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Business and Economics > Finance: General

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 22 items for :

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Cover Selected Issues Papers
Korea in a Changing Global Trade Landscape: Korea
Hua Chai
and
Hyeryoun Kim
The global trade landscape is being reshaped by geoeconomic fragmentation and the rise of industrial policies. This paper studies the impact of these trends on the export-oriented Korean economy. It documents both positive and negative effects of U.S.-China trade tensions, technology and supply chain restrictions, and industrial policies of major economies on Korea's trade and FDI, particularly that of its strategic sectors. To navigate the changing global trade landscape, Korea needs to focus on promoting innovation to maintain competitiveness, diversifying export destinations and supply chains, and expanding exports of services.
Keywords:
trade policy; industrial policy; geoeconomic fragmentation; innovation; U.S.-China trade tension; Korea export share; U.S.-China trade relation; Korea's export; export destination; Exports; Trade tensions; Competition; Manufacturing; Tariffs; Global; North America
Cover Selected Issues Papers
Real Estate Sector and Financial Stability Risks in Chile: Chile
Tatsushi Okuda
The Chilean real estate sector has recently undergone adjustments which have increased the risks for the financial sector, but the system remains overall resilient. In the baseline, the real estate market is expected to modestly recover, and several factors mitigate credit risk. The buffers in the financial sector currently appear broadly adequate to absorb stresses from high long-term interest rates and the tail risk of a real estate crisis. Nevertheless, supervisors should monitor these risks closely, keep advancing in closing data gaps, and continue to extend stress test models to comprehensively capture real estate-specific risk factors.
Keywords:
Financial sector stability; Real estate sector; Stress testing; I. housing wealth effect; risk factors; real estate crisis; real estate; Mortgages; Loans; Long term interest rates; Global
Cover Selected Issues Papers
ECB Monetary Policy Passthrough to Bank Interest Rates During Tightening: Republic of Kosovo
Ezgi O. Ozturk
This paper analyzes the transmission of ECB policy rate changes to bank interest rates in Kosovo during the 2022-23 tightening cycle. While both lending and deposit rates increased, the passthrough was more limited compared to the euro area and regional peers. Three key factors explain this limited transmission: Kosovo's stage of financial development, high banking sector liquidity, and significant bank concentration.
Keywords:
Monetary policy transmission; interest rates; banking sector; euroization; financial development; Kosovo; ECB monetary policy Passthrough; ECB policy rate change; ECB policy rate Passthrough; ECB Policy rate pass-through; Central bank policy rate; Deposit rates; Financial sector development; Inflation; Financial inclusion; Europe
Cover Selected Issues Papers
Vulnerabilities and Risks in Denmark’s Nonbank Financial Institutions: Denmark
Burcu Hacibedel
and
Mariusz Jarmuzek
Denmark’s nonbank financial institutions (NBFI) sector has substantially increased in size since the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), becoming an important part of the financial system. Systemic risk associated with NBFIs have been contained but warrants close monitoring, especially regarding leverage, liquidity buffers, and interconnectedness. There are important mitigating factors that reduce systemic risk stemming from NBFIs in Denmark. Strengthening of systemic risk assessment and policy framework for NBFIs is warranted and could include developing a systemic risk assessment framework covering both banks and NBFIs and an ensuing system-wide stress testing framework.
Keywords:
Denmark; balance sheet analysis; non-bank financial institutions; systemic risk assessment; NBFI sector; Denmark's nonbank financial institutions; D. mitigating factor; covered bond bond market; asset liability management risk; Nonbank financial institutions; Covered bonds; Mutual funds; Systemic risk; Global
Cover Selected Issues Papers
Financial Stability Risks from Commercial Real Estate: Germany
Mustafa Saiyid
Following post-pandemic tightening of monetary policy in advanced economies, commercial real estate (CRE) markets have been under pressure globally, including in Germany. This paper explores the channels of CRE impact for the German financial sector, and the potential size of impact for individual German banks based on publicly available data. It finds that German banks, in aggregate, are adequately capitalized and sufficiently liquid to absorb potential losses. However, elevated CRE-related credit risks suggest the need for close monitoring of some individual institutions, conservative capital distributions, adequate loan-loss provisions, retention of macroprudential buffers, and testing of financial safety arrangements.
