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Business and Economics > Corporate Taxation

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Cover IMF Staff Position Notes
Long-Term Trends in Public Finances in the G-7 Economies
Ms. Andrea Schaechter
and
Mr. Carlo Cottarelli
Today’s record public debt levels in most advanced economies are not only a direct fall-out from the global crisis. Public debt had ratcheted up over many decades before, when it had been used, in most of the G-7 countries, as the ultimate shock absorber—rising in bad times but not declining much in good times. Alongside, primary spending increased, particularly during 1965–85, reflecting predominantly a surge in health care and pension spending. Looking ahead, advanced economies will face the formidable challenge of reducing debt ratios at a time when ageing-related spending, in particular often underestimated pressures from health care systems, will put additional pressure on public finances. Addressing these fiscal challenges will require growth-friendly structural reforms, a fiscal strategy involving gradual but steady fiscal adjustment, stronger fiscal institutions, expenditure and revenue reforms, and an appropriate degree of burden sharing across all stakeholders.
Keywords:
SPN; country; debt ratio; debt; GDP; G-7; interest rate; government debt ratios; country difference; IMF staff estimate; government expenditure; baseline debt projection; public debt debt ratio; Health care spending; Social security contributions; Corporate income tax; Europe; Global
Cover IMF Staff Position Notes
Fiscal Multipliers
Mr. Antonio Spilimbergo
,
Mr. Martin Schindler
, and
Mr. Steven A. Symansky
This paper provides background information for policymakers on fiscal multipliers, including quantitative estimates. The fiscal multiplier is the ratio of a change in output to an exogenous change in the fiscal deficit with respect to their respective baselines. The size of the multiplier is larger if: leakages are few; the monetary conditions are accommodative; and the country’s fiscal position after the stimulus is sustainable. Fiscal expansions can be contractionary if they decrease consumers’ and investors’ confidence, especially if the fiscal expansion raises, or reinforces, fiscal sustainability concerns. Fiscal multipliers have been calculated for some countries but should be carefully re-examined considering the current events. The degree of financial market development has an ambiguous effect on multipliers, depending on how the degree of financial development affects liquidity constraints, and the government’s ability to finance the fiscal deficit. The past research on multiplier estimates can provide guidance in developing multiplier estimates, but judgment, based on current conditions, is important.
Keywords:
SPN; tax rebate; interest rate; multiplier; Taylor interest rate rule; monetary policy indicator; interest rate response; multiplier estimate; IMF staff note; Fiscal multipliers; Tax refunds; Corporate income tax; Fiscal stimulus; Income and capital gains taxes; Global
Cover Improving Large Taxpayers' Compliance
Improving Large Taxpayers' Compliance
A Review of Country Experience
Mr. Olivier P. Benon
,
Ms. Katherine Baer
, and
Mr. Juan Toro R.

Abstract

One area that has not been reviewed in developing countries is the growing focus on different segments of the taxpayer population-including the large taxpayers-as a way to encourage greater stability in public revenue flows, improve the effectiveness and efficiency of tax administration, and introduce innovations in the public sector. Based on a sample of about 40 countries, this paper provides an overview of country practices in terms of the organization, systems, and procedures used by tax administrations to monitor the compliance of the large taxpayers. The paper also reviews the effectiveness of large taxpayer operations in selected developing and transition countries where the IMF has recommended their establishment.

