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Business and Economics > Corporate Taxation

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Cover Tax Law Technical Note
Legislating for Fair and Effective Tax Collection
Irving Aw
,
Brendan Crowley
,
Cory Hillier
,
Rose A Nyongesa
,
Lydia E Sofrona
, and
Christophe J Waerzeggers
Fair and effective tax collection is critical to the success of any tax system in raising revenue and should be properly legislated. Voluntary payment of taxes by taxpayers is always preferred and should be encouraged and supported by the tax procedure legal framework. However, the law should also provide for protective measures to prevent taxpayers from frustrating tax collection efforts by taking either themselves or their assets out of the tax administration’s reach. As a last resort, the tax administration should be able to compel the recovery of outstanding tax debts from taxpayers or certain third parties through different legislative measures. Such powers should however be complemented by adequate safeguards for taxpayers. This note focuses on the key issues that should be taken into consideration in designing tax law provisions to support fair and effective tax collection.
Keywords:
Tax Collection; Legislation; Protective Measures; Compelled Recovery; Tax Liens; Installment Arrangements; Crisis Events; clearance mechanism; penalties regime; tax procedure; tax law provision; clearance certificate; tax rulings regime; IT system; Tax administration core functions; Tax arrears management; Tax law; Collateral
Cover IMF Working Papers
Tax Policy and Inclusive Growth
Ruud A. de Mooij
This paper discusses the theory and practice of tax design to achieve an efficient and equitable outcome, i.e. in support of inclusive growth. It starts with a discussion of the key principles from tax theory to guide practical tax design. Then, it elaborates on more granular tax policy, discussing key choices in the structure of the personal income tax on labor and capital income, taxes on wealth, the corporate income tax, and consumption taxes. The paper concludes by highlighting the political economy considerations of the issues with concrete recommedtions as to how to implement tax reform.
Keywords:
tax policy; inclusive growth; inequality; poverty; income distribution; WP; economic rent; personal income; tax liability; cost of capital; external cost; public finance; rate of return; low income; take-home pay; Income; Capital income tax; Income and capital gains taxes; Corporate income tax; Income tax systems; Europe; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
International Taxation and Luxembourg’s Economy
Ruud A. de Mooij
,
Dinar Prihardini
, and
Mr. Emil Stavrev
Luxembourg receives ample investment from multinational corporations, in part due to some attractive features in its international tax rules. Around 95 percent of these foreign investments pass through Luxembourg via companies performing holding and/or intra-group financing activities. While their contribution to Luxembourg’s economy is modest relative to their large overall balance sheets, they still generate around 3 percent of GDP in tax revenue, create almost 4500 direct jobs, and spend almost 3 percent of GDP on salaries and purchases of business services. Ongoing changes in the international corporate tax framework pose risks to these economic contributions, which this paper attempts to quantify. It also discusses options for reforms in Luxembourg’s tax system that could help offset adverse revenue and economic effects.
Keywords:
Luxembourg; International Tax; Foreign Direct Investment; Special Purpose Entities.; WP; Luxembourg economy; Luxembourg government; tax system; CbCR datum; climate change commitment; energy efficiency target; Luxembourg driver; Luxembourg headquartered MNEs; Luxembourg MNEs; Special Purpose Entities; property tax; Corporate income tax; Special purpose vehicle; Income; Environmental taxes; Global; Europe
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Denmark: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper analyzes investment slowdown in Denmark. The post-global financial crisis (GFC) weakness in Denmark’s aggregate investment cannot be fully explained by the output slowdown. The baseline accelerator model confirms that output slowdown played a role, but post-GFC investment has fallen beyond the level explained by output movements in most of the post-GFC period. Most recently, investment converged to the level explained by output movements. The augmented accelerator model suggests that additional factors, such as high leverage, weak competition, and elevated policy uncertainty, also had a significant impact. Panel regressions using a panel of advanced economies show that reduction in leverage and product market reforms can boost investment in the medium term. Well-designed policies are needed to boost private investment.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; firm; interest rate; asset; investment; product market reform; investment slowdown; interest rate shock; IMF staff calculation; exit tax; high-tech firm; tax rate; Consumption; Pension spending; Income; Asset prices; Commodity markets; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Belgium: 2018 Article IV Consultation - Press Release; Staff Report
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This 2018 Article IV Consultation highlights that the economic recovery in Belgium is gaining momentum, with real GDP growth expected to approach 2 percent in 2018 after an estimated 1.7 percent in 2017. It is driven by strong investment and solid consumption growth, and supported by favorable financial conditions as well as a strengthening recovery throughout Europe. Employment growth has picked up, thanks in part to past reform efforts. The fiscal position has improved, reflecting a mix of cyclical, structural, and one-off factors. The medium-term outlook, however, remains subdued in the absence of further structural reforms to raise potential growth, and subject to both external and domestic risks.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Belgium; authority; employment growth; productivity development; productivity growth; labor market measure; Belgium's productivity growth; Productivity; Labor markets; Corporate income tax; Employment; Labor taxes; Global; Europe
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Right Kind of Help? Tax Incentives for Staying Small
Ms. Dora Benedek
,
Mr. Pragyan Deb
,
Mr. Borja Gracia
,
Mr. Sergejs Saksonovs
,
Ms. Anna Shabunina
, and
Mrs. Nina T Budina
Some countries support smaller firms through tax incentives in an effort to stimulate job creation and startups, or alleviate specific distortions, such as financial constraints or high regulatory or tax compliance costs. In addition to fiscal costs, tax incentives that discriminate by firm size without specifically targeting R&D investment can create disincentives for firms to invest and grow, negatively affecting firm productivity and growth. This paper analyzes the relationship between size-related corporate income tax incentives and firm productivity and growth, controlling for other policy and firm-level factors, including product market regulation, financial constraints and innovation. Using firm level data from four European economies over 2001–13, we find evidence that size-related tax incentives that do not specifically target R&D investment can weigh on firm productivity and growth. These results suggest that when designing size-based tax incentives, it is important to address their potential disincentive effects, including by making them temporary and targeting young and innovative firms, and R&D investment explicitly.
