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Business and Economics > Budgeting

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Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Botswana: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This Selected Issues paper discusses the rationale for and design of a new Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF) in Botswana. It reviews the causes of declining financial reserves and calculates fiscal targets that would be needed to achieve insurance and intergenerational equity objectives. While debt ratios have been steady, the government has financed these deficits by drawing down its assets. Intergenerational equity may be better served by creating financial assets, rather than through investment spending, although the two are not mutually exclusive. Botswana has tended to allocate resource revenues primarily to physical and human investment. Before discussing SWF design, it is important to consider the level of savings that the government requires to achieve its policy objectives. There are many reasons why a government may want to generate savings and manage them in a SWF. IMF concludes that a SWF could provide a useful institutional framework to support rebuilding buffers, but achieving significant savings to meaningfully fund an SWF would require much tighter fiscal policy than has been observed in recent years.
Keywords:
protection system; pula fund; research support; government investment account; C. financing social protection; Income inequality; Social protection spending; Fiscal rules; Budget planning and preparation; Global; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Botswana: Technical Assistance Report-Government Finance Statistics
International Monetary Fund. Statistics Dept.
A Government Finance Statistics (GFS) technical assistance (TA) mission visited Gaborone, Botswana, during October 9–20, 2017 to support the Botswana Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MFED) in improving compilation and dissemination of fiscal statistics. The mission provided assistance with: (i) disaggregation of expense transactions in the statement of operation in accordance with the Government Finance Statistics Manual (GFSM) 2014 to distinguish grants, subsidies, and other expenses; (ii) review of the new chart of accounts (CoA) and mapping from the old chart to the new one; (iii) compilation of government expenditure using the classification of functions of government (COFOG); and reviewed progress on the migration plan to GFSM 2014 compliant compilation and reporting of fiscal and debt statistics. The mission was undertaken jointly with the IMF’s Regional Technical Assistance Center in Southern Africa (AFRITAC South/AFS) Public Finance Management (PFM) TA mission.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; information; government; table; COFOG data; government CoA structure; data submission; review data availability; GFS data; subventions data; asset data; Reporting data; data provider; macroeconomic data consistency; data coverage; COFOG allocation; Government finance statistics; Chart of accounts; Economic classification; Budget planning and preparation; Southern Africa
Cover Staff Discussion Notes
Second-Generation Fiscal Rules: Balancing Simplicity, Flexibility, and Enforceability
Luc Eyraud
,
Mr. Xavier Debrun
,
Andrew Hodge
,
Victor Duarte Lledo
, and
Ms. Catherine A Pattillo
Fiscal rule frameworks have evolved significantly in response to the global financial crisis. Many countries have reformed their fiscal rules or introduced new ones with a view to enhancing the credibility of fiscal policy and providing a medium-term anchor. Enforcement and monitoring mechanisms have also been upgraded. However, these innovations have made the systems of rules more complicated to operate, while compliance has not improved. The SDN takes stock of past experiences, reviews recent reforms, and presents new research on the effectiveness of rules. It also proposes guiding principles for future reforms to strike a better balance between simplicity, flexibility, and enforceability. Read the blog
Keywords:
SDN; fiscal rule; business cycle; deficit bias; Fiscal policy; debt; fiscal rules; fiscal governance; balance rule; expenditure rule; rule effectiveness; rule adoption; Fiscal stance; Budget planning and preparation; Global; Europe
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Botswana: Technical Assistance Report-Public Investment Management Assessment
International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
This Technical Assistance Report presents an assessment of public investment management in Botswana. Botswana’s public investment has been consistently high for the past 25 years coupled with prudent fiscal policy and moderate debt at about 10 percent of GDP. Relatively high public investment spending has contributed to steady accumulation of capital stock—almost three times more per capita than peers and emerging market averages. More than 60 percent of investment is spent on economic affairs. While Botswana performed better than peer and emerging market averages up to 2010, more recently, indicators of infrastructure quality suggest significant bottlenecks, particularly in access to electricity supply and railways.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; cash management; development budget; budget preparation process; central government; expenditure principle; Project appraisal; project audit; budget negotiation process; budget affordability; project output; project costing; Project selection; documents data; project amount; Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP); Public investment spending; Budget planning and preparation; Infrastructure; Global; Africa; Southern Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Botswana: 2015 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Botswana
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This paper presents an overview of Botswana’s economy. Botswana’s diamond endowment—along with its track record of good macroeconomic policy management and political stability—contributed to high average economic growth and strong fiscal and balance-of-payments positions in recent years. Despite these achievements, Botswana faces unemployment, water and electricity shortages, and inefficiency of government operations. These challenges need to be addressed. Real GDP growth is estimated to be negative in 2015 owing to a decrease in global demand for diamonds and a deceleration of activity in the non-mining sector. However, the economy is expected to recover gradually in next three years driven by a gradual pick up in diamond prices and fiscal stimulus.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; fiscal policy; deficit; surplus; SACU revenue; Lesotho highlands-Botswana water transfer study; accommodative monetary policy stance; government spending; GDP estimate; infrastructure bottleneck; Public investment spending; Fiscal stance; Government finance statistics; Global; Africa; Southern Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Botswana: Technical Assistance Report-Introducing a Medium-Term Expenditure Framework
International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
This Technical Assistance Report focuses on Botswana’s Medium-term Expenditure Framework (MTEF). The Government of Botswana has committed to introduce the MTEF by 2016. The MTEF will provide a more explicit linkage between National Development Plan priorities and budget allocations by adopting a medium-term budgeting horizon. An MTEF model based on a binding nominal expenditure ceiling covering 100 percent of government expenditure is appropriate. To support the commitment to the resource allocations approved under the MTEF, a number of prioritization, control, and accountability arrangements need to be put in place.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; expenditure ceiling; budget year; capital expenditure; cross-government prioritization; fiscal policy; policy option; contingency reserve; expenditure limit; expenditure priority; spending allocation; spending policy option; government financial assets; development expenditure estimate; Budget planning and preparation; Medium-term budget frameworks; Macroeconomic and fiscal forecasts; Recurrent budgets; Africa; Global; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; expenditure ceiling process; bottom-up expenditure forecast; expenditure discipline; expenditure forecasting
Cover Guide on Resource Revenue Transparency (2007)
Guide on Resource Revenue Transparency (2007)
International Monetary Fund

