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Business and Economics > Finance: General

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Cover Technical Assistance Reports
Bhutan: Technical Assistance Report-Development of an Interest Rate Corridor Framework
International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
and
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
In August 2024, at the request of the Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan (RMA), the IMF South Asia Regional Training and Technical Assistance Center (SARTTAC) conducted a Technical Assistance (TA) mission in Thimphu. The mission aimed to assist the RMA in establishing an interest rate corridor (IRC) and operationalizing related instruments, liquidity forecasting, and collateral frameworks. The mission identified that the RMA lacks necessary monetary policy instruments to effectively address changing systemic liquidity conditions and financial stability challenges. It emphasized the need to move away from reliance on administrative controls, as the absence of appropriate price incentives reinforces the preference for foreign exchange among Bhutanese residents, increasing pressures on the peg. To tackle these issues, the mission proposed a phased approach to introduce the IRC. Initially, relevant external and internal documents should be finalized, followed by mock operations. The first phase involves introducing a one-week main Open Market Operation (OMO), conducted weekly at the policy rate with full allotment. Automatic access to the IRC's standing facilities should be ensured. Later, fixed-quantity, variable-rate OMOs should be utilized, relying on liquidity forecasting to calibrate operations. Additionally, the mission recommended reinstating sweeping arrangements for government accounts and enhancing coordination with the Treasury to improve liquidity forecasting. These measures aim to strengthen the RMA's operational framework and enhance the effectiveness of monetary policy.
Keywords:
Monetary policy; International organization; Bhutan.; RMA money market contact group; IMF South Asia Regional Training and Technical Assistance Center; IMF's Monetary; expert of the IMF Monetary; interest rate corridor framework; Liquidity management; Interest rate corridor; Liquidity; Commercial banks; Central bank policy rate
Cover Technical Assistance Reports
Namibia: Technical Assistance Report-Retail Central Bank Digital Currency Exploration and Roadmap
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
The Bank of Namibia (BON) explored the potential of Retail Central Bank Digital Currency (rCBDC). The key drivers included promoting financial inclusion, modernizing financial system modernization, as well as improving cross-border payments. The technical assistance (TA) mission aimed to provide the groundwork for a feasibility study of rCBDC and to draft a rCBDC exploration roadmap for the BON. The mission analyzed Namibia’s payment systems and financial inclusion and assessed the potential value propositions and drawbacks of rCBDC. Additionally, the mission evaluated the implications of rCBDC for monetary policy and financial stability, while assessing the BoN’s foundational requirements. Finally, the mission helped draft a rCBDC exploration roadmap, intending to foster a cohesive and coordinated approach for the BoN and external stakeholders. The mission’s findings will inform the development of the BoN's rCBDC position paper.
Keywords:
CBDC; central bank digital currency; rCBDC; retail CBDC; retail central bank digital currency; financial inclusion; payment systems; CBDC exploration; cross-border payments; Namibia.; BoN's participation; IMF's Monetary; BoN's staff capability; rCBDC exploration roadmap; central bank staff; request of the Bank of Namibia; Digital financial services; Central Bank digital currencies; Currencies; Sub-Saharan Africa; Africa; Global
Cover Technical Assistance Reports
Colombia: Technical Assistance Report-Foreign Exchange Market Development and Regulatory Framework Review
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This report provides an overview of the technical assistance provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to the Banco de la República to support the authorities in reviewing the regulatory framework and formulating development strategies for the foreign exchange market.
Keywords:
Currency internationalization; regulatory framework; foreign exchange market development; Colombia.; FX Market development strategy; FX channeling; Banco de la República; IMF's Monetary; Currency markets; Currencies; Exchange rate risk; Exchange rates; Global
Cover Technical Assistance Reports
Belize: Technical Assistance Report-Developing the Supervision of E-Money Issuers
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
IMF conducted a mission at the request of the Central Bank of Belize provided technical assistance focusing on developing a framework for the supervision of electronic money issuers in Belize. The mission reviewed existing approaches to supervising firms conducting regulated financial activities, as well as the regulatory framework and licensing practices for e-money issuers only to the extent that they influence and impact effective supervision. The mission also met with other key stakeholders from the public and private sector setting out nine key recommendations covering risk-based supervision, data collection, reconciliations, transparency, fund safeguarding, permitted investments, agents, inspection reports, and domestic collaboration.
