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Business and Economics > Investments: Stocks

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Cover IMF Working Papers
IMF-Supported Programs in Low-Income Countries: Fragile versus Non-Fragile States
Edouard Martin
and
Felix J Vardy
This paper examines the macroeconomic frameworks of IMF-supported programs with low-income countries from 2009 to 2022, focusing on how macroeconomic targets and their achievement differ between fragile and conflicted-affected states (FCS) and non-FCS. Key findings include similar program targets for FCS and non-FCS, optimism in all dimensions considered other than inflation, and no significant correlation between targets and outcomes. For variables other than inflation, country-independent targets equal to the mean or median outcomes of other programs outperform program projections as predictors of actual outcomes. This underscores the challenges in setting realistic, country and program-specific targets in IMF-supported programs with low-income countries. Finally, we discuss potential caveats, including GDP rebenchmarking, non-linear relationship between initial conditions and targets, and repeat programs. We do not study, and make no claims about, causality.
Keywords:
IMF Programs; LICs; Fragility; Tailoring; Optimism; appendix H. country classification; fragile and conflicted-affected states; histogram of program approval; growth optimism; IMF country team; FCS classification; Pb XOXG; FCS program; Inflation; Fiscal stance; Wages; Debt reduction; Stocks; Sub-Saharan Africa; Global
Cover Technical Notes and Manuals
Direct Reporting of Private Sector Cross-Border Financial Flows and Stocks in Selected African Countries
Kenneth Egesa
and
Howard Murad
Private cross-border financial flows and stocks have grown to account for an increasingly significant part of overall transactions and positions in many African countries. Direct reporting through enterprise surveys has become a key data source to enable them to be measured accurately. The paper describes a multi-year technical assistance project in The Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Mozambique, and Nigeria, where annual enterprise surveys are now established. To varying degrees, the survey results have been incorporated into the balance of payments and International Investment Position statistics. The case studies may serve as a useful reference for other countries embarking on efforts to establish direct reporting of cross-border financial flows and stocks.
Keywords:
TNM; enterprise survey; survey frame; EDDI project; enterprise group; balance sheet account; IIP data; International Investment Position; International Capital Flows; Balance of Payments Statistics in Africa; portfolio investment; Foreign direct investment; Portfolio investment; Balance of payments statistics; Stocks; Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Impact of the Regional Cross-Listing of Stocks on Firm Value in Sub-Saharan Africa
Olatundun Janet Adelegan
This paper examines the impact of regional cross-listing on stock prices. The sample consists of sub- Saharan African firms that have cross-listed during the period 1992-2008. Using event study methodology, the study finds positive abnormal returns around the date of the regional cross-listing of stocks. The positive announcement period effect, together with the normal post cross-listing performance, shows that regional cross-listing increases firm value. Overall, this provides evidence that firms benefit from listing outside their home market and need to be taken into consideration by SSA country authorities as they seek a regional approach to stock market development. Thus, policy makers of both the countries of primary listing (home country) and secondary listing (host country) need the right policy handles to conceptualize, facilitate and steer regional cross-listing efforts by firms. Through complementary policy-based efforts, policy makers can set the stage for regional cross-listings and harness the numerous related benefits.
Keywords:
WP; company; stock market; listing
Cover IMF Working Papers
Can Regional Cross-listings Accelerate Stock Market Development? Empirical Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
International Monetary Fund
This study analyzes the impact of regional cross-listing of stocks on the depth of the stock markets in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It analyzes data from 1990 to 2007 for a panel of 13 stock markets in SSA countries, only some of which have regional cross-listings. Using event study methodology, the paper finds significant positive effects in measures of stock market depth around regional cross-listing events. Overall, growth in the regional crosslisting of stocks facilitates stock market deepening, and the stock markets of countries with regional cross-listings perform better than those without. The study thus suggests that SSA countries can benefit from putting in place the necessary conditions for promoting regional cross-listings and thereby deepening their stock markets. These include sound legal and regulatory frameworks, macroeconomic and political stability, harmonization of listing rules, accounting laws and disclosure requirements across the region, and strong money markets.
Keywords:
WP; firm; stock; listed firm; GDP
Cover IMF Working Papers
Stock Market Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: Critical Issues and Challenges
Charles Komla Adjasi
and
Charles Amo Yartey
This paper examines the economic importance of stock markets in Africa. It discusses policy options for promoting the development of the stock market in Africa. The results of the paper show that the stock markets have contributed to the financing of the growth of large corporations in certain African countries. An econometric investigation of the impact of stock markets on growth in selected African countries, however, finds inconclusive evidence even though stock market value traded seem to be positively and significantly associated with growth. African stock exchanges now face the challenge of integration and need better technical and institutional development to address the problem of low liquidity. Preconditions for successful regional approaches include the harmonization of legislations such as bankruptcy and accounting laws and a liberalized trade regime. Robust electronic trading systems and central depository systems will be important. Further domestic financial liberalization such as steps to improve the legal and accounting framework, private sector credit evaluation capabilities, and public sector regulatory oversight would also be beneficial.
Keywords:
WP; economic growth; external finance; stock market; banking sector
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Stock Market and the Financing of Corporate Growth in Africa: The Case of Ghana
Charles Amo Yartey
This paper examines the corporate financing pattern in Ghana. In particular, it investigates whether Singh's theoretically anomalous findings that developing country firms make considerably more use of external finance and new equity issues than developed country firms to finance asset growth hold in the case of Ghana. Replicating Singh's methodology, our results show that compared with corporations in advanced countries, the average listed Ghanaian firm finances its growth of total assets mainly from short-term debt. The stock market, however, is the most important source of long-term finance for listed Ghanaian firms. Overall, the evidence in this paper suggests that the stock market is a surprisingly important source of finance for funding corporate growth and that stock market development in Ghana has been important.
Keywords:
WP; company account; investment decision; accounts methodology; Mauritian firm; Stock markets; corporate finance; corporate growth; Ghana; financing pattern; equity issue; assets growth; equity finance; retained earnings; long-term debt; bank financing; debt equity ratio; Stocks; Business enterprises; Corporate sector; Africa
Cover Official Financing
Official Financing
Recent Developments and Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund

Abstract

This study provides information on official financing and the debt situation of developing countries. It discusses issues related to trade finance in financial crises, and the challenge of maintaining external debt sustainability in debtor countries. It updates the 2001 edition of Official Financing for Developing Countries.

Keywords:
WEFS; financing; debt; developing country; Paris; net official development assistance; ODA figure; debt indicator; HIPC relief; ODA flow; Export credits; Trade finance; Debt relief; Public and publicly-guaranteed external debt; Global; East Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Hemisphere; Middle East; Africa; Central Asia
Cover IMF Survey
IMF Survey, Volume 32, Issue 08
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
Speaking at the Thirty-Third Washington Conference of the Council of the Americas on April 29, IMF Managing Director Horst Köhler expressed optimism about Latin America’s growth prospects. Despite difficult economic times, he said, the people have indicated no desire to return to past authoritarian regimes, and several countries have recently reaffirmed their commitment to a market-based system. A summary of Köhle’s address, delivered at the U.S. Department of State, follows.
Keywords:
SV; IMF Concludes; IMF Approves; market; IMF's website; indicators seek; financial systems department; draft guide; IMF publication service; industry factor; Stock markets; Financial inclusion; Income; Poverty reduction; Stocks; Global; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Europe
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Ghana: Fourth Review Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility, Requests for Waiver of Performance Criteria and for Extension of the Commitment Period
International Monetary Fund
This paper examines Ghana’s Fourth Review Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility and Requests for Waiver of Performance Criteria and for Extension of the Commitment Period. Most end-August 2001 quantitative performance criteria were met, but waivers are requested for nonobservance of two structural performance criteria and the ceilings on short-term official external debt and the stock of arrears in the road sector. The authorities’ program for 2002 seeks to consolidate on the macroeconomic gains of 2001, accelerate structural reforms, and create the conditions for faster growth and poverty reduction.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; cash outlay; IMF home Search Site Map Site Index Help; proceeds; IMF home search site map site Index; accumulated arrears; MDAS' expenditure commitment; CAGD report; Arrears; Capital spending; Poverty reduction strategy
Cover External Debt and Capital Flight in Sub-Saharan Africa
External Debt and Capital Flight in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract

Mounting external debt and large-scale capital flight have been at the forefront of Africa's economic problems since the 1980s. External Debt and Capital Flight in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by S. Ibi Ajayi and Mohsin S. Khan, takes a penetrating look at debt and capital flight during the 1990s in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda. The book describes the size and composition of debt in the selected countries and examines the causes of the debt buildup. It also assesses the extent of capital flight and suggests ways of stemming the flight of financial resources.

Keywords:
BOOK; debt; flight of capital; foreign exchange; structural adjustment; debt problem; capital flight estimate; Capital outflows; Debt burden; Debt service; Sub-Saharan Africa; Africa; Global; East Asia; North Africa; Caribbean