Abstract

This series contains practical "how-to" information for economists and includes topics such as tax policy, balance of payments statistics, external debt statistics, foreign exchange reserve management, and financial sector assessment.

Keywords:
M&G; resource; government; unit resource rent; audit; hydrocarbon resource
Cover Guide on Resource Revenue Transparency (2007)
Guide on Resource Revenue Transparency (2007)
International Monetary Fund

Abstract

This series contains practical "how-to" information for economists and includes topics such as tax policy, balance of payments statistics, external debt statistics, foreign exchange reserve management, and financial sector assessment.

Keywords:
M&G; resource; government; unit resource rent; audit; hydrocarbon resource
Cover Guide on Resource Revenue Transparency (2007)
Guide on Resource Revenue Transparency (2007)
International Monetary Fund

Abstract

This series contains practical "how-to" information for economists and includes topics such as tax policy, balance of payments statistics, external debt statistics, foreign exchange reserve management, and financial sector assessment.

Keywords:
M&G; resource; government; unit resource rent; audit; hydrocarbon resource
Cover Guide sur la transparence des recettes des ressources naturelles
Guide sur la transparence des recettes des ressources naturelles
International Monetary Fund

Abstract

Le guide sur la transparence des recettes des ressources naturelles applique les principes du code de bonnes pratiques en matière de transparence des finances publiques (« le code ») à l'ensemble spécifique de problèmes auxquels sont confrontés les pays dont une part substantielle des revenus provient de telles ressources, ainsi qu'à la nécessité de faire face à la complexité technique et à la volatilité des flux de transactions. Il présente un panorama des bonnes pratiques ou des pratiques optimales généralement admises en matière de gestion transparente des recettes dégagées des ressources naturelles. Il sert de complément au manuel du FMI sur la transparence des finances publiques. Le guide a été revu pour incorporer les changements apportés au code et pour fournir des exemples récents de bonnes pratiques appliquées dans certains pays. Il offre un cadre d'évaluation des questions soulevées plus spécialement par les ressources naturelles dans les évaluations générales de la transparence des finances publiques (y compris les RONC). Ce guide est utilisé par les administrations des pays riches en ressources naturelles, la société civile, les prestataires d'appui technique et les chercheurs et observateurs intéressés par ces questions.

Keywords:
M&G; resource; government; unit resource rent; audit; hydrocarbon resource