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Business and Economics > Investments: Stocks

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 19 items for :

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Cover IMF Working Papers
Exploring Residual Profit Allocation
Sebastian Beer
,
Ruud A. de Mooij
,
Mr. Shafik Hebous
,
Mr. Michael Keen
, and
Ms. Li Liu
Schemes of residual profit allocation (RPA) tax multinationals by allocating their ‘routine’ profits to countries in which their activities take place and sharing their remaining ‘residual’ profit across countries on some formulaic basis. They have recently and rapidly come to prominence in policy discussions, yet almost nothing is known about their impact on revenue, investment and efficiency. This paper explores these issues, conceptually and empirically. It finds residual profits to be substantial, but concentrated in a relatively few MNEs, headquartered in few countries. The impact on tax revenue of reallocating excess profits under RPA, while adverse for investment hubs, appears beneficial for lower income countries even when the formula allocates by destination-based sales. The impact on investment incentives is ambiguous and specific both to countries and MNE groups; only if the rate of tax on routine profits is low does aggregate efficiency seem likely to increase.
Keywords:
WP; routine profits; capital stock; closed economy; cost function; earnings before interest and taxes; Residual Profit Allocation; International Corporate Taxation; Multinational Firms; profit shifting; residual profits; RPA scheme; purged profits; Marginal effective tax rate; Corporate income tax; Income; Stocks; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Digitalization to Improve Tax Compliance: Evidence from VAT e-Invoicing in Peru
Mr. Matthieu Bellon
,
Jillie Chang
,
Ms. Era Dabla-Norris
,
Salma Khalid
,
Frederico Lima
,
Enrique Rojas
, and
Pilar Villena
This paper examines the impact of e-invoicing on firm tax compliance and performance using administrative tax data and quasi-experimental variation in the rollout of VAT electronic invoicing in Peru. We find that e-invoicing increases reported firm sales, purchases and value-added by over 5 percent in the first year after adoption. The impact is concentrated among smaller firms and sectors with higher rates of non-compliance, suggesting that e-invoicing enhances compliance by lowering compliance costs and strengthening deterrence. The reform’s positive effects on tax collection are hindered by shortcomings in the VAT refund mechanism in Peru, suggesting that digital tools such as e-invoicing should be complemented by other reforms to improve revenue mobilization.
Keywords:
WP; firm; VAT; authority; electronic invoicing; tax compliance; digitalization; VAT collection; firm size interaction term; VAT liability; VAT credit; construction firm; VAT payment; Value-added tax; Credit; Tax administration core functions; Tax return filing compliance; Stocks; Caribbean
Cover IMF Working Papers
Indonesia's Public Wealth: A Balance Sheet Approach to Fiscal Policy Analysis
Ms. Majdeline El Rayess
,
Avril Halstead
,
Jason Harris
,
Mr. John Ralyea
, and
Alexander F. Tieman
Public sector balance sheets (PSBS) provide a framework for comprehensive and deep analysis of fiscal risks and policies. To illustrate these benefits, this paper shows how PSBS analysis can be applied to assess risks to Indonesia’s public sector stemming from its public corporations. The paper also shows that the government’s plans to finance a ramp-up in public investment with additional tax revenue increases both economic growth and public wealth.
Keywords:
WP; asset; GDP; real GDP; investment; balance sheet; Public Sector Balance Sheet; Intertemporal Fiscal Balances; Public Investment; Indonesia.; asset revaluation; return on equity; public sector; baseline GDP; nonfinancial public corporation asset; cash flow; asset instrument; current ratio; Business enterprises; Financial statements; Public sector; Public investment spending; Stocks
Cover IMF Working Papers
A Destination-Based Allowance for Corporate Equity
Mr. Shafik Hebous
and
Mr. Alexander D Klemm
Following renewed academic and policy interest in the destination-based principle for taxing profits—particularly through a destination-based cash flow tax (DBCFT)—this paper studies other forms of efficient destination-based taxes. Specifically, it analyzes the Destination-Based Allowance for Corporate Equity (DBACE) and Allowance for Corporate Capital (DBACC). It describes adjustments that are required to turn an origin into a destination-based versions of these taxes. These include adjustments to capital and equity, which are additional to the border adjustments needed under a DBCFT. The paper finds that the DBACC and DBACE reduce profit shifting and tax competition, but cannot fully eliminate them, with the DBACE more sensitve than the DBACC. Overall, given the potential major political cost of switching from an origin to a destination-based tax system, we conclude that advantages of the DBCFT are likely to outweigh the transitional advantages of the DBACE/DBACC.
Keywords:
WP; interest rate; capital stock; Destination-Based Taxation; ACE; ACC; investment goods; notional interest rate; tax competition; interest receipt; competition policy tool; rate of return; border tax; depreciation rate; upfront tax cost; tax saving; Allowance for corporate equity; Value-added tax; Stocks; Discount rates; Corporate income tax; Global; Destination-based allowance; copyright Page; B. profit shifting; based allowance; E. exchange rate
Cover IMF Working Papers
Does the Clarity of Inflation Reports Affect Volatility in Financial Markets?
