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Business and Economics > Public Finance

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 34 items for :

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  • Revenue performance assessment x
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Cover Technical Assistance Reports
Republic of Armenia: Technical Assistance Report-Personal Income Tax and Social Security Contribution Gaps
International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
This report presents results on a review of data available to the State Revenue Committee for estimating the Personal Income Tax and Social Security Contribution gaps. It is concluded that SRC has sufficient quality data available from operational audits to assess the gaps.
Keywords:
Personal Income Tax Gap; Social Security Contributions Gap; Bottom-up approach; Operational audits; Heckman Sample Selection model; Republic of Armenia.; SSC gap; PIT gap measurement methodology; social security contribution gap; PIT gap; SRC data; assessed PIT; Personal income tax; Auditing; Tax audits; Corporate income tax; Tax gap; Global
Cover VITARA Reference Guide
VITARA Reference Guide
The Audit Program
Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations
,
International Monetary Fund
,
Intra-European Organisation of Tax Administrations
, and
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Abstract

This VITARA Reference Guide provides a solid understanding of audit as a key tool available to a tax administration to promote and enforce compliance. The guide explains international good practices in designing and managing an effective audit program including the necessary legal powers, audit-related organization, and governance arrangements as well as the staff expertise and resources needed for audit and auditor performance evaluation. It focuses on practical issues such as how audit cases are selected, the different types and scope of audit, and audit methods that are available to staff. It also discusses the concepts of audit integrity, audit quality assurance, and the Random Audit Program as well as electronic audit tools and how they can be used in conducting audits. A potential annual operational performance dashboard that can be implemented to allow program monitoring throughout the fiscal year is also included. Finally, the guide highlights the key components of an audit process.

