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Business and Economics > Banks and Banking

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 79 items for :

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Cover IMF Working Papers
The Market Price of Risk and Macro-Financial Dynamics
Mr. Tobias Adrian
,
Fernando Duarte
, and
Tara Iyer
We propose the conditional volatility of GDP spanned by financial factors as a “Volatility Financial Conditions Index” (VFCI) and show it is closely tied to the market price of risk. The VFCI exhibits superior explanatory power for stock and bond risk premia compared to other FCIs. We use a variety of identification strategies and instruments to demonstrate robust causal relationships between the VFCI and macroeconomic aggregates: a tightening of financial conditions as measured by the VFCI leads to a persistent contraction of output and triggers an immediate easing of monetary policy. Conversely, contractionary monetary policy shocks cause tighter financial conditions.
Keywords:
Macro-Finance; Financial Conditions Index; Monetary Policy; Asset Pricing; Market Price of Risk; Consumption Volatility; Causal Identification; bond risk premia; contractionary monetary policy shock; tightening of financial conditions; VFCI shock; Structural vector autoregression; Consumption; Asset prices; Estimation techniques; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Heterogeneous Effects of U.S. Monetary Policy on Non-Bank Finance
Andrew Hodge
and
Miss Anke Weber
Using flow of funds and high frequency data from the Investment Company Institute, we study the effects of monetary policy shocks on the size of non-bank assets as well as on flows into long-term mutual funds and returns on their assets. Consolidating chains of non-bank intermediation to avoid double counting, we find that contractionary monetary policy shocks shrink the assets of non-banks reliant on long-term funding, while increasing those of nonbanks reliant on short-term funding. Contractionary shocks also cause sustained outflows from long-term mutual funds and reduce their returns. Using a Markov-Switching VAR, we find these effects to be more prevalent after the Global Financial Crisis, and show that monetary policy shocks had the opposite effects in some earlier periods. Policymakers will thus have to contend with a complex and heterogeneous transmission of monetary policy to financial and macroeconomic outcomes through the non-banks.
Keywords:
Non-bank market-based finance; mutual fund performance and flows; monetary policy shocks; monetary policy shock; bank finance; contractionary shock; bank sector; transmission of monetary policy; money market fund; Mutual funds; Commercial banks; Flow of funds; Money markets; Vector autoregression; Global; Europe
Cover IMF Working Papers
When Does Capacity Development Achieve Good Outcomes? Evidence from the IMF Results-Based Management Data
Antonio Bassanetti
Capacity development is one of the IMF’s core activities. Its impact is monitored through a Results-Based Management framework. Using for the first time the resulting dataset, the paper investigates how the likelihood of achieving targeted outcomes correlates with macroeconomic conditions and project-specific characteristics. Results indicate a positive correlation with per capita GDP growth and the involvement of resident advisors and regional centers. Results also confirm lower chances of achieving targeted outcomes for fragile, conflict-affected, and small states as well as in complex projects. These findings inform Fund CD strategy, prioritization and delivery to help member countries achieve better outcomes.
Keywords:
Capacity Development; Evaluation; Results-Based Management; outcome rating; core activity; CD Project design; results chain; management data; IMF CD; Probit models; Central bank operations; Tax administration core functions; Western Hemisphere; Sub-Saharan Africa; Middle East and Central Asia
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Non-U.S. Bank Demand for U.S. Dollar Assets
Mr. Tobias Adrian
and
Peichu Xie
The USD asset share of non-U.S. banks captures the demand for dollars by these investors. An instrumental variable strategy identifies a causal link from the USD asset share to the USD exchange rate. Cross-sectional asset pricing tests show that the USD asset share is a highly significant pricing factor for carry trade strategies. The USD asset share forecasts the dollar with economically large magnitude, high statistical significance, and large explanatory power, both in sample and out of sample, pointing towards time varying risk premia. It takes 2-5 years for exchange rate risk premia to normalize in response to demand shocks.
Keywords:
WP; asset demand; asset share; nominal exchange rate; math display; Exchange Rate Disconnect; Safe Asset Demand; Intermediary Asset Pricing; U.S. dollar; Treasury premium; USD assets; USD asset demand; Exchange rates; Currencies; Exchange rate adjustments; Estimation techniques; Financial statements; Global; U.S. bank
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Impact of Conflict and Political Instability on Banking Crises in Developing Countries
Ali Compaoré
,
Mr. Montfort Mlachila
,
Rasmané Ouedraogo
, and
Sandrine Sourouema
While there is an extensive literature examining the economic impact of conflict and political instability, surprisingly there have been few studies on their impact on the probability of banking crises. This paper therefore investigates whether rising conflict and political instability globally over the past several decades led to increased occurrence of banking crises in developing countries. The paper provides strong evidence that conflicts and political instability are indeed associated with higher probability of systemic banking crises. Unsurprisingly, the duration of a conflict is positively associated with rising probability of a banking crisis. Interestingly, the paper also finds that conflicts and political instability in one country can have negative spillover effects on neighboring countries’ banking systems. The paper provides evidence that the primary channel of transmission is the occurrence of fiscal crises following a conflict or political instability.
