result to an environment with production and establishes that a temporary tax cut financed by a future tax-increase has no real effect if the tax is lump-sum and capital markets are perfect. Second, it shows that in the presence of financing frictions which raise the cost of investment, the policy temporarily relaxes the financing constraint thereby reducing the marginal cost of investment. This direct effect implies positive marginal propensities to invest out of tax cuts. Third, when the tax is distortionary, the expectation of high future tax rates reduces the expected marginal return on investment mitigating the direct stimulative effects.
Keywords:
WP; proportional tax; Ricardian Equivalence; Corporate Tax Policy; Financing Friction; General Equilibrium; dividend constraint; equity issuance; dividend payment; irrelevance theorem; proportional tax tax rate; net investment effect; investment effect; dividend policy irrelevance theorem; firm investment; investment equation; financing constraint; financing decision; Stocks; Corporate income tax; Return on investment
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Ireland: 2018 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Ireland
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This 2018 Article IV Consultation highlights that the Irish economy continues to grow at a rapid pace, well above the European Union average. Although headline data are distorted by the volatility of multinationals’ activity, the broad recovery of (modified) domestic demand (4 percent in 2017) underpins the expansion. Strong labor market performance brought the unemployment rate down to below 6 percent by April 2018. Although wage pressures emerged in some sectors, inflation remained subdued, mainly reflecting the pass-through of pound sterling depreciation. Public finances continued to improve on the back of strong output growth, while the public debt burden declined slightly to 68 percent of GDP. The outlook remains broadly positive but with externally-driven downside risks.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; market; proceeds; headline inflation; government; public finance; liability positions vis-à-vis nonresident; housing demand; government priority; crisis legacy issue; demand pressure; labor market condition; Housing; Housing prices; Corporate income tax; Income; Global
Cover Regional Economic Outlook, April 2018, Sub-Saharan Africa
Regional Economic Outlook, April 2018, Sub-Saharan Africa
Domestic Revenue Mobilization and Private Investment
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.

Abstract

The region is seeing a modest growth uptick, but this is not uniform and the medium-term outlook remains subdued. Growth is projected to rise to 3? percent in 2018, from 2? percent in 2017, on the back of improved global growth, higher commodity prices, and continued strong public spending. About ¾ of the countries in the region are predicted to experience faster growth. Beyond 2018, growth is expected to plateau below 4 percent, modestly above population growth, reflecting continued sluggishness in the oil-exporting countries and sustained growth in non-resource-intensive countries. A number of countries (Burundi, DRC, South Sudan, and parts of the Sahel) remain locked in internal conflict resulting in record levels of refugees and Internally Displaced Persons, with adverse spillovers to neighboring countries.

Keywords:
REO; country; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover Regional Economic Outlook, April 2018, Sub-Saharan Africa
Regional Economic Outlook, April 2018, Sub-Saharan Africa
Domestic Revenue Mobilization and Private Investment
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.

Abstract

The region is seeing a modest growth uptick, but this is not uniform and the medium-term outlook remains subdued. Growth is projected to rise to 3.4 percent in 2018, from 2.8 percent in 2017, on the back of improved global growth, higher commodity prices, and continued strong public spending. About ¾ of the countries in the region are predicted to experience faster growth. Beyond 2018, growth is expected to plateau below 4 percent, modestly above population growth, reflecting continued sluggishness in the oil-exporting countries and sustained growth in non-resource-intensive countries. A number of countries (Burundi, DRC, South Sudan, and parts of the Sahel) remain locked in internal conflict resulting in record levels of refugees and Internally Displaced Persons, with adverse spillovers to neighboring countries.

Keywords:
REO; country; Sub-Saharan Africa; Dem. rep.; Zimbabwe dollar; GDP data; private investment; broad money; Private investment; Revenue mobilization; Value-added tax; Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP); Africa; Southern Africa; East Africa; Middle East; North Africa; investment growth; growth differential; tax frontier; IMF staff calculation; country authorities; investment efficiency; investment ratio; Caribbean
Cover IMF Working Papers
Does Taxation Stifle Corporate Investment? Firm-Level Evidence from ASEAN Countries
Mr. Serhan Cevik
and
Fedor Miryugin
This paper conducts a firm-level analysis of the effect of taxation on corporate investment patterns in member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Using large-scale panel data on nonfinancial firms over the period 1990–2014, and controlling for macro-structural differences among countries, we find a significant degree of persistence in firms’ net fixed investments over time, which vary with firm characteristics, such as size, sales, profitability, leverage, and age. Our analysis brings up interesting empirical results, including nonlinear patterns of behavior in firms’ capital investment decisions acrosss ASEAN countries. Concerning the main variable of interest, we find that a moderate level of taxation does not hinder business investment, but this effect turns negative as higher tax burden raises the user cost of capital and distorts resource allocations.
Keywords:
WP; firm characteristic; investment behavior; firm level; nonfinancial firm; Corporate income tax; investment; leverage; firm performance; fixed investment; cost of capital; Capital spending; Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP); Tax incidence; Private investment; Global; Southeast Asia; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Working Papers
Where Does Multinational Investment Go with Territorial Taxation? Evidence from the UK
Ms. Li Liu
In 2009, the United Kingdom changed from a worldwide to a territorial tax system, abolishing dividend taxes on foreign repatriation from many low-tax countries. This paper assesses the causal effect of territorial taxation on real investments, using a unique dataset for multinational affiliates in 27 European countries and employing the difference-in-difference approach. It finds that the territorial reform has increased the investment rate of UK multinationals by 15.7 percentage points in low-tax countries. In the absence of any significant investment reduction elsewhere, the findings represent a likely increase in total outbound investment by UK multinationals.
Keywords:
WP; gross investment; tax rate; UK affiliate; retained earnings; foreign direct investment; corporate tax policy; multinational firms; UK multinational; investment by UK; tax country; investment response; Dividend tax; Corporate income tax; Wages; Private investment; Currencies; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
South Africa: Technical Assistance Report-Petroleum Sector Fiscal Regime Reform-Additional Analysis for the Davis Tax Committee
International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
This Technical Assistance report lists key issues discussed between the IMF’s Fiscal Affairs Department (FAD) and the Davis Tax Committee regarding recommendations for tax reforms in the oil and gas sector in South Africa. It is suggested that the royalty should have a single flat rate, rather than the current variable rate formula. The 5 percent flat rate proposed in the FAD report is modest by international standards. For corporate tax purposes, the current immediate expensing of capital expenditure and the 100 percent and 50 percent uplifts for exploration and development expenditure are overly generous and will lead to both a revenue loss and a long delay before revenue is collected.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; tax; cash flow; price; yield; cashflow surcharge; payback period; price projection; depreciation treatment; price assumption; Depreciation; Carbon tax; Oil; Corporate income tax; Oil prices; Africa; Global