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International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
The 2024 Article IV Consultation discusses that South Africa’s economy has continued to face challenges in recent years. Government’s fresh mandate represents an opportunity to pursue ambitious reforms to safeguard macroeconomic stability and address these challenges, placing the economy on a path toward higher, more inclusive, and greener growth. Real output growth, estimated at 0.8 percent in 2024, is expected to accelerate to 1.5 percent in 2025 on the back of improved electricity generation, monetary policy easing, and a return of investor and consumer confidence post elections. Growth is projected to reach 1.8 percent by the end of the decade, supported by ongoing electricity and logistics reforms, while inflation stabilizes around the midpoint of the central bank’s target range. Ongoing electricity and logistics reforms aiming at alleviating critical supply constraints are welcome and should be ambitiously implemented. Meeting South Africa’s climate goals requires further efforts to increase effective carbon taxation and accelerate the rollout of renewable energy. Adequate communication, targeted support to vulnerable groups to mitigate near-term costs, and strengthened institutions, are key to increase the social acceptability of reforms.
Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations
,
International Monetary Fund
,
Intra-European Organisation of Tax Administrations
, and
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Abstract

This VITARA Reference Guide provides a solid understanding of audit as a key tool available to a tax administration to promote and enforce compliance. The guide explains international good practices in designing and managing an effective audit program including the necessary legal powers, audit-related organization, and governance arrangements as well as the staff expertise and resources needed for audit and auditor performance evaluation. It focuses on practical issues such as how audit cases are selected, the different types and scope of audit, and audit methods that are available to staff. It also discusses the concepts of audit integrity, audit quality assurance, and the Random Audit Program as well as electronic audit tools and how they can be used in conducting audits. A potential annual operational performance dashboard that can be implemented to allow program monitoring throughout the fiscal year is also included. Finally, the guide highlights the key components of an audit process.

International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This paper presents Gambia’s Second Review under the Extended Credit Facility arrangement, Requests for a Waiver of Nonobservance of Performance Criterion, Modifications of Performance Criteria and Indicative Targets, and Financing Assurances Review. Economic recovery is strengthening, and inflation is gradually decreasing, although the pace remains slow. Based on the strength of the macroeconomic program, growth is projected at 5.9 percent in 2025 and around 5 percent in the medium term, though risks remain from global conflicts, commodity price shocks, and fluctuations in tourism and remittance flows. The country remains vulnerable to global shocks. Program performance has been affected by fiscal pressures and delays in reform implementation, but the authorities remain committed to overall program targets. Steadfast implementation of the policy and reform agenda will be essential to safeguard macroeconomic gains and debt sustainability.
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
This paper discusses Republic of Tajikistan’s First Review under the Policy Coordination Instrument (PCI) and Request for Modification of a Quantitative Target and a Reform Target. The PCI aims to anchor macroeconomic policies and support structural reform implementation to maintain macro-financial stability and foster more sustainable and inclusive growth. The fiscal deficit is projected to remain within the long-term anchor of 2.5 percent of gross domestic product, ensuring a continued decline in public debt. Policies should aim to strengthen resilience against external shocks and address structural constraints to attaining more sustainable and inclusive growth. Improving revenue mobilization and spending efficiency is critical to increasing space for development priorities. Monetary policy should remain vigilant and manage liquidity proactively in the context of large foreign exchange inflows and strong credit growth, with the exchange rate playing a greater role as a shock absorber. Pressing ahead with broad-based state-owned enterprise reforms is critical to mitigate fiscal risks and create space for private sector led growth.
Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations
,
International Monetary Fund
,
Intra-European Organisation of Tax Administrations
, and
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Abstract

This guide is part of a series of Virtual Training to Advance Revenue Administration (VITARA) reference guides that has been developed based on the contents of the VITARA online modules. This reference guide deals with Human Resource Management (HRM) issues, HRM strategy, and, more generally, human capital in a tax administration. It introduces modern HRM practices for senior leaders of a tax administration including how HRM should be organized within a tax administration, the design of a career path, and adequate remuneration structure for tax administration officials. The guide identifies key areas of effective HRM and some of the supporting principles. It also defines what the function of learning and development is and why it is important for tax administrations. Hot topics such as workforce analysis, culture, values, ethics, HR analytics, training, and knowledge management are also covered.

International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
The 2024 Article IV Consultation discusses that Botswana’s economic growth is expected to slow to 1 percent in 2024 primarily because of a diamond market contraction, before picking up next year. Inflation has declined sharply since the peak of mid-2022 and returned to the central bank’s medium-term objective range of 3–6 percent, where it is expected to remain in the medium term. Some fiscal relaxation is warranted this year given the fall in mineral revenues, but the ambitious capital budget should be streamlined to contain the deterioration of the deficit and prioritize projects with the highest value for money. The monetary policy stance is appropriate, but monetary policy transmission remains limited, requiring further deepening of the interbank, credit, and government bond markets along the transmission chain. Reducing inequality and unemployment requires a more job-intensive, private sector-led, and export-oriented growth model. Reform of state-owned enterprises, improved infrastructure for doing business (internet, energy, and logistics), trade facilitation measures, and a more efficient social protection system should be prioritized.
International Monetary Fund. Communications Department
Productivity must play a more important role in driving sustained growth as our societies age. But there’s no consensus on how to reverse the broad slowdown in productivity growth seen across almost all countries over the past 20 years. F&D magazine’s September issue invites leading thinkers to examine productivity from multiple angles, including dynamism, innovation, demographics, and sustainability.
International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
Armenia has committed to the adoption of the OECD’s Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework. To give effect it will need to enact legislation. An eight-step roadmap for implementation was developed. It sets out each activity, assigns responsibilities and sets timelines.
Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations
,
International Monetary Fund
,
Intra-European Organisation of Tax Administrations
, and
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

Abstract

This guide is part of a series of Virtual Training to Advance Revenue Administration (VITARA) reference guides that has been developed based on the contents of the VITARA online modules. This reference guide focuses on international good practices in organizational design. It explains how tax administrations can organize people, processes, and work effectively. It builds knowledge and understanding of critical features and dependencies in the organizational design of tax administrations, defining the concept of organizational design, and explaining why it is important. This guide also identifies the main organizational models (function-based, tax type-based, segment-based, and hybrid) used in the design of tax administrations and explains the advantages and disadvantages of the different models. It compares the roles of headquarters and field operations in a tax administration's organizational structure and also describes the importance of special units and functions within a tax administration's organizational structure. The guide helps tax administration leaders better understand how tax administration organizational models can be adapted to accommodate new responsibilities and roles.

International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This paper presents Democratic Republic of the Congo’s 2024 Article IV Consultation, Sixth Review under the Extended Credit Facility (ECF) Arrangement, Request for a Waiver of Nonobservance of Quantitative Performance Criterion, and Financing Assurances Review. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has made significant progress under the ECF arrangement, although performance during the sixth review has been constrained by the persistent security and humanitarian crises, fiscal slippage, and ongoing inflationary pressures. The domestic fiscal deficit for 2024 is projected to narrow compared to 2023, as higher mining revenue would help ease pressures from higher security spending and investment. Performance under the program has been generally positive, with most quantitative targets met and key reforms implemented, albeit at a slow pace. The economic outlook remains positive but is subject to substantial downside risks. This calls for continued prudent policies and increasing reform efforts in fiscal and monetary frameworks and in governance.