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Business and Economics > Finance: General

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 11 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
  • Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics: General x
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Cover IMF Working Papers
Environmental Policies and Innovation in Renewable Energy
Luca Bettarelli
,
Davide Furceri
,
Pietro Pizzuto
, and
Nadia Shakoor
This paper investigates the effect of Climate Change Policies (CCPs) on green innovation, for a sample of 40 advanced and emerging market economies and 5 economic sectors, during the period 2000-2021. Our results suggest that CCPs increase green patents, with the effect increasing gradually over time. The effect is larger for non-market-based policies—such as R&D subsidies—and technology-support instruments, in countries with greater competitiveness and during periods of stronger economic activity—that is, higher GDP growth, lower uncertainty and financial stress. The results based on a difference-in-differences approach suggest that the positive effect of stricter CCPs on green innovation is stronger in sectors with limited financial constraints.
Keywords:
green patents; climate change policy; diff-in-diff approach; innovation; effect of Climate Change Policies; CCPS increase; innovation in renewable energy; technology-support instrument; technology-support policy; Environmental policy; Renewable energy; Climate policy; Competition; Climate change; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Preemptive Policies and Risk-Off Shocks in Emerging Markets
Ms. Mitali Das
,
Ms. Gita Gopinath
, and
Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan
We show that “preemptive” capital flow management measures (CFM) can reduce emerging markets and developing countries’ (EMDE) external finance premia during risk-off shocks, especially for vulnerable countries. Using a panel dataset of 56 EMDEs during 1996–2020 at monthly frequency, we document that countries with preemptive policies in place during the five year window before risk-off shocks experienced relatively lower external finance premia and exchange rate volatility during the shock compared to countries which did not have such preemptive policies in place. We use the episodes of Taper Tantrum and COVID-19 as risk-off shocks. Our identification relies on a difference-in-differences methodology with country fixed effects where preemptive policies are ex-ante by construction and cannot be put in place as a response to the shock ex-post. We control the effects of other policies, such as monetary policy, foreign exchange interventions (FXI), easing of inflow CFMs and tightening of outflow CFMs that are used in response to the risk-off shocks. By reducing the impact of risk-off shocks on countries’ funding costs and exchange rate volatility, preemptive policies enable countries’ continued access to international capital markets during troubled times.
Keywords:
Preemptive policies; UIP; external finance premia; risk-off shocks; FX debt; Risk-Off shock; risk-off shock; exchange rate volatility; MPM policy; Capital flow management; Macroprudential policy instruments; Interest rate parity; Capital inflows; Global; Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
Incomplete Financial Markets and the Booming Housing Sector in China
Mr. Tamim Bayoumi
and
Mr. Yunhui Zhao
Housing is by far the most important asset in Chinese households’ balance sheets. However, despite forceful and frequent government interventions, the rise in Chinese housing prices has not been contained as much as intended, a trend that has not been reversed by the COVID-19 shock. In this paper, we first provide some stylized facts and then a DSGE model (encompassing both demand and supply channels) to highlight the impact of a “slow-moving” structural vulnerability—financial market incompleteness—on China’s housing prices. The model implies that to eradicate the root causes of the rising housing price, policymakers need to go beyond the housing market itself; instead, it would be desirable to deepen financial markets because these markets would help channel financial resources to productive sectors rather than to housing speculation. This is particularly important in the COVID era because without addressing this structural vulnerability, the higher household savings and the government stimulus may fuel the housing bubble and sow seeds for a future crisis. The paper can also shed light on the housing markets in other economies that face similar vulnerabilities.
Keywords:
Chinese housing; COVID-19; Financial market incompleteness; DSGE; WP; financial market; consumption goods; housing investor; mortgage loan-to-GDP ratio; demand and supply channel; housing demand; rental market clearing; Housing; Housing prices; Consumption; Securities markets; Mortgages; Global
Cover Regional Economic Outlook, October 2020, Western Hemisphere
Regional Economic Outlook, October 2020, Western Hemisphere
Pandemic Persistence Clouds the Recovery
International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Abstract

The pandemic continues to spread in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), but economic activity is picking up. After a deep contraction in April, activity started recovering in May, as lockdowns were gradually eased, consumers and firms adapted to social distancing, some countries introduced sizable policy support, and global activity strengthened.

