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Business and Economics > Finance: General

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 43 items for :

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Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, June 2024: An IMF for Tomorrow
International Monetary Fund. Communications Department
Finance & Development, June 2024.
Keywords:
IMF surveillance; IMF photo; IMF historian; IMF staff calculation; evolving IMF; Climate change; Development assistance; International cooperation; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Global; Central America; Caribbean; East Asia; Africa
Cover External Sector Report, 2023
External Sector Report, 2023
External Rebalancing in Turbulent Times
International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.

Abstract

Global current account balances—the overall size of headline current account deficits and surpluses—widened for a third consecutive year in 2022. Main drivers were Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the uneven recovery from the pandemic, and the rapid tightening of US monetary policy. Concurrently, the US dollar appreciated substantially, and the uphill capital flow reappeared. IMF’s external sector assessments suggest that the overall size of excess current account deficits and surpluses has remained unchanged since 2021, after declining for several years. This highlights the importance of efforts in both excess surplus and deficit economies to promote external rebalancing. The US dollar appreciation under the “global dollar cycle”, which is driven primarily by global financial risks, has negative spillovers on activity and imports that fall on emerging market economies more severely than on advance economies. More flexible exchange rates and more anchored inflation expectations can mitigate negative spillovers to emerging markets.

Keywords:
Current account; Capital flows; Exchange rate; Global dollar cycle; Spillovers; External sector; dollar appreciation; dollar cycle; commodity exporter; CA deficit; CA surplus; CA gap; Real effective exchange rates; Current account balance; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Global; Africa
Cover Policy Papers
Staff-Monitored Programs—Updated Operational Guidance Note
International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department
,
International Monetary Fund. Finance Dept.
, and
International Monetary Fund. Legal Dept.
The note updates and replaces the prior guidance on SMPs, provided in 2003, incorporating changes to the Fund’s lending strategy, and clarifies some operational issues to better guide staff on the use and design of SMPs, while safeguarding even-handed application. Noteworthy changes include clarity on the role of SMPs, specifying the start and end dates of SMPs, clarifying the expected length of SMPs and track record periods, and extensions of SMPs. While many policies are clarified, the principle of flexibility is maintained.
Keywords:
transparency policy; fund staff; fund financial support; SMP Sr; strategy Policy; SMP request; Debt sustainability; Poverty reduction strategy; Emergency assistance; Debt sustainability analysis; Liquidity
Cover Policy Papers
Guidance Note on Information Sharing Between IMF and World Bank Staff
International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department
and
World Bank
This Guidance Note outlines good practices on information-sharing across key areas in which the Bank and the IMF interact. The note outlines general principles consistent with these frameworks and discusses how the staffs of the two institutions are expected to exchange information related to country operations, technical assistance, and policy work.
Keywords:
World Bank staff; guidance note; information sharing; fund staff; share Between IMF; Debt sustainability analysis; Debt relief; Development assistance; Development policy; Global
Cover Staff Discussion Notes
Fiscal Policy and Development: Human, Social, and Physical Investments for the SDGs
Vitor Gaspar
,
Mr. David Amaglobeli
,
Ms. Mercedes Garcia-Escribano
,
Delphine Prady
, and
Mauricio Soto
The goal of this paper is to estimate the additional annual spending required for meaningful progress on the SDGs in these areas. Our estimates refer to additional spending in 2030, relative to a baseline of current spending to GDP in these sectors. Toward this end, we apply an innovative costing methodology to a sample of 155 countries: 49 low- income developing countries, 72 emerging market economies, and 34 advanced economies. And we refine the analysis with five country studies: Rwanda, Benin, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Guatemala.
Keywords:
SDN; developing country; low-income developing countries; emerging market economy; spending; GDP; Sustainable Development Goals; Development; Fiscal Policy; equity-enhancing expenditure priority; spending pressure; enhancing spending efficiency; countries spend; spending estimate; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Sustainable Development Goals (SDG); Global; Sub-Saharan Africa; Asia and Pacific
Cover Policy Papers
Financing for Development: Enhancing the Financial Safety Net for Developing Countries---Further Considerations
International Monetary Fund
PRGT-eligible members make considerable use of Fund concessional financing. Since 2010, 56 percent of Fund arrangements have involved a PRGT-facility. This paper examines a number of issues raised by Executive Directors and the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC) since the issuance to the Board of the June 2015 staff paper on enhancing the financial safety net for developing countries (IMF, 2015a). This paper concludes that there is a need to clarify guidance in some areas pertaining to PRGT policies. This will be done through an early revision of the LIC Handbook, which is already underway. The paper does not propose changes to the Fund’s concessional facilities at this juncture. A comprehensive review of PRGT (Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust) resources and facilities is planned for 2018.
