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Business and Economics > Banks and Banking

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 52 items for :

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Cover Global Financial Stability Notes
The US Banking Sector since the March 2023 Turmoil: Navigating the Aftermath
Tobias Adrian
,
Nassira Abbas
,
Silvia Ramirez
, and
Gonzalo Fernandez Dionis
In March 2023, the US banking sector turmoil sent a shockwave through the global financial system. Silicon Valley Bank (SVB), the 16th largest bank in the country, collapsed in a matter of days, followed by Signature Bank (SBNY) and First Republic Bank (FRB), marking the largest bank failures after Washington Mutual Bank in 2008. Triggered by sizable deposit outflows, this event raised concerns about the soundness of the rest of the US banking sector, in particular, other banks of similar or smaller size with large amounts of uninsured deposits, unrealized losses, and commercial real estate exposures. The March turmoil is a powerful reminder of the challenges posed by the interaction between tighter monetary and financial conditions and the buildup in vulnerabilities—challenges amplified by ineffective interest, liquidity, and credit risk management practices at some banks. This note offers an analysis of the main attributes of the affected banks to assess the extent to which vulnerabilities persist in a weak tail of banks . Furthermore, the note provides a prospective assessment by evaluating the medium-term risks to financial stability posed by this weak tail.
Keywords:
US banking sector; regional banks; bank runs; 2023 banking turmoil; Silicon Valley Bank; Signature Bank; First Republic Bank; bank equity Index; deposit outflow; IMF Library; bank Term funding program; compounds financial conditions; Commercial banks; Distressed institutions; Deposit insurance; Financial sector stability; Liquidity; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Sub-Saharan Africa’s Risk Perception Premium: In the Search of Missing Factors
William Gbohoui
,
Rasmané Ouedraogo
, and
Yirbehogre Modeste Some
Policymakers from the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region often flag a mispricing of their sovereign debt presumably originating from a perception risk by international investors that lead to "unjustifiably" high borrowing costs. Against this background, this paper explores the extent to which a potential SSA premium exists in the financial markets following a broader two-fold approach. Firstly, using a sample of 1592 international primary sovereign fixed coupon bonds issued between 2003-2021 from Bond Radar by 89 countries, we find that SSA countries pay significantly higher coupon at issuance compared to their peers from other regions. Secondly, we assess whether there is any bias against SSA countries in the secondary market that would result in higher refinancing cost. Based on an unbalanced panel of quarterly data covering 107 countries over 1990 – 2022, we find that SSA countries pay higher refinancing costs in the secondary market. The paper further explores whether there are other factors overlooked by the literature that matter for the risk pricing by international investors. In that respect, we explore the sensitivity of spreads to some structural dimensions where SSA countries face acute challenges―the transparency of budget process, the importance of the informal sector, the level of financial development, and the quality of public institutions. The results show that the excess premium estimated for SSA countries vanishes when these structural factors are accounted for in the regressions.
Keywords:
perception premium; SSA country; policymakers from the sub-Saharan Africa; SSA premium; IMF WP 23/130; c. robustness; Return on investment; Sovereign bonds; Yield curve; Bonds; Sub-Saharan Africa; Global; Africa
Cover Policy Papers
Applications To Become Holders of SDRS
International Monetary Fund. Finance Dept.
and
International Monetary Fund. Legal Dept.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) approved on February 8, 2023 the applications of the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), the Development Bank of Latin America (known as Corporacion Andina de Fomento or CAF), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the European Investment Bank (EIB), and the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) to become prescribed holders of Special Drawings Rights (SDRs). The SDR is an international reserve asset created by the IMF to supplement the reserves of IMF members that participate in the SDR Department. The IMF’s Articles of Agreement authorize the IMF to prescribe (i.e., approve) as holders of SDRs (i) non-members, (ii) members that are not participants in the SDR Department; (iii) institutions that perform functions of a central bank for one or more IMF member countries, and (iv) other official entities (which all five entities approved on February 8 are). Prescribed holders may acquire, hold and use SDRs in transactions by agreement and in operations. Approval of these five institutions brings the number of prescribed holders to twenty.
Keywords:
transparency policy; IMF decision; members channeling SDRS; SDR market; SDRS channeling; Reserve assets; Multilateral development institutions; Investment banking; Operational risk; Freely usable currencies; Caribbean; West Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
Competition vs. Stability: Oligopolistic Banking System with Run Risk
Mr. Damien Capelle
This paper develops a model where large financial intermediaries subject to systemic runs internalize the effect of their leverage on aggregate risk, returns and asset prices. Near the steady-state, they restrict leverage to avoid the risk of a run which gives rise to an accelerator effect. For large adverse shocks, the system enters a zone with high leverage and possibly runs. The length of time the system remains in this zone depends on the degree of concentration through a franchise value, price-drop and recapitalization channels. The speed of entry of new banks after a collapse has a stabilizing effect.
Keywords:
franchise value; recapitalization channel; net worth; price-drop channel; real asset; Asset prices; Competition; Shadow banking; Investment banking; Bank deposits; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Feeling the Heat: Climate Shocks and Credit Ratings
Mr. Serhan Cevik
and
João Tovar Jalles
Climate change is an existential threat to the world economy like no other, with complex, evolving and nonlinear dynamics that remain a source of great uncertainty. There is a bourgeoning literature on the economic impact of climate change, but research on how climate change affects sovereign risks is limited. Building on our previous research focusing on the impact of climate change on sovereign risks, this paper empirically investigates how climate change may affect sovereign credit ratings. By means of binary-choice models, we find that climate change vulnerability has adverse effects on sovereign credit ratings, after controlling for conventional macroeconomic determinants of credit worthiness. On the other hand, with regards to climate change resilience, we find that countries with greater climate change resilience benefit from higher (better) credit ratings. These findings, robust to a battery of sensitivity checks, also show that impact of climate change is disproportionately greater in developing countries due largely to weaker capacity to adapt to and mitigate the consequences of climate change.
Keywords:
vulnerability; resilience; credit ratings; WP; climate change vulnerability; climate change resilience; sovereign credit ratings; climate change pay; climate change variable
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Chile: Technical Assistance Report-Central Bank Services to Non-bank Financial Institutions
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This Technical Assistance report on Chile constitute technical advice provided by the staff of the IMF to the Banco Central de Chile (BCCh) in response to their request for technical assistance. The BCCh is considering broadening access to its services beyond commercial banks and some Financial Market Infrastructures. The mission emphasized the overarching requirement for all central bank counterparts to be adequately regulated and supervised, to mitigate the central bank’s operational, financial, and reputational risks. Recent changes to the banking law facilitate consolidation of the banking supervisor into the nonbank supervisor. This move should facilitate equal treatment across participants and reduce the prospect of regulatory arbitrage. The new architecture should ease, though not eliminate, coordination efforts between BCCh and authorities when it comes to maintaining financial stability. By applying the assessment framework to Chile, the mission recommended some minor broadening of Nonbank Financial Institutions access to BCCh services, while noting that it should have the power to provide liquidity to any nonbank financial sector to contain spillovers that may otherwise threaten financial stability more generally.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; settlement account; central bank service; monetary policy implementation; central bank facility; oversight unit; central bank money; liquidity risk; Financial sector stability; Payment systems; Liquidity; Brokers and dealers; Real time gross settlement systems; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Post-Crisis Changes in Global Bank Business Models: A New Taxonomy
Mr. John C Caparusso
,
Ms. Yingyuan Chen
,
Mr. Peter Dattels
,
Rohit Goel
, and
Paul Hiebert
The Global Financial Crisis unleashed changes in the operating and regulatory environments for large international banks. This paper proposes a novel taxonomy to identify and track business model evolution for the 30 Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs). Drawing from banks’ reporting, it identifies strategies along four dimensions –consolidated lines of business and geographic orientation, and the funding models and legal entity structures of international operations. G-SIBs have adjusted their business models, especially by reducing market intensity. While G-SIBs have maintained international orientation, pressures on funding models and entity structures could affect the efficiency of capital flows through the bank channel.
Keywords:
WP; consumer bank; bank business models; transaction bank; a number of bank; line-of-business model; revenue mix; International banks; Business model; Bank performance; Global Financial Stability; Regulation; group bank revenue; business model framework; Global systemically important banks; Foreign banks; Financial statements; Investment banking; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Cross-Border Credit Intermediation and Domestic Liquidity Provision in a Small Open Economy
Mr. Thorvardur Tjoervi Olafsson
This paper develops a small open economy model where global and domestic liquidity is intermediated to the corporate sector through two financial processes. Investment banks intermediate cross-border credit through interlinked debt contracts to entrepreneurs and commercial banks intermediate domestic savings to liquidity constrained final good producers. Both processes are needed to facilitate development of key production inputs. The model captures procyclical investment bank leverage dynamics, global liquidity spillovers, domestic money market pressures, and macrofinancial linkages through which shocks propagate across the two processes, affecting spreads and balance sheets, as well as the real economy through investment and working capital channels.
Keywords:
WP; interest rate; money market; central bank; financial frictions; cross-border banking flows; macrofinancial linkages; financial intermediation; working capital; credit contracts; investment banking; credit market; liquidity shock; depreciation rate; funding rate reaction; capital producer; idiosyncratic productivity; cost of funds; commercial bank funding; monopolistic investment banks; Investment banking; Domestic credit; Credit; Commercial banks; Self-employment; Global; East Asia
Cover Unfinished Business
Unfinished Business
The Unexplored Causes of the Financial Crisis and the Lessons Yet to be Learned
Mr. Tamim Bayoumi