Keywords:
Audit; audit program; compliance; compliance risk management; revenue; revenue mobilization; tax; tax administration; revenue administration; asset betterment method; audit case selection; cash expenditure; percentage markup; audit manager; Auditing; Tax administration core functions; Tax audits; Audit standards and procedures; Tax gap; Global
Cover Technical Notes and Manuals
Using Top-Down Compliance Gap Techniques to Supplement the Compliance Risk Management Framework
Elena D'Agosto
,
Michael A Hardy
,
Stefano Pisani
, and
Anthony Siouclis
Traditional top-down tax gap assessments identify the size of a tax gap, but not its origins. By extracting more granular information from top-down tax gap assessments, and combining this information with compliance risk management (CRM) techniques, it is possible to: improve the accuracy of CRM techniques; improve the consistency of the likelihood and consequence dimensions of compliance risk assessments; identify emerging areas of tax compliance risk and; better disaggregate the direct and indirect revenue effects of compliance interventions, including the “behavioral component” within the indirect effects. Finally, it is also possible to determine the optimal revenue recovery from each segment of the taxpayer population.
Keywords:
tax administration; tax compliance; tax gap; compliance gap; Compliance Risk Management; CRM; direct revenue effect; indirect revenue effect; taxpayer behavioral component; compliance risk-management framework; compliance gap technique; IMF Library; taxpayer compliance; compliance index; Auditing; Tax return filing compliance; Value-added tax
Cover High-Level Summary Technical Assistance Reports
Bosnia And Herzegovina: Indirect Taxation Authority – Diagnostic Review Of Progress Of Reforms
International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
The implementation of capacity development (CD) advice and reforms since a 2018 TADAT assessment shows slower progress than expected. Renewed recommendations suggest initiating a transformation program for integrated reform.
Keywords:
Bosnia and Herzegovina; Indirect Taxation Authority; Diagnostic Review; Transformation Program; IMF CD recommendation; program Bosnia and Herzegovina; CD recommendation; processes of the ITA; reform implementation process; Consumption taxes; Tax Administration Diagnostic and Assessment Tool (TADAT); Compliance risk management; Tax administration core functions
Cover IMF Working Papers
Citizens Perceptions of Tax Authorities and Tax Efficiency
Telma Yamou
,
Alun H. Thomas
, and
Kaihao Cai
This paper examines the relationship between citizens’ perceptions of tax authorities and the governments’ efficiency in collecting VAT and CIT revenues in Africa. Drawing on data from 32 countries over 2014-2019, we find a negative and significant association between negative perceptions of trust in authorities (the tax department) from the Afrobarometer survey and tax efficiency for these revenue categories. A 1 percent increase in the share of citizens’ perception of little or no trust in the tax department leads to a 0.22 percent decrease in VAT tax efficiency, controlling for macroeconomic indicators. The magnitude of the effect is significantly greater in fragile compared to non-fragile states. For corporate income tax productivity focusing on tax payments of corporates we find a significant effect only in fragile states. Perceptions about corruption in tax authorities have a similar effect on VAT and CIT tax efficiency since perceptions about trust and corruption capture the tendency to misappropriate revenues but we are unable to distinguish the two effects except for fragile states. Our findings suggest that in the face of fragility, policies aimed at improving fiscal capacity should place a high importance on ensuring that citizens believe resources will be used properly, an aspect of tax policy not typically prioritized.
Keywords:
Trust in authorities; fragility; tax efficiency; Africa; tax authorities; tax department; payments of corporate; tax payment; CIT efficiency; Corporate income tax; Corruption; Value-added tax
Cover Technical Assistance Reports
Republic of Armenia: Technical Assistance Report-Corporate Income Tax Gap Prediction 2023 Based on Corporate Income Tax Returns
International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
This report presents estimates of predictions of the Corporate Income Tax (CIT) gap for Armenia for 2023. The predicted CIT Gap is based on not-yet audited tax returns. The CIT gap is predicted to be 25.5 to 34.1 percent of potential CIT liability in 2023.
Keywords:
Predicted Corporate Income Tax Gap; Bottom-up approach; Not-yet audited tax returns; Heckman Sample Selection model; Republic of Armenia.; CIT gap; CIT gap estimate; IMF team; gap analysis; IMF short term expert; Corporate income tax; Auditing; Business enterprises; Tax gap; Tax audit performance measurement
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Mauritius: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This Selected Issues paper focuses on improving revenue mobilization in Mauritius and assessing the potential and reform options. The tax gap in Mauritius is estimated at 5.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), at the top end of tax gaps of its peers. Both domestic and international taxation reforms could help narrow the gap. Reforming the personal income tax (PIT) and the value added tax (VAT) could altogether yield 3 percent of GDP in additional tax revenue. This could be achieved by lowering PIT thresholds, while increasing the top rates, and streamlining VAT exemptions. The expected implementation of the global minimum tax on corporations internationally provides an opportunity to reconsider the tax policy approach to investment promotion in Mauritius. A desirable strategy for Mauritius would be to move away from the generous benefits offered, including tax holidays, toward a more neutral taxation of investments. While there is potential to mobilize additional revenue through tax reforms, care should be taken that vulnerable households are protected, including through compensatory social spending.
Keywords:
gender equality indicator; reform option; revenue collection; tax revenue in Mauritius; parental leave legislation; Personal income tax; Gender inequality; Women; Tax gap; Global; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
Cash Flow Analysis of Fiscal Regimes for Extractive Industries
Thomas Benninger
,
Dan Devlin
,
Eduardo Camero Godinez
, and
Nate Vernon
Mining and petroleum projects share characteristics distinguishing them from other sectors of the economy, which has led to the use of dedicated fiscal regimes for these projects. The IMF’s Fiscal Affairs Department uses fiscal modeling to evaluate extractive industry fiscal regimes for its member countries, and trains country officials on key modeling concepts. This paper outlines important preconditions needed for effective fiscal modeling, key evaluation metrics, and emphasizes the importance of transparent modeling practices. It then examines the modeling of commonly-used fiscal instruments and highligts where their economic impact differs, and how fiscal models can inform fiscal regime design.
Keywords:
Natural resource taxation; extractive industries; progressivity; economic rents; fiscal modeling; investment analysis; mining; petroleum.; D. resource rent tax; cash flow; petroleum project; regime design; Corporate income tax; Production sharing; Fiscal Analysis of Resource Industries (FARI); Oil; Carbon tax; Global
Cover High-Level Summary Technical Assistance Reports
Arabic Republic of Egypt: Egyptian Tax Authority: Maintaining Momentum in the Implementation of the Medium-Term Revenue Strategy (MTRS)
Stoyan E Markov
,
Fadia B Sakr
, and
Patrick De Mets
The Egyptian Tax Administration (ETA) is undergoing a significant transformation within the framework of the MTRS. This summary provides an overview of ETA's progress in implementing the MTRS tax administration initiatives and highlights priority areas for future action. The report focused on key considerations to maintain reform momentum in tax administration under the MTRS in the areas of governance arrangements, organizational structure, human resource management, digitalization, and risk management. The report also contains a mid-term capacity development plan with identified priority areas to further support implementation of the MTRS in the area of tax administration.
Keywords:
MTRS; Tax administration reform; Organizational design; MTRS tax administration initiative; MTRS implementation; IMF CD plan; ETA HR strategy; implementation of the Medium-Term Revenue Strategy; MTRS program; Medium term revenue strategy; Tax administration core functions
Cover IMF Working Papers
Quantifying the Revenue Yields from Tax Administration Reforms
Hassan Adan
,
Jean-Marc B. Atsebi
,
Nikolay Gueorguiev
,
Mr. Jiro Honda
, and
Manabu Nose
Despite the criticality of tax administration (TA) reforms in enhancing domestic revenue mobilization, few studies have attempted to quantify the revenue impact of such reforms. This paper fills this gap by estimating the revenue yields associated with various tax administration capabilities, based on the International Survey on Tax Administration (ISORA), the Tax Administration Diagnostic Assessment Tool (TADAT), and TA reform episodes datasets (identified by Akitoby et al., 2020). It uses a Hausman-Taylor cross-country panel regression and an event study for specific TA reform episodes. Our results (using the ISORA data) show that an increase in the overall strength of TA from the 40th percentile to the 60th percentile is associated with an increase in tax revenue by 1.8 pp. of GDP (with a 95 percent confidence range of 0.5‒2.6 pp. of GDP). Similarly, the event-study assessment shows that sustained TA reforms led to an increase in tax revenues between 2 to 3 pp. of GDP, in line with the experience in three country cases (Jamaica, Rwanda, and Senegal). Also, the revenue yields are increasing over time to more than 3 pp. of GDP after the 6th year following a comprehensive reform. The analysis also highlights the significant impact of specific measures including: i) strengthening compliance risks management, ii) enhancing public accountability, iii) establishing Large Taxpayer Offices (LTO), iv) strengthening accountability and transparency, and v) enhancing timely filing of tax declarations.
Keywords:
Tax Revenues Yields; Tax Administration; ISORA; TADAT; TA reform; TA reform episodes dataset; revenue yield; TA strength; IMF FAD Tax Administration; Tax administration core functions; International Survey on Revenue Administration (ISORA); Tax Administration Diagnostic and Assessment Tool (TADAT); Social security contributions; Global; Middle East; East Asia; North Africa; Central Asia