Keywords:
Electronic money; E-money; Supervision; Belize; Central Bank; fintech; Payments.; IMF's Monetary; instrumentalities of the CD recipient; World Bank staff; e-money issuer; terms and conditions; risk assessment; Central bank bills; National payment systems; Credit bureaus; Payment systems
Cover Technical Assistance Reports
Republic of Azerbaijan: Technical Assistance Report-Modernizing Central Bank Communication
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This report presents an analysis of the Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan's (CBA) communication framework and offers recommendations for enhancement. The technical assistance mission, led by the IMF Monetary and Capital Markets Department, aimed to modernize the CBA's communication strategies to align with international best practices. The findings indicate that while the CBA has made significant progress in external communications, there are areas for improvement, particularly in formalizing communication processes and enhancing message clarity. Recommendations include strengthening the role of the Communications Division, adopting a proactive communication policy, and improving the monetary policy communication cycle. These changes are expected to elevate the CBA's communication to a policy tool that supports its objectives of price and financial stability.
Keywords:
Central Bank; Communication; Monetary Policy; Transparency; Inflation Targeting; Stakeholders; Capacity Building; Policy Framework; Institutional Strategy; Communication Division; Azerbaijan.; CBA monetary policy press release; C. communications management; monetary policy department; B. Communication cycle; communication framework; CBA flagship policy publication; Monetary policy communication; Social networks; Financial sector stability; Central bank policy rate; Monetary policy frameworks; Global
Cover Technical Assistance Reports
Seychelles: Technical Assistance Report-Macroprudential Stress Testing and Climate Risk Analysis
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
The Technical Assistance (TA) mission, conducted in Victoria, Seychelles, from May 2 to 17, 2023, assisted authorities with macroprudential stress testing and climate risk analysis. The stress testing focused on strengthening the solvency and liquidity frameworks: (i) for solvency, considering credit and foreign exchange risks to design robust scenarios, applying econometric techniques to enhance their risk assessment, and (ii) for the liquidity stress test, enhancing the cash flow analyses utilized by the authorities. For the climate risk analysis framework, the mission reviewed essential components, identified data sources, and provided hands-on training for climate risk assessment. Recommendations include fostering collaboration within CBB and other agencies, better leveraging available data, and improving data collection for stress testing and climate risk analysis. The CBS is expected to advance its framework and address data challenges to implement stress testing and climate risk analysis initiatives effectively.
Keywords:
Climate change; Climate scenario analysis; Environment; Financial sector policy and analysis; Liquidity stress testing; Macroprudential stress testing; Natural disasters; Solvency stress testing' Seychelles.; IMF stress; Department mission; Climate risk analysis diagnosis; mission Climate risk analysis component; IMF's Monetary; Loans; Nonperforming loans; Stress testing; Credit risk; Global
Cover Technical Assistance Reports
Kenya: Technical Assistance Report-Crypto Regulation and Legislation
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This technical assistance report outlines the current state and future objectives for regulating crypto assets in the Republic of Kenya. The report, prepared at the request of Kenya's Capital Markets Authority, involved an analysis of crypto-asset activities and the related regulatory framework. The report emphasizes the need for a clear legislative framework with specific definitions and classifications of crypto assets, effective inter-agency cooperation, and continuous market monitoring. It highlights the importance of consumer protection through increased financial literacy and regulatory clarity. The diligent efforts of authorities to guide the public have underscored the need for a regulatory framework to mitigate risks and support market integrity. The development of this framework should consider the unique challenges and opportunities within Kenya's crypto market, ensuring it is robust, transparent, and capable of fostering innovation while protecting consumers and maintaining financial stability. Additionally, the report recommends leveraging international best practices to enhance the effectiveness of Kenya's regulatory approach.
