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Business and Economics > Budgeting

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 51 items for :

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Cover IMF Working Papers
Inclusive GovTech: Enhancing Efficiency and Equity Through Public Service Digitalization
Manabu Nose
How could the GovTech improve budget processes and execution efficiency? Could the GovTech strengthen redistributive function of public expenditure? Based on an event-study method, this paper finds that the introduction of digital budget payments and e-procurement could significantly enhance budget transparency and help expand the coverage of social assistance to reach the most vulnerable population. Exploiting staggered adoption of digital budget payments, a synthetic control regression identifies meaningful increase in pre-tax income shares among the bottom 50th percentile and female workers, especially for emerging market and developing countries, with effects materializing gradually over 10-year period. The paper delves into the potential mechanism driving these equity benefits, highlighting the reduction in business informality as a primary channel. However, the paper emphasizes that the mere adoption of GovTech strategies or digital technologies is insufficient to unlock its full potential. The outcomes are intricately linked to supporting policies, regulations, organizational and system integration, and robust digital connectivity. The paper underscores that inter-agency coordination facilitated by a dedicated GovTech institution emerges as a critical factor for reaping both efficiency and equity gains from GovTech initiatives.
Keywords:
GovTech; Inclusion; Staggered technology adoption; Synthetic control; Expenditure efficiency; Coordination in organizations; budget transparency; GovTech adoption; GovTech maturity; budget payment; inclusive GovTech; Digital financial services; Digitalization; Income; Budget planning and preparation; Asia and Pacific; Sub-Saharan Africa; Middle East and Central Asia; Western Hemisphere
Cover Policy Papers
The Fund’s Income Position For FY 2020 -- Actual Outcome
International Monetary Fund
This paper reports on the Fund’s income position for FY 2020 following the closing of the Fund’s accounts for the financial year and completion of the external audit. Net operational income was about SDR 1.4 billion, slightly higher than estimated in the April supplement, mainly reflecting higher investment income. However, the unrealized pension-related adjustment in FY 2020, stemming mainly from the actuarial remeasurement of staff retirement plan assets and liabilities, was larger than previously estimated and more than offset the Fund’s net operational income, contributing to an overall net loss of about SDR 1.4 billion for the year.
Keywords:
PP; SDR billion; SDR millions; Fixed-Income Subaccount; about SDR; SDR exchange rate; net IAS; plan asset performance; Personal income; Budget planning and preparation; Financial statements
Cover Policy Papers
Review Of The Fund’s Income Position For FY 2020 And FY 2021-2022
International Monetary Fund
This paper reviews the Fund’s income position for FY 2020 and FY 2021–22. It updates the April 2019 projections and proposes decisions for the current year. The paper also includes a proposed decision to set the margin for the rate of charge for financial years 2021 and 2022. Projections of the Fund’s income are subject to larger than normal uncertainties related to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on key assumptions. For FY 2020, these uncertainties relate mainly to the discount rate used to measure the Fund’s retirement plan obligations at April 30, 2020 and to the full year asset returns on the retirement plan and the Endowment Subaccount (EA), given the recent volatility in financial markets. For FY 2021–22, a key additional uncertainty is the scale of new lending associated with the economic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords:
PP; income; lending; SDR billion; outlook factor; SDR Department
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Kazakhstan: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
Selected Issues
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; rate
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Kazakhstan: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
This Selected Issues paper conducts a review of taxes on labor in Kazakhstan, which, despite the current relatively low level of collections, have the potential to become an important source of non-oil fiscal revenue. This paper focuses on one group of non-oil taxes, personal income tax and other taxes on labor, and reviews their effective burden, progressivity, and efficiency. These taxes are found to have limited responsiveness to oil-sector fluctuations, and thus help enhance the resilience of public finance to oil shocks. The existing labor tax system is characterized by a low, flat headline rate, limited progressivity except at the lower end of household income distribution due to deduction of the minimum wage, and a relatively high tax burden mainly born by the formal sector. Having a more equitable and efficient labor tax system would involve a targeted strategy for deductions and exemptions, expanding the tax base, and continuing to improve tax design, administration, and collection enforcement.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; rate; PIT rate; infrastructure investment; firm performance; infrastructure project; tax burden; PIT progressive; investment inefficiency; Budget planning and preparation; Fiscal rules; Personal income tax; Fiscal risks; Income; Global; Australia and New Zealand; Africa; Personal income
Cover Policy Papers
Fund's Income Position for FY 2018 Actual Outcome
International Monetary Fund. Finance Dept.
