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Western Hemisphere > Argentina

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 17 items for :

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Cover IMF Working Papers
The Scalability of Credit-Enhanced EM Climate Debt: What Role Can Guarantees, Collateralization, Securitizations, and Investment Funds Play?
Peter Lindner
,
Ananthakrishnan Prasad
, and
Jean-Marie Masse
This paper reviews the main types of credit enhancement approaches used to support climate debt issuances by EMDE borrowers. Fragmentation on the part of the providers of credit enhancements was identified as a major factor impeding scalability of credit-enhanced debt. The acceptance of credit-enhanced debt is also hampered by the structural characteristics of the capital markets, especially the fragmentation of the investor base. To place significant amounts of credit-enhanced climate debt with private sector investors, MDBs, DFIs, and other stakeholders should focus on simple and replicable debt structures. Securitizations and investment funds could help fund private sector climate investments in EMDEs.
Keywords:
Credit enhancements; blended finance; debt-for-climate swaps; climate mitigation; climate adaptation; climate finance; guarantees; securitization.; climate debt; B. credit enhancement; EMDE investor base; enhancement approach; replicable debt structure; capital market consideration; Bonds; Loans; Credit; Securities; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Predicting IMF-Supported Programs: A Machine Learning Approach
Tsendsuren Batsuuri
,
Shan He
,
Ruofei Hu
,
Jonathan Leslie
, and
Flora Lutz
This study applies state-of-the-art machine learning (ML) techniques to forecast IMF-supported programs, analyzes the ML prediction results relative to traditional econometric approaches, explores non-linear relationships among predictors indicative of IMF-supported programs, and evaluates model robustness with regard to different feature sets and time periods. ML models consistently outperform traditional methods in out-of-sample prediction of new IMF-supported arrangements with key predictors that align well with the literature and show consensus across different algorithms. The analysis underscores the importance of incorporating a variety of external, fiscal, real, and financial features as well as institutional factors like membership in regional financing arrangements. The findings also highlight the varying influence of data processing choices such as feature selection, sampling techniques, and missing data imputation on the performance of different ML models and therefore indicate the usefulness of a flexible, algorithm-tailored approach. Additionally, the results reveal that models that are most effective in near and medium-term predictions may tend to underperform over the long term, thus illustrating the need for regular updates or more stable – albeit potentially near-term suboptimal – models when frequent updates are impractical.
Keywords:
Early warning systems; IMF Lending; Machine Learning; IMF arrangement; ML model; machine learning approach; state-of-the-art machine learning; machine learning model; Emergency assistance; Data processing; Global financial crisis of 2008-2009; Global
Cover Policy Papers
Review Of The Adequacy Of The Fund’s Precautionary Balances
International Monetary Fund. Finance Dept.
On December 12, 2022, the IMF’s Executive Board reviewed the adequacy of the Fund’s precautionary balances. The review took place on the standard two-year cycle, after an interim review in December 2021. Precautionary balances comprise the Fund’s general and special reserves. They are a key element of the IMF’s multi-layered framework for managing financial risks. Precautionary balances provide a buffer to protect the Fund against potential losses, resulting from credit, income, and other financial risks. In conducting the review, the Executive Board applied the rules-based framework agreed in 2010. Precautionary balances have risen further since the 2021 interim review and coverage metrics have strengthened. At the same, credit and other financial risks have also increased. The pace of reserve accumulation is expected to remain adequate. Against this background, Executive Directors endorsed staff’s proposal to retain the current medium-term target of SDR 25 billion and the minimum floor of SDR 15 billion. The Board also discussed the role of surcharges, which are primarily a component of the Fund’s risk management framework but also contribute to reserves accumulation.
Keywords:
concentration risk; D. financial risks; risk management framework; Fund credit; transparency policy; fund financial risks; Income; Credit; Credit risk; Credit ratings; Emergency assistance; Global; Caribbean; Western Hemisphere
Cover Policy Papers
Temporary Modification to the Fund's Annual Access Limits
International Monetary Fund
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a uniquely severe synchronized shock across the global economy, in turn leading numerous member countries to request substantial financial assistance from the Fund. The Executive Board responded to members’ needs by increasing the access limits under the Fund’s emergency financing instruments by 50 percent of quota for a period of 6 months (until October 5, 2020), subject to a possible extension by the Executive Board.
