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Business and Economics > Public Finance

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Cover IMF Working Papers
External Knowledge, R&D, and Innovation: Mapping the Market for Technology Across European Industries
Christoph Grimpe
,
Fuad Hasanov
,
Wolfgang Sofka
,
Geoffrey Borchardt
, and
Philip Schulz
A well-functioning market for technology, or ideas, is an important determinant for the type, scope, and distribution of innovation activities. We use a panel of 20 industries across 24 European countries to study the key determinants driving the market for technology. We explore whether the expenditures on external knowledge depends on the sectoral pattern of innovation and an industry’s distance to the global technological frontier. Disseminating knowledge and technology within the industry, bringing it closer to the global technological frontier, tends to reduce the expenditures for external knowledge except in supplier-dominated industries. We also find important complementarity effects in the market for external knowledge. Industries with high R&D spending, with increasingly large firms, and with large investments in machinery and software foster growth of the market for technology. Our findings suggest tailoring innovation policies to help expand both the size of the market for technology and the use of these markets in specific industries.
Keywords:
Markets for technology; patterns of innovation; industry studies; R&D; external knowledge; industrial policy; innovation policy; market size; IMF working paper 25/20; innovation activity; software foster growth of the market; Technological innovation; Emerging technologies; Total expenditures; Global; Europe
Cover Selected Issues Papers
Using Digitalization to Enhance Public Finance in Kosovo: Republic of Kosovo
Carolina Bloch
,
Mariano Moszoro
,
Mona Wang
,
Frank van Brunschot
, and
Yasemin Hurcan
Kosovo has embarked on a journey of digital transformation, developing digital infrastructure to provide access to households, companies, and educational institutions and modernizing its public finance system through GovTech. Digitalization and GovTech can facilitate Kosovo leapfrogging into advanced infrastructure and public service delivery. While Kosovo has achieved significant milestones—including nearly universal internet coverage and the comprehensive front-end e-Kosova portal—unconnected systems, relatively high consumer prices for digital inclusion, limited digital skills, and cybersecurity risks hinder the full realization of digital benefits.
Keywords:
Digital Transformation; GovTech Solutions; Public Finance Management; E-Government; Cybersecurity; maturity index; using digitalization; cybersecurity risk; potential of GovTech adoption; Digitalization; Public employment; Cyber risk; Europe
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Kosovo: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper highlights recent trends in the Kosovo labor market and emigration. Like other Western Balkan countries, Kosovo experienced a sharp decline in population over the previous decade, as emigration increased. Using a structural model of the labor market and migration, the paper examines the potential impact of further EU integration. While lower migration costs hurt the economy, productivity convergence brought on by EU integration has an offsetting impact by increasing wages, lowering unemployment, and increase immigration. Policy simulations show that policymakers have a diverse set of tools—including structural reforms, active labor market policies, business support, and labor participation support—to boost potential and support the labor market. A key result from the policy simulations is that, while the policies target various stages of the labor market, they have similar macroeconomic impacts. In this regard, it is important for policymakers to focus on policies with the largest potential impact relative to the cost of implementation. Additionally, policies should be combined with careful monitoring and updating to ensure that they remain effective and efficient.
Keywords:
gender wage gap; ECB monetary policy PASSTHROUGH; EU integration; women wage; ECB policy rate Passthrough; wage gender gap; Pensions; Pension spending; Labor markets; Digitalization; Public employment; Europe; Global; Western Europe
Cover Technical Assistance Reports
Georgia: Technical Assistance Report-Cyber Risk: Regulation, Supervision and Testing
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
The technical mission aimed to strengthen the cyber risk regulation and supervision, and testing for the National Bank of Georgia (NBG). The mission focused on (i) an assessment of NBG’s cyber risk regulation, (ii) an assessment of cyber risk supervisory arrangements of NBG, (iii) assisting in the development of a cyber testing framework, and (iv) assisting in the development of a methodology for cyber exercising and stress testing. The mission found that cyber risk regulations including incident reporting requirements are in place, but gaps remain. Cyber risk supervision practices need improvements and more focus on supervisory priorities. Information sharing practices within the financial sector require strengthening. Cyber testing and exercises are an area where significant improvements are needed. Overall, the mission found that the NBG would benefit with an overarching cyber strategy for its financial sector.