Keywords:
German banks' capital and liquidity; stress tests; commercial real estate exposures; German insurers' solvency; Germany financial sector policies; German household and corporate sector vulnerabilities; German financial contagion; D. solvency stress analysis; CRE exposure; stress impact; commercial real estate; B. real estate development; CRE loan; Loans; Nonperforming loans; Financial sector risk; Collateral; Covered bonds; Global
Cover Selected Issues Papers
Startups and Venture Capital in Japan: How to Grow
Salih Fendoglu
and
TengTeng Xu
The startup ecosystem in Japan has seen gradual growth, supported by the government’s recent "Startup Development Five-Year Plan" and a significant interest from overseas venture capital. This paper lays out the startup financing ecosystem in Japan, with comparison to international peers, and studies potential drivers of startup financing and their relevance for startups’ performance. The results, based on country-level aggregate analysis, underscore the critical role of firm dynamism and entrepreneurship in supporting capital investment and firm valuations. Further analyses at the firm level suggest that equity funding helps startups innovate, grow, and successfully exit. Moreover, the impact of funding on the likelihood of a successful exit appears to be higher in cultures that seem to reward risk taking.
Keywords:
Inequality; labor market duality; wage gap; fiscal transfers; funding affect startup performance; startup ecosystem; helps startup; startup financing; TengTeng xu; Self-employment; Initial public offering; Development strategy; Global
Cover Selected Issues Papers
Bulgaria: Fiscal Risks from State-Owned Enterprises
Anh D. M. Nguyen
State-owned enterprises’ (SOEs) economic and financial performance may have important fiscal implications. This study evaluates related fiscal risks in Bulgaria from both aggregate and firm-level perspectives. The low level of state-guaranteed debt of SOEs poses minimal fiscal risk. However, contingent liabilities could be a fiscal concern in the long term due to the low profitability of major SOEs and their inefficient resource allocation. Given their crucial role in the production network, their inefficiencies likely negatively impact the overall economy’s productivity and competitiveness. Additionally, liquidity and solvency risks are evident in several key SOEs. These findings underscore the need for monitoring and improving SOEs’ financial performance.
Keywords:
Bulgaria; State-Owned Enterprises; SOEs; Fiscal Risks; SOEs’ financial performance; solvency risk; risk threshold; return on assets; health check tool; loss-making SOEs; Public enterprises; Contingent liabilities; Energy sector; Solvency; Europe
Cover Selected Issues Papers
Bulgaria in Global Value Chains: Leveraging Integration with the EU: Bulgaria
Giacomo Magistretti
and
Iglika Vassileva
As a small open economy, Bulgaria benefits from economic exchanges with global partners. However, after a boost before the Global Financial Crisis and EU accession, its integration in global value chains has been growing only modestly in recent years and it remains particularly low when it comes to links with EU partners. To capitalize from the integration with the EU Single Market and exploit the opportunities that will come from joining the euro zone and the Schengen area, Bulgaria should focus on enhancing its non-cost competitiveness by improving its governance and investing in infrastructure and human capital.
Keywords:
Bulgaria; global value chains; forward linkages; backward linkages; international trade; machine learning; SHAP values; EU accession; EU single market; leveraging integration with the EU; EU country; links with EU; Exports; Foreign direct investment; Imports; Competition; Global
Cover Selected Issues Papers
Monetary Policy Transmission in Oman
Thomas Kroen
Amid a pegged exchange rate to the US dollar and an open capital account, Oman’s policy rates move closely with US monetary policy. In this analysis, we show empirically that transmission from policy rates into effective lending and deposit rates remains subdued in Oman, even compared to GCC peers that similarly face a high oil price environment with persistent excess liquidity in the banking system. A cap on personal loan rates and low exposure of banks to SMEs and riskier borrowers limit passthrough into effective lending rates and credit conditions. The note documents ongoing actions by Omani policymakers to strengthen transmission and provides further recommendations on liquidity management, reserve management, and relaxing the interest rate cap.
Keywords:
monetary policy transmission; Oman's policy rates move; Fed policy rate hike; transmission from policy; credit growth; Deposit rates; Credit; Central bank policy rate; Excess liquidity; Interest rate ceilings
Cover Selected Issues Papers
Lifting productivity in Oman: The Role of Structural Reforms
Muayad Ismail
and
Haytem Troug
Oman’s potential nonhydrocarbon real GDP growth has trended downward since the global financial crisis, with a negative contribution from total factor productivity. This paper estimates productivity gains associated with structural reforms and identifies key binding constraints and reform priorities to boost productivity in Oman. Our results show that reforms to reduce the state’s footprint and strengthen institutions, as well as product market reforms, should be prioritized and packaged together to magnify productivity gains from labor market and financial sector reforms. These findings could inform the planning and implementation of the ongoing structural reform agenda envisaged under Oman Vision 2040.
Keywords:
Economic diversification; productivity; Oman; structural reforms; productivity gain; Lifting productivity; hydrocarbon real GDP growth; reform priority; product market reform; Commodity markets; Labor markets; Total factor productivity; Global