This paper reports the Fund’s income position for FY 2018 following the closing of the Fund’s accounts for the financial year and completion of the external audit. Total FY 2018 net income, including income from surcharges, amounted to SDR 0.78 billion or SDR 94 million higher than estimated in April, reflecting mainly a larger than anticipated gain reported under IAS 19 (the accounting standard for employee benefits). GRA net income for FY 2018 was about SDR 0.76 billion and has been placed to the Fund’s reserves. In accordance with decisions taken in April 2018, a net transfer of currencies amounting to SDR 0.67 billion was made in early August 2018 from the GRA to the Investment Account. The placement of the net income to the Fund’s reserves has further strengthened the Fund’s precautionary balances, which reached SDR 17.5 billion at the end of FY 2018.
Keywords:
PP; SDR; fy; income; SDR exchange rate; SDR billion; SDR million; April estimate of SDR; about SDR; weighted average FY; Personal income; Budget planning and preparation; Financial statements
Cover Policy Papers
The Fund's Income Position for FY 2017 - Actual Outcome
International Monetary Fund. Finance Dept.
and
International Monetary Fund. Legal Dept.
This paper reports the Fund’s income position for FY 2017 following the closing of the Fund’s accounts for the financial year and completion of the external audit. Total FY 2017 net income, including income from surcharges, amounted to SDR 1.9 billion or about SDR 258 million higher than estimated in April, reflecting mainly a larger than anticipated gain reported under IAS 19 (the accounting standard for employee benefits). GRA net income for FY 2017 was about SDR 1.49 billion and has been placed to the Fund’s reserves. In accordance with decisions taken in April 2017, a net transfer of currencies amounting to SDR 1.41 billion was made in August 2017 from the GRA to the Investment Account. The placement of the net income to the Fund’s reserves has further strengthened the Fund’s precautionary balances, which reached SDR 16.7 billion at the end of FY 2017.
Keywords:
PP; income; SDR Department; fy; SDR billion; timing adjustment; fund's income position; employee benefit expenses; April estimate of SDR; Personal income; Financial statements; Budget planning and preparation
Cover Policy Papers
FY2019-FY2021 Medium-Term Budget
International Monetary Fund. Finance Dept.
The FY 19 budget proposal is formulated against the backdrop of a strengthening global recovery and broadly balanced near term risks. The budget reflects a solid income position and a multi-year strategic agenda—operationalized in the Global Policy Agenda (GPA) and Board Work Program—to help members take advantage of the current cyclical upswing to bolster growth, harness the benefits of technology for all, while promoting resilience and responding swiftly to requests for program support. The net administrative budget for FY 19 remains unchanged in real terms, save for the extra customary travel allocation for Annual Meetings held abroad. This represents the seventh year in a row of flat real budget envelopes (excluding the ½ percentage point security related increase in FY 17). The proposal reflects reallocations of some 2½ percent of the net budget. As the expected FY 18 outturn is just below the approved budget, carry-forward resources equivalent to 4 percent of the net budget from earlier years would still be available. Of these, roughly one half ($19 million) has been allocated upfront in the FY 19 budget process. The impact of savings and demands on the Fund’s overall output structure is modest. Fund-financed structural resources are projected to shift slightly from global oversight towards multilateral surveillance as a net result of reallocations from completed to new policy work and reviews, in line with the Board Work Program. Fund-financed country work—bilateral surveillance, lending and capacity development—falls somewhat. Externally financed capacity development (CD) is expected to grow further. Support and governance areas continue to experience structural pressures. The same level of real resources is assumed over the medium-term. However, with medium-term risks to the economic outlook still on the downside, were upside spending pressures to emerge, the flat real budget stance would require a continued ability to find offsetting savings to meet emerging and unforeseen priorities. The capital budget envelope for FY 19 is broadly unchanged from the assumptions in the FY 18–20 Medium-Term Budget. The amounts for the outer years are indicative.