Keywords:
WP; banking crisis; fiscal crisis; government crisis; state fragility index; conflict; political instability; banking crises; fiscal crises; liquidity shortage; countries matter; banking turmoil; economic growth; banking liquidity shortage; occurrence of a banking crisis; systemic banking crisis; terms of trade; experiencing banking crisis; Commercial banks; Systemic crises; Terms of trade; Logit models; Sub-Saharan Africa; Global; banking crises in year; occurrence of banking crisis; start of a banking crisis
Cover IMF Working Papers
Firm-Level Data and Monetary Policy: The Case of a Middle Income Country
Lahcen Bounader
and
Mohamed Doukali
We test the existence of the balance sheet channel of monetary policy in a middle-income country. Firm-level data scarcity and quality, in such a context, make the identification of this channel a steep challenge. To circumvent this challenge, we use panel instrumental variables estimation with measurement error to analyze the financial statements of 58 500 Moroccan firms over the period 2010-2016. Our analysis confirms the existence of this channel. It shows that monetary policy has a significant impact on small and medium enterprises’ access to banks’ financing, and that firm-specific variables are key determinants of firms’ financing decisions.
Keywords:
WP; firm; long-term debt; short-term debt; balance sheet response; reputation build-up; financing decision; debt variable; data scarcity; Financial statements; Loans; Collateral; Trade credits; Estimation techniques; Maghreb; Southern Europe
Cover IMF Working Papers
A Requiem for the Fiscal Theory of the Price Level
Mr. Roger Farmer
and
Pawel Zabczyk
The Fiscal Theory of the Price Level (FTPL) is the claim that, in a popular class of theoretical models, the price level is sometimes determined by fiscal policy rather than monetary policy. The models where this claim has been established assume that all decisions are made by an infinitely-lived representative agent. We present an alternative, arguably more realistic model, populated by sixty-two generations of people. We calibrate our model to an income profile from U.S. data and we show that the FTPL breaks down. In our model, the price level and the real interest rate are indeterminate, even when monetary and fiscal policy are both active. Our findings challenge established views about what constitutes a good combination of fiscal and monetary policies.
Keywords:
WP; price level; fiscal policy; monetary policy; fiscal theory of the price level; price level determination; overlapping generations model; dynamic efficiency; accumulation equation; equilibrium debt dynamics; fiscal policy regime; valuation equation; steady-state price level; equilibrium equation; debt valuation equation; excess demand; debt accumulation equation; Real interest rates; Overlapping generations models; Negative interest rates; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Drivers of Cross-Border Banking in Sub-Saharan Africa
Mr. Paul Henri Mathieu
,
Mr. Marco Pani
,
Shiyuan Chen
, and
Mr. Rodolfo Maino
Using data collected from pan-African banks’ (PABs), balance sheets and other sources (Orbis, Fitch), this study identifies some key patterns of cross-border investment in bank subsidiaries by key banking groups in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and discusses some of the determinants of this investment. Using a gravity model relating the annual value of a banking group’s investment in the net equity of its subsidiaries to a set of explanatory variables, the analysis finds that cross-border banking is in part driven by a search for yield, diversification, and expansion for strategic reasons.
Keywords:
WP; break; center; exchange rate; Cross-border banking flows; Bank leverage; Global banks; Group profitability; banking group variable; Group size; vis-à-vis intra-group; net equity; host country pair; bank subsidiary; pan-African banking groups; Exchange rates; Cross-border banking; Inflation; Stocks; Gravity models; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Global; West Africa; North Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
Anatomy of Sudden Yen Appreciations
Mr. Fei Han
and
Mr. Niklas J Westelius
The yen is an important barometer for the Japanese economy. Depreciations are typically associated with favorable economic developments such as increased corporate profits, rising equity prices, and upward pressure on domestic consumer prices. On the other hand, large and sharp appreciations run the risk of lowering actual and expected inflation, squeezing corporate profits, generating a negative wealth effect through depressed equity prices, and reducing confidence in the Bank of Japan’s efforts to reflate the domestic economy and achieve the inflation target. This paper takes a closer look at underlying drivers of rapid yen appreciations, highlighting the key role of carry-trade and the zero lower bound as important amplifiers.
Keywords:
WP; carry trade; yen; yen appreciation; appreciation; carry trade reversal; safe haven effects; exchange rate appreciations; Japan; carry trade position; carry trade activity; interest rate differential; Exchange rates; Currencies; Vector autoregression; Futures; Zero lower bound; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Taming Financial Development to Reduce Crises
Samy Ben Naceur
,
Bertrand Candelon
, and
Quentin Lajaunie
This paper assesses whether and how financial development triggers the occurrence of banking crises. It builds on a database that includes financial development as well as financial access, depth and efficiency for almost 100 countries. Through estimation of a dynamic logit panel model, it appears that financial development, from an institutional dimension and to a lesser extent from a market dimension, triggers financial instability within a one- to two-year horizon. Additionally, whereas financial access is destabilizing for advanced countries, it is stabilizing for emerging and low income ones. Both results have important implications for macroprudential policies and financial regulations.
Keywords:
WP; banking crisis; banking; crisis; Financial Development; Banking crises; Regulation; banking instability; database of leaven; bank crisis predictor; banking crisis variable; banking crisis early warning indicator; banking crisis database; probability of a banking crisis; Financial sector development; Logit models; Systemic crises; Global