Keywords:
Crypto Regulation; Virtual Asset Service Providers Legislative Review; Kenya; Regulatory Sandbox; Financial Stability; Financial Literacy; Market Integrity; Consumer Protection; Cross-sectoral Cooperation; Risk Assessment; Market Analysis; Blockchain; Tokenization.; IMF's Monetary; request of the Capital Markets Authority; private sector entity; CMA Policy paper; entities in Kenya; IMF executive directors; Securities markets; Capital markets; Securities; Anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT); Global; Caribbean
Cover Technical Assistance Reports
Papua New Guinea: Technical Assistance Report-Financial Sector Stability Review
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
The main objective of the FSSR diagnostic mission was to help the PNG authorities build a roadmap of technical assistance (TA) to address identified financial sector needs and gaps, with a view to strengthen resilience of financial institutions and to enhance the policy framework. The PNG FSSR diagnostic covered six areas: (i) macroprudential policy; (ii) regulation and supervision of banks and other deposit-taking financial institutions; (iii) regulation and supervision of insurance companies and pension funds; (iv) financial safety net and crisis preparedness framework; (v) financial market infrastructure; and (vi) financial sector statistics.
Keywords:
Financial sector stability; IMF MCM; Macro-financial risk; PNG FSSR TA roadmap.; IMF's Monetary; FSSF phase; FSSR recommendation; payment system oversight function department; IMF executive directors; BPNG's management; investment strategy; bridge bank authority; Macroprudential policy; Insurance; Payment systems; Global
Cover Technical Assistance Reports
India: Technical Assistance Report-Review and Evaluation of the Reserve Bank of India’s Stress Test Model Framework
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This report summarizes the content and findings of a technical assistance (TA) mission that was reviewing and evaluating the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)’s stress test model suite. The RBI’s model suite was found to be strong and well developed in numerous respects. The most noteworthy recommendations pertain to credit risk, market risk, and macro-financial scenario design. A detailed list of recommendations spanning all areas was left with the RBI.
Keywords:
Bank solvency risk analysis; liquidity risk analysis; contagion analysis; India.; IMF TA mission member; CD recipient; revaluation calculation; stress test model framework; executive director Dr. O. P. Mall; Stress testing; Market risk; Credit risk; Nonperforming loans; Credit; Global
Cover Technical Assistance Reports
Jamaica: Technical Assistance Report-Systemic Risk Monitoring
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
The technical assistance mission aimed to build capacity to enhance financial stability analyses and assessments at the Bank of Jamaica (BOJ). It reviewed the latest available Financial Stability Report (FSR) and the analytical toolkit. In particular, the mission assisted the BOJ in estimating sectoral credit risk models to enhance the forward-looking element of its financial stability assessment. The mission explained the Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) approach and provided initial estimates for five sectoral credit risk models, including mortgages to households, personal loans, corporate loans for tourism, corporate loans for construction, and other corporate loans. Additionally, the mission covered topics such as financial stability indicators, credit risk, stress testing, insurance and pension balance sheets, climate risk, interconnectedness, and contagion risk. Several recommendations were provided, covering the FSR, methodological work on the financial stability analytical toolkit, internal and external communication, and data sources and their management. The mission concluded that financial stability should be regarded as equally important as monetary policy and supervision. It emphasized the need for a detailed production plan for the FSR, a comprehensive communication strategy, and the organization of all data in a single data warehouse to support the financial stability analytical toolkit. The mission also highlighted the importance of improving non-bank analyses and regularly reporting on emerging risks, such as climate and cyber risks.
Keywords:
Financial stability; financial stability report; systemic risk; stress testing; credit risk modeling; Jamaica.; BOJ data management system; BOJ stress; BOJ website; BOJ credit risk stress tests; market risk analysis; BOJ absorption ratio; Financial sector stability; Credit risk; Market risk; Financial sector risk; Caribbean