Keywords:
PP; FY2019; dollar budget; flat budget; FY2021; budget paper; Medium-Term budget; CD activity; Budget planning and preparation; Personal income; Fiscal space; Global
Cover Policy Papers
FY2018–FY2020 Medium-Term Budget
International Monetary Fund
The Fund has been operating under a flat real resource envelope for the past six years. With continued efforts to maximize the use of available resources, spending in FY 17 is projected to reach 99 percent of the net administrative budget, and a low vacancy rate has helped stabilize overtime at 11 percent. Internal savings and reallocations have allowed the Fund to dedicate more resources to country work, including capacity development, without requiring an increase in the approved budget—apart from $6 million provided in FY 17 to cover rising security costs. An unchanged real net administrative budget in FY 18, despite deeper Fund engagement in a number of areas, as well as increased costs for corporate modernization. Accordingly, the budget proposal incorporates significant savings from reallocations and efficiency gains to fund new demands, as well as a further increase in the upfront allocation of carry-forward funds by about $10 million. The broad themes of the proposal are: (i) more intensive country work with a shift from surveillance to programs, but net savings in field offices; (ii) significant policy and analytical work on the financial sector and the role of the Fund (global safety net, facilities, and quotas), albeit less than in FY 17, with more work on structural issues and new challenges; (iii) funding for transforming IT and HR services, offset by central savings; and (iv) enhanced risk mitigation and knowledge management (KM), with the establishment of a KM unit to support cross-country analysis and knowledge transfer. At this stage, a flat resource envelope is assumed also for the medium term, contingent on continued reprioritization and a broadly unchanged global economic environment. Upward pressure on resources will arise from growing capacity development activities and certain revenue losses. Savings are expected from the TransformIT initiative and internal efficiency gains. But for the budget to remain flat, the Fund will need to continuously reprioritize and adjust its activities to make room for new demands. Even then, a more challenging global environment, with a further ramping up of Fund lending, or significant demands for deeper engagement in other areas, would put significant strains on resources over the medium term. The proposed capital budget envelope for FY 18–20 remains broadly unchanged from current levels. Some frontloading, however, is planned for the first two years, due to the cyclical nature of these investments and to accommodate strategic IT projects.
Keywords:
PP; Medium-Term Budget; capital plan; Fund priority; budget proposal; capital investment; CD activity; work program; zero growth budget environment; office of budget; demand management; unit price; budget envelope; Budget planning and preparation; Securities; Personal income; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
South Africa: 2017 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for South Africa
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This 2017 Article IV Consultation highlights that South Africa’s vulnerabilities have become more pronounced and are set to increase further unless economic growth revives. Following near-standstill in economic activity in 2016, growth is projected to increase to 1.0 percent in 2017 and 1.2 percent in 2018. The current account deficit is projected to decline to 3 percent of GDP in 2017, boosted by mining and agricultural exports. Consumer price inflation recently returned below 6 percent, owing in part to the easing of the drought, and is projected to remain marginally below the upper threshold of the 3–6 percent target band for the remainder of 2017 and in 2018.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; U.S. dollar; monetary policy; deficit; increase private sector participation; technical assistance; IMF South Africa team; headline inflation; national minimum wage; indexation move; Income; Personal income; Africa; Global