Keywords:
PP; PRGT resource; PRGT-eligible member; financial support; financing; fund; members to fund instrument; fund's Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust; PRGT financing; Balance of payments need; Financial safety nets; Concessional external borrowing; Development assistance; Moral hazard; Global
Cover Policy Papers
Financing For Development - Revisiting the Monterrey Consensus
International Monetary Fund
2015 is set to be a pivotal year for the international development agenda, with agreements to be reached on the objectives and policies for promoting development that is economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable through 2030. The first stage in completing the debate on these issues is the Third UN Conference on Financing for Development (FfD), to be held in Addis Ababa during July 13–16, 2015, which aims to build an international consensus on the actions needed to ensure that sufficient financing is available for developing countries in pursuing sustainable development.
Keywords:
PP; country; PRGT; PRGT-eligible country; PRGT access; support; increase access; IMF's policy position; policy advice; financial market; Development assistance; Financial sector development; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
After the Fall: Lessons for Policy Cooperation from the Global Crisis
Mr. Tamim Bayoumi
A crisis is a terrible thing to waste, and nowhere is this truer than in the arena of international economic policy cooperation. With the world facing the largest and most synchronized plunge in output of the postwar era, policy makers banded together to find solutions. This paper looks at the lessons from what did—and did not—occur in the area of policy cooperation since the crisis. Outcomes seem to be weaker over time in areas such as macroeconomic policies, where institutional procedures were less well defined and there were disagreements over spillovers. By contrast, cooperation seems to have been most effective where there was a consensus that such policies could avoid the risk of highly detrimental outcomes and institutional arrangements were more concrete. Principle amongst these was trade, but bank capital buffers, IMF resources, and derivatives exchanges also fall into this category. Lessons for those interested in promoting cooperation seems to be: it may be more fruitful to: focus on the potential for major costs from a lack of cooperation, rather than the minor gains from fuller coordination; strive for more consensus estimated spillovers; convince policy-makers costs of loss of cooperation are large; and focus on building better and more enduring institutional arrangements.
Keywords:
WP; policy; G20 industrial nations; Policy cooperation; central bank; market; institutuinal coarregements; policy spillovers; Fed swap lines; C. Policy mix; central bank swap lines; domestic policy; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Fiscal stimulus; Commercial banks; Financial sector stability; Global; Europe
Cover IMF Working Papers
Remittances and Vulnerability in Developing Countries
Giulia Bettin
,
Mr. Andrea F Presbitero
, and
Mr. Nikola Spatafora
This paper examines how international remittances are affected by structural characteristics, macroeconomic conditions, and adverse shocks in both source and recipient economies. We exploit a novel, rich panel data set, covering bilateral remittances from 103 Italian provinces to 107 developing countries over the period 2005-2011. We find that remittances are negatively correlated with the business cycle in recipient countries, and increase in response to adverse exogenous shocks, such as natural disasters or large declines in the terms of trade. Remittances are positively correlated with economic conditions in the source province. Nevertheless, in the presence of similar negative shocks to both source and recipient economies, remittances remain counter-cyclical with respect to the recipient country.
Keywords:
WP; remittance corridor; bilateral remittance; remittances outflow; transfer cost; remittance inflow; Remittances; Shocks; Business cycle; Vulnerability; Gravity model; Migration; Financial sector development; Business cycles; Global financial crisis of 2008-2009; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Donor Competition for Aid Impact, and Aid Fragmentation
Mr. Kurt Annen
and
Mr. Luc Moers
This paper shows that donors that maximize relative aid impact spread their budgets across many recipient countries in a unique Nash equilibrium, explaining aid fragmentation. This equilibrium may be inefficient even without fixed costs, and the inefficiency increases in the equality of donors budgets. The paper presents empirical evidence consistent with theoretical results. These imply that, short of ending donors maximization of relative aid impact, agreements to better coordinate aid allocations are not implementable. Moreover, since policies to increase donor competition in terms of aid effectiveness risk reinforcing relativeness, they may well backfire, as any such reinforcement increases aid fragmentation.
Keywords:
WP; aid allocation; donor competition; Foreign Aid; Aid Effectiveness; Aid Fragmentation; Donor Coordination; donor ranking; donor fragmentation; Budget planning and preparation; Competition; Poverty reduction; Global