Abstract

There have been numerous books examining the 2008 financial crisis from either a U.S. or European perspective. Tamim Bayoumi is the first to explain how the Euro crisis and U.S. housing crash were, in fact, parasitically intertwined. Starting in the 1980s, Bayoumi outlines the cumulative policy errors that undermined the stability of both the European and U.S. financial sectors, highlighting the catalytic role played by European mega banks that exploited lax regulation to expand into the U.S. market and financed unsustainable bubbles on both continents. U.S. banks increasingly sold sub-par loans to under-regulated European and U.S. shadow banks and, when the bubbles burst, the losses whipsawed back to the core of the European banking system. A much-needed, fresh look at the origins of the crisis, Bayoumi’s analysis concludes that policy makers are ignorant of what still needs to be done both to complete the cleanup and to prevent future crises.

Keywords:
banking system; economic crisis; commercial bank; BNP Paribas; capital buffer; investment banking; federal government; monetary union; exchange rate; Investment banking; Commercial banks; Monetary unions; Countercyclical capital buffers; Global; Europe; Northern Europe; Eastern Europe; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Working Papers
¿Se incrementa la vulnerabilidad financiera con una política monetaria expansiva prolongada?
Stephen Cecchetti
,
Mr. Tommaso Mancini Griffoli
, and
Mr. Machiko Narita
Usando datos a nivel de empresa correspondientes a aproximadamente 1.000 bancos e instituciones financieras no bancarias en 22 países en los últimos 15 años, estudiamos el impacto de la aplicación prolongada de una política monetaria expansiva en la conducta relacionada con la toma de riesgos. Observamos que el coeficiente de endeudamiento, así como otros indicadores de la vulnerabilidad a nivel de las empresas, aumenta para para los bancos y las entidades no bancarias internas mientras persiste la política monetaria expansiva en el país. Los efectos transfronterizos también son notables. Observamos efectos de magnitud más o menos similar en empresas extranjeras del sector financiero cuando Estados Unidos adopta una política menos restrictiva. Los resultados parecen ser robustos frente a una variedad de especificaciones, y parecen ser no lineales, y se observa que el comportamiento de toma de riesgos aumenta más rápidamente cuando empieza a aplicarse la política de expansión monetaria.
Keywords:
WP; monetary policy; monetary policy easing; interest rate; quarter