Keywords:
PP; emergency financing instrument; financial support; financing; RFI purchase; IMF's executive board; Gra credit; risk management framework; application of the NAAL; Emergency assistance; Credit; Balance of payments need; Global; COVID-19
Cover Policy Papers
Streamlining Procedures for Board Consideration of The Fund’s Emergency Financing During Exceptional Circumstances Involving A Pandemic
International Monetary Fund
The COVID-19 pandemic has inflicted an unprecedented shock on the global economy and created an enormous demand for Fund resources. To accelerate processing and approval of members’ requests in such circumstances, the paper proposes measures to expedite Board consideration and approval of requests for purchases and/or disbursements under the Rapid Financing Instrument and/or the Rapid Credit Facility, respectively, completion of reviews and requests for changes in access in existing arrangements, and requests for assistance under the Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust (CCRT), by shortening the circulation period for Board documents. The paper also proposes extending the use of the shortened circulation period to selected Article IV consultations necessary for use of Fund resources during a global pandemic. Management will also streamline internal procedures to accelerate program processing and reduce the burden on the Fund’s administrative capacity, and will seek the support of creditors to expedite the processing of financial transactions under COVID-19 emergency financing.
Keywords:
PP; pandemic; financing; emergency procedure; pandemic emergency procedures; RFI financing request; financing request; RFI request; emergency financing request; fund assistance; Emergency assistance; COVID-19; Lines of credit; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Determinants of Tax Revenue Efforts in Developing Countries
Abhijit Sen Gupta
This paper contributes to the existing empirical literature on the principal determinants of tax revenue performance across developing countries by using a broad dataset and accounting for some econometric issues that were previously ignored. The results confirm that structural factors such as per capita GDP, agriculture share in GDP, trade openness and foreign aid significantly affect revenue performance of an economy. Other factors include corruption, political stability, share of direct and indirect taxes etc. The paper also makes use of a revenue performance index, and finds that while several Sub Saharan African countries are performing well above their potential, some Latin American economies fall short of their revenue potential.
Keywords:
WP; revenue performance; tax revenue; effort index
Cover IMF Staff Papers
IMF Staff Papers, Volume 53, No. 3
International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.
This is the final issue for 2006 (Volume 53), and contains another paper in the occasional Special Data Section that seeks to measure financial development in the Middle East and North Africa by utilizing a new database. The issue also contains a comment from Jacques J. Polak on parity reversion in real exchange rates.
Keywords:
SP; government; IMF country economists' desk; equilibrium rate; trading friction; demand and supply factor; PPP reversal; Financial sector development; Fiscal stance; Consumption; Fiscal stabilization; Commercial banks; Africa; North Africa; Middle East; East Africa; Global; Subnational government borrowing; position of the IMF
Cover Policy Papers
Report on Access to Fund Resources During 2005
International Monetary Fund
In the context of a relatively benign international environment with limited balance of payments needs, recourse to Fund resources has declined across several dimensions: fewer GRA arrangements; lower outstanding Fund resources; and a smaller average access under new PRGF arrangements.
Keywords:
PP; fund; PRGF arrangement; stand-by arrangement; PRGF resource; fund Resources; EFF resource; access policy; fund staff; credit tranche; Credit; Natural disasters; Emergency assistance; Debt relief; Middle East; Western Hemisphere; Eastern Europe; Africa; Asia and Pacific
Cover Finance & Development
Finance and Development September 2005
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
For the latest thinking about the international financial system, monetary policy, economic development, poverty reduction, and other critical issues, subscribe to Finance & Development (F&D). This lively quarterly magazine brings you in-depth analyses of these and other subjects by the IMF’s own staff as well as by prominent international experts. Articles are written for lay readers who want to enrich their understanding of the workings of the global economy and the policies and activities of the IMF.
Keywords:
FD; F&D; country; donor; recipient country; growth; managed floating exchange rate arrangement
Cover Finance & Development
Finanzas y Desarrollo, septiembre de 2005
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
Para estar al corriente del pensamiento actual sobre el sistema financiero internacional, la política monetaria, el desarrollo económico, la reducción de la pobreza y otros temas cruciales, suscríbase a Finanzas y Desarrollo. Esta amena revista trimestral ofrece análisis profundos del personal técnico del FMI y destacados expertos internacionales sobre estas y otras cuestiones. Los artículos están dirigidos a un público no especializado que desea comprender mejor el funcionamiento de la economía mundial y las políticas y actividades del FMI.
Keywords:
FD; F&D; country; donor; recipient country; growth; managed floating exchange rate arrangement