Keywords:
Cyber risk regulation; cybersecurity supervision; cyber testing; incident reporting; information sharing; Georgia; Central Bank.; offsite supervision activity; cybersecurity strategy; request of the National Bank of Georgia; information security Act; cybersecurity risk management regulation; Cyber risk; Financial sector; Commercial banks; Operational risk; Auditing; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Benin: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This Selected Issues paper presents stylized facts on Benin’s ongoing economic transformation, and analyzes the country’s new eco-system. A recent IMF paper explores conditions under which the country’s industrial policy could meet its intended goals while avoiding unintended economic distortions down the road. While economic diversification is found to be associated with higher economic growth, evidence on the causal impact of industrial policies is hard to establish. While empirical evidence suggests that Benin’s reliance on traditional sectors, notably the Port of Cotonou, is moderating, economic diversification remains limited. The government embarked on industrial policy with the transformation of local commodities as main engine, including via the launching of a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in 2020. It is recommending that the authorities should pursue efforts to ensure transparency in the selection of SEZ-related incentives. Intra-regional trade integration holds significant potential for Benin and could support economic diversification. Ongoing post-electoral policy shifts in Nigeria and formalization underway of economic ties between both nations, if permanent, would curb rent-seeking in Benin.
Keywords:
demographics dividend; B. addressing Internet accessibility; infrastructure investment; Beninese government; completion rate; Digitalization; Exports; Global; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa
Cover Technical Notes and Manuals
Understanding Artificial Intelligence in Tax and Customs Administration
Joshua Aslett
,
Stuart Hamilton
,
Ignacio Gonzalez
,
David Hadwick
, and
Michael A Hardy
This technical note provides an overview of current thinking on artificial intelligence (AI) in tax and customs administration. Written primarily for senior officials, the intent of the note is to provide an awareness of AI that can help inform decision making and planning. The note opens with an exploration of historic and ongoing AI developments. It then provides an overview of legal and ethical concerns, AI use cases, guidance on how to promote AI's responsible use, and logic for introducing AI use cases into an operational setting. The note closes by presenting a selection of questions being debated by experts. In its annexes, the note includes (1) an example of an AI policy; (2) references to help develop AI strategy; and (3) methodology to risk assess AI use cases.
Keywords:
tax administration; customs administration; artificial intelligence; generative artificial intelligence; AI regulation; strategy and planning; use case; AI strategy; understanding AI; AI Policy; risk assessment; Tax administration core functions; Customs administration core functions; Training and development in revenue administration; Europe; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Central Bank Digital Currencies and Financial Stability: Balance Sheet Analysis and Policy Choices
Romain Bouis
,
Gaston Gelos
,
Fumitaka Nakamura
,
Paavo A Miettinen
,
Erlend Nier
, and
Gabriel Soderberg
This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the implications for financial stability of a central bank issuing a digital currency to the public at large. We start with a systematic analysis of balance sheet changes that arise from the new liability for the central bank and the banking system, and examine how they depend on preconditions, central bank choices, and banking system responses. Based on this, we discuss the range of implications for financial stability that may arise in steady state, in the context of adoption, and in crisis times. Threats to financial intermediation in steady state arise mainly in situations where the central bank balance sheet expands, and triggers adjustment mechanisms that lead to more costly or less stable funding of the banking system, while in crisis times run risk may increase. Our analysis of policy choices to control these effects considers macroprudential policy, and an expansion of central bank lending to commercial banks, but finds that a main contribution needs to come from a design of the CBDC that encourages its use as a means of payment rather than a store of value.