Keywords:
WP; firm; tax incentive; size-based taxation; productivity; growth; structural reforms; firm TFP; innovation activity; leverage ratio; EMTR computation; debt-to-asset ratio; factory productivity growth; firm level; analysis firm; Tax incentives; Total factor productivity; Corporate income tax; Marginal effective tax rate; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Belgium: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper explores key features of Belgium’s corporate income tax (CIT) regime as background for potential growth-enhancing reform options that also safeguard revenues and limit distortions. Comprehensive reform of business and investment income taxation in Belgium is both promising and challenging. The challenge arises from the need for fiscal consolidation and the limited scope for shifting the tax burden away from the CIT to other taxes. The absence of capital gains taxation undermines tax neutrality between different forms of businesses, leading to organizational inefficiencies and a misallocation of capital. Overall, there appears to be scope for a broader reform that could raise Belgium’s growth potential without undermining fiscal revenues.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; CIT rate; debt ratio; revenue productivity; impact of the NID; rate structure; tax rate; rate cut; CIT base; rate of return; NID rate; CIT revenue productivity; Corporate income tax; Corporate taxes; Tax incentives; Personal income; Personal income tax; Europe
Cover Policy Papers
Tax Policy, Leverage and Macroeconomic Stability
International Monetary Fund
Risks to macroeconomic stability posed by excessive private leverage are significantly amplified by tax distortions. ‘Debt bias’ (tax provisions favoring finance by debt rather than equity) has increased leverage in both the household and corporate sectors, and is now widely recognized as a significant macroeconomic concern. This paper presents new evidence of the extent of debt bias, including estimates for banks and non-bank financial institutions both before and after the global financial crisis. It presents policy options to alleviate debt bias, and assesses their effectiveness. The paper finds that thin capitalization rules restricting interest deductibility have only partially been able to address debt bias, but that an allowance for corporate equity has generally proved effective. The paper concludes that debt bias should feature prominently in countries’ tax reform plans in the coming years.
Keywords:
PP; debt shifting; asset ratio; cost of capital; cash flow; debt vulnerability; interest deductibility; debt bias; income tax; double taxation; banking sector; Debt bias; Allowance for corporate equity; Housing prices; Corporate income tax; Stocks; Europe; Global; ACE duplication; house-price volatility; ACE system; Personal income tax
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Luxembourg: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper considers features of the Luxembourg tax system that may be susceptible to changes in international tax transparency standards and surveys related policy options. Luxembourg’s predictable and generally low-rate tax system has helped establish it as a leading financial and commercial entrepôt and has supported its fiscal revenues. Its revenue base could, however, be susceptible to changes in the European Union and global tax environment. This paper highlights that to address potential challenges to Luxembourg’s revenue base, the tax policy review should explore selective rate increases and base broadening measures. Moreover, the tax practices should seek to avoid encouraging unnecessary complexity in corporate ownership structures and intragroup financial contracts.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; firm; Luxemburg; bank; holding company; rate; Luxembourg tax policy; Group structure; nonbank company; bank supervisor; EU tax legislation; city state economy; bank shareholder suitability; franchise name; EU energy tax reform; Corporate income tax; Excises; Bank supervision; Value-added tax; Financial sector; Europe
Cover Staff Discussion Notes
Tax Biases to Debt Finance: Assessing the Problem, Finding Solutions
Ruud A. de Mooij
Staff Discussion Notes showcase the latest policy-related analysis and research being developed by individual IMF staff and are published to elicit comment and to further debate. These papers are generally brief and written in nontechnical language, and so are aimed at a broad audience interested in economic policy issues. This Web-only series replaced Staff Position Notes in January 2011.
Keywords:
SDN; CIT rate; debt issuance; income tax; cost of capital; debt-equity choice; intracompany debt; debt holder; debt-asset ratio; debt level; pre-existing debt; Debt bias; Corporate income tax; Allowance for corporate equity; Comprehensive business income tax; Stocks; Europe