Keywords:
OP; taxpayer; LTU; tax; country; Hungarian LTU; tax administration; headquarters office; large taxpayer; compliance operation; reform strategy; Tax administration core functions; Tax collection; Auditing; Taxpayer services; Asia and Pacific; Eastern Europe; Global; Central and Eastern Europe; Africa
Cover IMF Policy Discussion Papers
Tax Policy and the Asian Crisis
Mr. David C Nellor
This paper focuses on tax policy and the crisis in Asia in the context of globalization and technological change. Two sets of conclusions, specific tax reform measures and general lessons from the crisis, form the tax policy agenda on these issues. The complexity and volume of financial transactions, associated with the opening of emerging markets, have made tax administration a more challenging task. Just as strengthening financial systems must be a precursor to capital account liberalization, tax administrations clearly also require strengthening in such an environment. In many emerging markets the capacity to tax capital returns is limited. Tax administrators need to understand and monitor complex financial transactions that grew rapidly due both to financial sector liberalization and technological innovation. Traditional difficulties for tax administrators, such as transfer pricing, that had often been limited to natural resource sectors in developing economies, took on wider importance as local companies gained sophistication and developed offshore operations.
Keywords:
PDP; asset; tax; value; proceeds; debt equity swap; exchange rate; income tax; tax firm; net capital; arbitrage possibility; taxable income; capital return; stamp tax; World tax organization; debt forgiveness; Tax incentives; Corporate income tax; Personal income; Income and capital gains taxes; Tax administration core functions; Global; Asian CrisisTax Policy; Asian crisis; tax policy; capital; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Policy Discussion Papers
Legal and Institutional Obstacles to Growth and Business in Russia
Ms. Elaine Karen Buckberg
Although financial stabilization has laid the foundation for growth, structural reform of the economy will determine whether Russia achieves sustained medium-term growth. The next step for Russia is to create an institutional and regulatory environment that fosters investment and promotes new private sector activity. This paper examines the most critical reforms for promoting private sector development: reforming the tax system, reducing red tape and bureaucratic corruption, strengthening the judicial system, and improving capital market infrastructure.
Keywords:
PDP; firm; sc; shareholder; Russia; investment; value; financial condition; investment decision; firm's value; wage arrears; unprofitable company; shareholder interest; Legal support in revenue administration; Corruption; Corporate income tax; Tax law; Tax incidence
Cover The Composition of Fiscal Adjustment and Growth
The Composition of Fiscal Adjustment and Growth
Lessons from Fiscal Reforms in Eight Economies
Mr. George A Mackenzie
,
Mr. Philip R. Gerson
, and
Mr. David William Harold Orsmond

Abstract

This study examines the composition of fiscal adjustment - tax and expenditure policies and administrative procedures, and some aspects of public enterprise reform - in a sample of eight countries (Bangladesh, Chile, Ghana, India, Mexico, Morocco, Senegal, and Thailand) during a period of fiscal reform (usually 1978-93), to determine whether and to what extent the fiscal reforms fostered growth during the adjustment period.

Keywords:
OP; IMF staff country report; country; government finance statistics yearbook; tax category; services tax; expenditure program; Income; Capital spending; Income and capital gains taxes; Middle East; Global; finance government expenditure; policy reform; expenditure reduction; policy issue; public expenditure management systems; Public sector; Public enterprises
Cover Tax harmonization in the European Community
Tax harmonization in the European Community
Policy Issues and Analysis
Mr. George Kopits

Abstract

Tax harmonization is an integral part of completing the single European market. Expansion of the single market to the European Economic Area, and eventually to some Eastern European countries, suggests that the EC approach to tax harmonization will apply more broadly than origninally envisaged. This study considers these issues and examines the case for harmonizing taxation of commodities and capital income in the single European market; principles of international taxation; the impact of harmonizing value-added taxes; and EC Structural Funds.

Keywords:
OP; member country; financial asset; excise duty; ESF commitment; EC member country; ERDF country range; value-added tax; Value-added tax; Tax harmonization; Corporate income tax; Corporate taxes; Personal income; Global; Europe; Northern Europe; Eastern Europe; North Africa
Cover IMF Staff Papers
IMF Staff papers: Volume 38 No. 2
International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.
The CMEA countries are starting to conduct their trade at world prices and in convertible currencies. These are crucial steps in economic reform but will worsen Eastern Europe’s terms of trade and drive it into current account deficit with the U.S.S.R. Proposals have been made for a payments union, resembling the European Payments Union of 1950–58, to ease the transition. Such an arrangement would not function well if it included the U.S.S.R., which would be a persistent creditor. Other ways must be found to deal with the transition.
Keywords:
SP; monetary policy; trade; CMEA country; Yugoslavia in world economy; price reform; income tax; tax wedge; after-tax rate of return; EC country; Budget planning and preparation; Tax wedge; Privatization; Exchange rates; Consumption; Eastern Europe; Western Europe; Europe; Global; Central and Eastern Europe