Mr. Ales Bulir
,
Mr. Martin Cihak
, and
Mr. David-Jan Jansen
We study whether clarity of central bank inflation reports affects return volatility in financial markets. We measure clarity of reports by the Czech National Bank, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England, and Sveriges Riksbank using the Flesch-Kincaid grade level, a standard readability measure. We find some evidence, mainly for the euro area, of a negative relationship between clarity and market volatility prior to and during the early stage of the global financial crisis. As the crisis unfolded, there is no longer robust evidence of a negative connection. We conclude that reducing noise using clear reports is possible but not without challenges, especially in times of crisis.
Keywords:
WP; inflation report; estimation result; stock index; central bank communication; clarity; financial markets; inflation reports; volatility; BoE web site; market reaction; point estimate; market uncertainty; financial market volatility; volatile inflation; financial market return; FK grade level; Communications in revenue administration; Inflation; Global financial crisis of 2008-2009; Stocks; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Indonesia: Implementation of the IOSCO Objectives and Principles of Securities Regulation
International Monetary Fund
This paper discusses implementation of the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) objectives and principles of securities regulation in Indonesia. The Capital Markets and Financial Institutions Supervisory Agency (BAPEPAM-LK) has taken impressive steps to increase the transparency of regulation and to institute a comprehensive operational program that meets international norms and Indonesia’s understanding of best practices. This paper reveals that the regulatory framework, regulatory powers, and requirements pertaining to the securities regulator are highly transparent. The roles of the regulators and supervisors are also clearly defined.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; BAPEPAM-LK rule; BAPEPAM-LK staff; BAPEPAM-LK report; BAPEPAM-LK reviews non-member firms; e-monitoring system; spot market; member firm; insider trading; working capital; BAPEPAM-LK regulation; letter of credit; BAPEPAM-LK investigator; BAPEPAM-LK state; Securities; Capital markets; Mutual funds; Legal support in revenue administration; Stocks; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Debt, Taxes, and Banks
Mr. Michael Keen
and
Ruud A. de Mooij
Understanding the impact of the asymmetric tax treatment of debt and equity on the capital structures of financial institutions is critical to shaping and assessing responses to the problem of excessive leverage that underlay the 2009 financial crisis - but there is no empirical evidence to draw on. Guided by a simple model of banks? financing decisions in the presence of both regulatory constraints and tax asymmetries, this paper explores the impact of corporate tax bias on bank leverage, the use of hybrid instruments and regulatory capital ratios for a panel of over 14,000 commercial banks in 82 countries over nine years. On average, the sensitivity of banks? debt choices proves very similar to that of non-financial firms, consistent with rough offsetting of two opposing effects suggested by the theory. As the model predicts, somewhat counter-intuitively, the impact of tax on hybrids is generally weak or insignificant. Responsiveness to taxation varies significantly across banks, however: those holding smaller equity buffers, and larger banks, are noticeably less sensitive to tax.
Keywords:
WP; capital structure; tax rate; Bank taxation; corporate tax; debt bias; leverage; capital requirement; leverage-asset ratio; bank assets; capital structure choice; bank capital structure; Corporate income tax; Capital adequacy requirements; Stocks; Deposit insurance; Tax arrears management; Europe
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Thailand: Financial Sector Assessment Program: Detailed Assessment on the Implementation of the IOSCO Objectives and Principles of Securities Regulation
International Monetary Fund
This paper presents key findings of the detailed assessment on the implementation of the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) objectives and principles of securities regulation for Thailand. The assessment recommends creating a formal coordination mechanism among governmental agencies with regulatory authority over capital markets. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) should amend its code of conduct and provide that restrictions on securities investments by its staff also applies to spouses, minor children, and all other accounts over which an employee has the authority to make investment decisions.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; SEC staff; equity trading; business operation; company assets; insider trading; SEC disclosure system; SEC tape recording rule; shareholder meeting; tender offer; SEC regulation; SET regulation; internal auditor; Securities; Mutual funds; Legal support in revenue administration; Stocks; Auditing
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Mexico: Financial Sector Assessment Program Update: Detailed Assessment on the Implementation of the IOSCO Objectives and Principles of Securities Regulation
International Monetary Fund
The Detailed Assessment report on Mexico’s implementation of the International Organization of Securities Commissions Objectives and Principles of Securities Regulation is analyzed. The Mexican securities market is dominated by daily trading in short-term government debt securities, primarily through repo transactions among banks, brokers, institutions, and private investors. The 2001 Financial Sector Assessment Program noted significant structural issues in the Mexican repo market, and recommended government action to create a standard master agreement for repo transactions.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; debt market; disciplinary action; tender offer; mutual fund; risk management; CNBV staff; CNBV regulation; compliance program; company Board; Securities; Securities markets; Mutual funds; Stocks; Legal support in revenue administration; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix
International Monetary Fund
This Selected Issues paper presents evidence on linkages between investment and growth observed in other countries to gauge the expected impact of increasing public investment in Timor-Leste. The results indicate that the level of capital expenditure envisioned in the government’s strategy could significantly boost economic growth and reduce poverty. The paper reviews the major issues related to tax policy reform in Timor-Leste. It also discusses the current direction of Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund asset management and issues that might arise with eventual asset diversification.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; asset; investment; GDP; fund; income tax; revenue; asset allocation; TLPF assets; investment objective; reform effort; TLPF investment portfolio; Public investment spending; Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP); Income and capital gains taxes; Income tax systems; East Asia; Asia and Pacific; Europe; Global