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Business and Economics > Investments: Stocks

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 15 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
  • Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity x
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Cover IMF Working Papers
On the Substitution of Private and Public Capital in Production
Zidong An
,
Mr. Alvar Kangur
, and
Mr. Chris Papageorgiou
Most macroeconomic models assume that aggregate output is generated by a specification for the production function with total physical capital as a key input. Implicitly this assumes that private and public capital stocks are perfect substitutes. In this paper we test this assumption by estimating a nested-CES production function whereas the two types of capital are considered separately along with labor as inputs. The estimation is based on our newly developed dataset on public and private capital stocks for 151 countries over a period of 1960-2014 consistent with Penn World Table version 9. We find evidence against perfect substitutability between public and private capital, especially for emerging and LIDCs, with the point estimate of the elasticity of substitution estimated closely around 3.
Keywords:
WP; production function; public capital; private capital; elasticity of substitution; substitution parameter; approximation method; point estimate; estimation result; confidence interval; coefficient estimate; Stocks; Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP); Private investment; Human capital; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Belgium: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper analyzes productivity growth in Belgium. It highlights that Belgium’s subdued productivity growth can be explained by a combination of sectoral employment shifts, barriers to competition, the declining quality of infrastructure, and an aging workforce. The shift of employment toward lower productivity service sectors, common to many advanced economies, has been more pronounced in Belgium and explains half of the productivity gap with neighboring countries. Population aging is another secular factor that has contributed to the productivity slowdown. In addition, barriers to competition in some service sectors have lowered productivity growth and raised rents in these sectors.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; GDP; public Investment; productivity growth; frontloaded investment boost; productivity slowdown; productivity-enhancing reform option; firms total factor productivity; Productivity; Public investment spending; Labor productivity; Total factor productivity; Infrastructure; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and GDP: What National Accounts Bring to the Table
Mr. Thomas F Alexander
,
Ms. Claudia H Dziobek
, and
Tadeusz Galeza
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2015 represent a new global consensus to end poverty, promote prosperity, and protect the environment. Goal 8 seeks to improve global resource efficiency in consumption and production and to decouple economic growth (GDP) from environmental degradation while Goal 12 focuses on sustainable consumption and production. While GDP does not capture these broader goals, we suggest that the System of National Accounts which incorporates but goes well beyond GDP, can be used for the measurement of these SDGs and to support policy. We construct a conceptual “super balance sheet” with an expanded asset boundary to include durable consumer goods used to produce services, human capital, and access to resources such as clean water and air, education, health, and infrastructure, to produce an expanded household net worth.
Keywords:
WP; balance sheet; consumer durables; asset; GDP; production; SDGs; Beyond GDP; National Accounts; Balance Sheets; SNA production boundary; SNA framework; SNA asset boundary; household sector balance sheet; SNA prototype; Financial statements; Sustainable Development Goals (SDG); Stocks; Human capital; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Impact of Public Capital, Human Capital, and Knowledge on Aggregate Output
Mr. Frederick L Joutz
and
Mr. Yasser Abdih
This paper investigates the impact of public capital on private sector output by testing and estimating an aggregate production function for the U.S. economy over the postwar period augmented to include the stock of public capital as an additional factor input. We use patent applications to proxy for knowledge/technology stocks and adjust labor hours for changes in human capital or skill. Using Johansen's (1988 and 1991) multivariate cointegration analysis, we find a positive and significant long run effect of public capital, private capital, skilladjusted labor, and technology/ knowledge on private sector output. We find that public capital accounts for about half of the post-1973 productivity slowdown, but only plays a minor role in the partial recovery of labor productivity growth since the mid 1980s. The largest contribution to that (partial) recovery comes from the knowledge stock and human capital.
Keywords:
WP; null hypothesis; capital stock; constant returns to scale
Cover IMF Working Papers
International R&D Spillovers and Institutions
Mr. Willy A Hoffmaister
,
Mr. David T. Coe
, and
Mr. Elhanan Helpman
The empirical analysis in "International R&D Spillovers" (Coe and Helpman, 1995) is first revisited by applying modern panel cointegration estimation techniques to an expanded data set that we have constructed for the purpose of this study. The new estimates confirm the key results reported in Coe and Helpman about the impact of domestic and foreign R&D capital stocks on TFP. In addition, we show that domestic and foreign R&D capital stocks have measurable impacts on TFP even after controlling for the impact of human capital. Furthermore, we extend the analysis to include institutional variables, such as legal origin and patent protection, in order to allow for parameter heterogeneity based on a country's institutional characteristics. The results suggest that institutional differences are important determinants of total factor productivity and that they impact the degree of R&D spillovers.