Keywords:
Central Bank Digital Currency; Financial Stability; Balance Sheets; Disintermediation; Bank Runs; central bank lending; CBDC issuance scenario; market operation; central bank choice; lending to commercial banks; Central Bank digital currencies; Commercial banks; Financial sector stability; Bank credit; Bank deposits; Global; Eastern Europe; Caribbean
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Spain: Financial Sector Assessment Program-Technical Note on Cyber Risk and Financial Stability
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This paper explores a technical note on cyber risk and financial stability as part of Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) in Spain. Technology risk and cyber resilience of the financial sector has become a focus area of the authorities, within the broader context of operational risk and resilience. This intensified focus by authorities is timely and important from the perspective of the continuity of financial service provision and the stability of the Spanish financial system. The FSAP found cyber risk supervisory practices of the authorities with regard to less significant institutions and financial market infrastructures in scope to be materially in line with applicable regulations and guidance and prevailing international good practice. Resource constraints are the most prominent challenge that the authorities are confronted with. A number of further weaknesses have a negative impact notwithstanding the overall strength of cyber risk supervision.
Keywords:
infrastructure regulation; banco de España; banking institution; Bolsas y Mercados Españoles; staff team of the International Monetary Fund; Cyber risk; PFM information systems; Payment systems; Financial Sector Assessment Program; External balance assessment (EBA); Global
Cover Technical Notes and Manuals
Налоговое администрирование: основные возможности аналитики для управления комплаенс-рисками
Joshua Aslett
,
Gustavo González
,
Stuart Hamilton
, and
Miguel Pecho
В этой технической справке представлена аналитика для управления комплаенс-рисками в рамках налогового администрирования. Вместе с сопровождающим ее набором инструментов эта справка предназначена для использования в качестве стартового набора для содействия развитию потенциала в области комплаенс-планирования , оценки рисков и работы групп по сбору аналитических данных. В этой справке, разработанной в первую очередь для начинающих аналитиков, которые только приступают к работе в области налогового администрирования, представлены как теоретические, так и практические аспекты аналитики. Его инструментарий состоит из первоначального набора аналитических форм, призванных помочь реализовать представленную здесь теорию на практике в таких областях, как: 1) комплаенс-планирование; 2) составление профиля налогоплательщика; и 3) отбор кандидатов для проведения проверок.
Keywords:
налоговое администрирование; управление комплаенс-рисками; комплаенс-стратегия; анализ рисков; аналитические данные; данные; аналитика; цифровизация; информационные технологии
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Japan: Financial Sector Assessment Program-Technical Note on Cyber Resilience and Financial Stability
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This Technical Note focuses on Cyber Resilience and Financial Stability for the Japan Financial Sector Assessment Program. The cyber ecosystem is mature in Japan, with a range of stakeholders involved in ensuring the cybersecurity of the financial sector. The Financial Services Agency (FSA) is responsible for developing and operationalizing the cyber strategy for the financial sector. Cyber risk regulation and supervisory practice need further improvements. The Bank of Japan (BOJ) should strengthen the cyber risk oversight of financial market infrastructures. The FSA would benefit from deepening its analysis of the operational interconnectedness of the financial system. Further improvements in the response and recovery capabilities are recommended. The FSA and BOJ should keep upgrading, as necessary, a range of extreme but plausible cyber scenarios along with their existing Business Continuity Plans and/or Cyber Incident Response and Recovery Plans, for the financial sector. The authorities currently have strong cyber incident reporting regimes in place, with clear definitions, taxonomies, thresholds, and communication channels.
Keywords:
Japan Computer Emergency Response Team coordination Center; FSAP finding; context of the Financial Sector Assessment Program; securities commission; BOJ-NET participant; Financial stability assessment; Cyber risk; Financial sector; Financial sector stability; PFM information systems; Global