Keywords:
pandemic; lockdowns; recovery; reopening; public health; REO; IMF staff calculation; nominal GDP; trading partner; world bank LAC estimate; hard currency; potential GDP
Cover Regional Economic Outlook, October 2020, Western Hemisphere
Regional Economic Outlook, October 2020, Western Hemisphere
Pandemic Persistence Clouds the Recovery
International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Abstract

The pandemic continues to spread in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), but economic activity is picking up. After a deep contraction in April, activity started recovering in May, as lockdowns were gradually eased, consumers and firms adapted to social distancing, some countries introduced sizable policy support, and global activity strengthened.

Keywords:
pandemic; lockdowns; recovery; reopening; public health; REO; IMF staff calculation; nominal GDP; trading partner; world bank LAC estimate; hard currency; potential GDP
Cover Regional Economic Outlook, October 2020, Asia and Pacific
Regional Economic Outlook, October 2020, Asia and Pacific
Navigating the Pandemic: A Multispeed Recovery in Asia
International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept

Abstract

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is still unfolding around the globe. In Asia, as elsewhere, the virus has ebbed in some countries but surged in others. The global economy is beginning to recover after a sharp contraction in the second quarter of 2020, as nationwide lockdowns are lifted and replaced with more targeted containment measures.

Keywords:
recovery; reopening; inequality; job loss; uncertainty; risk; lockdowns; exit strategy; REO; containment measure; virus containment; virus transmission rate; disproportionate impact; labor market survey
Cover Regional Economic Outlook, October 2020, Western Hemisphere
Regional Economic Outlook, October 2020, Western Hemisphere
Pandemic Persistence Clouds the Recovery
International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Abstract

The pandemic continues to spread in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), but economic activity is picking up. After a deep contraction in April, activity started recovering in May, as lockdowns were gradually eased, consumers and firms adapted to social distancing, some countries introduced sizable policy support, and global activity strengthened.

Keywords:
pandemic; lockdowns; recovery; reopening; public health; REO; IMF staff calculation; nominal GDP; trading partner; world bank LAC estimate; hard currency; potential GDP; banking sector; fiscal policy; COVID-19; Debt restructuring; Securities markets; Caribbean; Global; Central America
Cover Regional Economic Outlook, October 2020, Europe
Regional Economic Outlook, October 2020, Europe
Whatever It Takes: Europe’s Response to COVID-19
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused dramatic loss of human life and major damage to the European economy, but thanks to an exceptionally strong policy response, potentially devastating outcomes have been avoided.

Keywords:
lockdowns; pandemic; corporate liquidity; recovery; reopening; economic outlook; forecasting; REO; policy support; infection curve; job retention program; Europe transform; financial market disruption; pandemic economy; solvency risks in Europe; time trend; reopening indices; infection incidence; reinfection risk; infection rate; credit access; containment policy; COVID-19; Liquidity; Solvency; Infrastructure; Europe; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
A Balance Sheet Approach to Financial Crisis
Mr. Brad Setser
,
Nouriel Roubini
,
Mr. Christian Keller
,
Mr. Mark Allen
, and
Mr. Christoph B. Rosenberg
The paper lays out an analytical framework for understanding crises in emerging markets based on examination of stock variables in the aggregate balance sheet of a country and the balance sheets of its main sectors (assets and liabilities). It focuses on the risks created by maturity, currency, and capital structure mismatches. This framework draws attention to the vulnerabilities created by debts among residents, particularly those denominated in foreign currency, and it helps to explain how problems in one sector can spill over into other sectors, eventually triggering an external balance of payments crisis. The paper also discusses the potential of macroeconomic policies and official intervention to mitigate the cost of such a crisis.
Keywords:
WP; foreign currency; hard currency; short-term debt; debt restructuring; interest rate; National balance sheets; financial crisis; IMF policy; emerging markets; capital structure; preferred debt; currency risk; rollover crisis; nominal exchange rate; Financial statements; Currencies; Exchange rates; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Economic Data Dissemination: What Influences Country Performanceon Frequency and Timiliness?
Mr. Mehmet Agça
and
Mr. Peter Allum
Despite initial improvements in macroeconomic data dissemination following the emerging markets crises of the late-1990s, large differences among countries remain. To identify the factors behind such differences, this paper develops measures of the frequency and timeliness of macroeconomic data dissemination for 180 countries. After discussing potential factors influencing data dissemination, the paper confirms the importance of a range of economic, social, and demographic factors. The relative importance of these factors in different regions is discussed, as well as the broader policy implications for strengthening macroeconomic data dissemination.
Keywords:
WP; economy; country; transition economy; macroeconomic data dissemination; transparency; economic statistics; Western Hemisphere economy; BRO economy; data frequency index; Latin American economy; Data dissemination; Data processing; International capital markets; Middle East; Western Hemisphere; South America; Sub-Saharan Africa; East Asia