Keywords:
WP; R&D capital; estimation technique; group estimates give; time series
Cover IMF Working Papers
R&D, Innovation, and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis
Hulya Ulku
This paper investigates the main postulations of the R&D based growth models that innovation is created in the R&D sectors and it enables sustainable economic growth, provided that there are constant returns to innovation in terms of R&D. The analysis employs various panel data techniques and uses patent and R&D data for 20 OECD and 10 Non-OECD countries for the period 1981–97. The results suggest a positive relationship between per capita GDP and innovation in both OECD and non-OECD countries, while the effect of R&D stock on innovation is significant only in the OECD countries with large markets. Although these results provide support for endogenous growth models, there is no evidence for constant returns to innovation in terms of R&D, implying that innovation does not lead to permanent increases in economic growth. However, these results do not necessarily suggest a rejection of R&D based growth models, given that neither patent nor R&D data capture the full range of innovation and R&D activities.
Keywords:
WP; OECD country; regression analysis; country risk; low income
Cover IMF Working Papers
Columbia or High School? Understanding the Roles of Education in Development
Mr. Rodney Ramcharan
No country has achieved sustained economic development without investment in education. Thus, education policy can play a vital role in facilitating development. But which types of schooling-secondary or tertiary-should public policy promote? This paper develops an analytical framework to address this question. It shows how the composition of human capital stock determines a country's development. Hence, promoting the "wrong" type of schooling can have little effect on development. In addition to identifying some characteristics of an optimal education policy, the paper helps in understanding why empirical studies have failed to find a significant relationship between schooling and growth.
Keywords:
WP; rate of return; private cost; demand and supply; education; development; growth; schooling cost; schooling externality; schooling investment decision; demand linkage; tertiary schooling; education investment; Skilled labor; Human capital; Stocks; East Asia
Cover IMF Working Papers
How Does Privatization Work? Ownership Concentration and Enterprise Performance in Ukraine
Mr. Alexander Pivovarsky
This paper investigates the relationship between ownership concentration and enterprise performance in Ukraine. Using data on 376 medium and large enterprises, it finds that ownership concentration is positively associated with enterprise performance in Ukraine. The paper also finds that concentration of ownership by foreign companies and banks is associated with better performance than ownership concentrated by the domestic owners. Ownership by Ukrainian investment funds and holding companies does not have a positive effect on performance. In contrast to predictions by many observers of early transition, privatization methods had a lasting effect on ownership structure in Ukraine.
Keywords:
WP; ownership concentration; enterprise performance; ownership structure; joint stock; Corporate Governance; Ownership; Privatization; Transition; privatization method; bank rank; Stocks; Total factor productivity; Labor productivity; Stock markets; Central and Eastern Europe; Europe; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
United States: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund
This Selected Issues paper focuses on the adoption of new technology and globalization in the United States of America, and assesses the change in the productivity growth and revised estimates, the developments in the labor market, equity prices, and the technology boom. The paper analyzes how the monetary policy influences economic conditions in emergency markets; reviews the developments in financial consolidation; discusses the key provisions contained in the Gramm-Leach-Bliley (GLB) Act, the implications of the GLB Act for financial consolidation, and regulatory and supervisory practices.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; employment growth; price-earnings ratio; earnings; H-P filter; equity-risk premium; productivity growth; production function approach; labor force growth; Total factor productivity; Labor productivity; Productivity; Labor force; Wages; North America; Global; Northern Europe; East Asia
Cover IMF Working Papers
Social Capital and Civil Society
Mr. Francis Fukuyama
Social capital is an instantiated informal norm that promotes cooperation between individuals. In the economic sphere it reduces transaction costs, and in the political sphere it promotes the kind of associational life that is necessary for the success of limited government and modern democracy. Although social capital often arises from iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma games, it also is a byproduct of religion, tradition, shared historical experience, and other types of cultural norms. Thus whereas awareness of social capital is often critical for understanding development, it is difficult to generate through public policy.
Keywords:
WP; state; society; Institutions; social capital; economic policy; second generation reforms; public policy; transaction costs; centralizing state; physical capital; village association; state-supplied version; Civil society; Human capital; Stocks; Social networks; East Asia; North America; Western Europe; Europe; Africa