1.1 Prevention of pollution through in-process modifications

Activities and measures aimed at the elimination or reduction of the generation of air pollutants through in-process modifications related to:

• Cleaner and more efficient production processes and other technologies (cleaner technologies),

• The consumption or use of “cleaner” (adapted) products.

Cleaner technologies

Prevention activities consist of replacing an existing production process by a new process designed to reduce the generation of air pollutants during production, storage or transportation, e.g., fuel combustion improvement, recovery of solvents, prevention of spills and leaks through improving airtightness of equipment, reservoirs and vehicles.

Use of cleaner products

Prevention activities consist of modifying facilities so as to provide for the substitution of raw materials, energy, catalysts and other inputs by non- (or less) polluting products, or of treating raw materials prior to their use in order to make them less polluting, e.g., desulfurization of fuel. Expenditure under this position also include the extra cost of the use of cleaner products (low sulphur fuels, unleaded gasoline, clean vehicles, etc.).

1.1.1 For the protection of ambient air

1.1.2 For the protection of climate and ozone layer

1.2 Treatment of exhaust gases and ventilation air

Activities involving the installation, maintenance and operation of end-of-pipe equipment for the removal and reduction of emissions of particulate matter or other air-polluting substances either from the combustion of fuels or from processes: filters, dedusting equipment, catalytic converters, post-combustion and other techniques. Also included are activities aimed at increasing the dispersion of gases so as to reduce concentrations of air pollutants.

Exhaust gases are emissions into the air, usually through exhaust pipes, stacks or chimneys, due to the combustion of fossil fuels. Ventilation air are exhausts of air conditioning systems of industrial establishments.

1.2.1 For the protection of ambient air

1.2.2 For the protection of climate and ozone layer

1.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like

Activities aimed at monitoring the concentrations of pollutants in exhaust gases, the quality of air, etc. Included are measurement services of exhaust gases from vehicles and heating systems and the monitoring related to ozone layer, greenhouse gases and climate change. Weather stations are excluded.

1.4 Other activities

All other activities and measures aimed at the protection of ambient air and climate. These include regulation, administration, management, training, information and education activities specific to CEPA 1, when they can be separated from other activities related to the same class and from similar activities related to other environmental protection classes.

2.1 Prevention of pollution through in-process modifications

Activities and measures aimed at reducing the generation of surface water pollutants and wastewater through in-process modifications related to:

• Cleaner and more efficient production processes and other technologies (cleaner technologies)

• The consumption or use of “cleaner” (adapted) products

Cleaner technologies

Prevention activities consist of replacing an existing production process by a new process designed to bring about a reduction of water pollutants or wastewater generated during production. These include separation of networks, treatment and reuse of water used in the production process, etc.

Use of cleaner products

Prevention activities consist of modifying an existing production process so as to provide for the substitution of raw materials, catalysts and other inputs by non- (or less) water polluting products.

2.2 Sewerage networks

Activities aimed at the operation of sewerage networks, i.e., the collection and transport of wastewater from one or several users, as well as rainwater, by means of sewerage networks, collectors, tanks and other means of transport (sewage vehicles, etc.), including maintenance and repair.

Sewerage networks are the systems of collectors, pipelines, conduits and pumps designed to evacuate any wastewater (rainwater, domestic and other wastewater) from the points of generation to either a sewage treatment plant or to a point where wastewater is discharged into surface water.

2.3 Wastewater treatment

Wastewater treatment designates any process for rendering wastewater fit to meet applicable environmental standards or other quality norms. Three broad types of treatment (mechanical, biological and advanced) are specified below. Alternative definitions of types of treatment may be used, e.g., based on removal rates for biological oxygen demand (BOD).

Mechanical treatment of wastewater designates processes of a physical and mechanical nature that result in decanted effluent and separate sludge. Mechanical processes are also used in combination and/or in conjunction with biological and advanced unit operations. Mechanical treatment is understood to include at least such processes as sedimentation, flotation, etc. The activity is aimed at separating materials in suspension by the use of screens (large solids) or through sedimentation eventually assisted by chemicals or flotation (elimination of sand, oil, part of the sludge, etc.).

Equipment includes screens for large solids, biological plants, equipment for filtration, flocculation, sedimentation; separation of oils and hydrocarbons; separation using inertia or gravity, including hydraulic and centrifugal cyclones, diaphragm floats, etc.

Biological treatment of wastewater designates processes that employ aerobic or anaerobic microorganisms and result in decanted effluent and separate sludge containing microbial mass together with pollutants. Biological treatment processes are also used in combination and/or in conjunction with mechanical and advanced unit operations. This activity is designed to eliminate pollution from oxidizable materials through the use of bacteria: activated sludge technique or anaerobic treatment for specific concentrated wastewater. Biodegradable materials are treated with the addition of bacteria-enriched sludge in open or closed tanks.

Treatment of wastewater by advanced technologies designates processes capable of reducing specific constituents in wastewater not normally achieved by other treatment options. Covers all unit operations that are not considered to be mechanical or biological. Includes, for example, chemical coagulation, flocculation and precipitation; break-point chlorinating; stripping; mixed media filtration; micro-screening; selective ion exchange; activated carbon absorption; reverse osmosis; ultrafiltration; electro-flotation. Advanced treatment processes may be used in combination and/or in conjunction with mechanical and biological unit operations. This activity is aimed at eliminating oxidizable non-biodegradable matter at a higher level, as well as metals, nitrate, phosphorus, etc., by using powerful biological or physical and chemical action. Special equipment is required for each depollution.

Septic tanks are settling tanks through which wastewater is flowing and the suspended matter is decanted as sludge. Organic matters (in the water and in the sludge) are partly decomposed by anaerobic bacteria and other microorganisms. Maintenance services of septic tanks (emptying, etc.) and other products for septic tanks (biological activators, etc.) are included.

2.4 Treatment of cooling water

Treatment of cooling water designates processes that are used to treat cooling water to meet applicable environmental standards before releasing it into the environment. Cooling water is used to remove heat.^a Means, methods and facilities used may be: air cooling (extra cost compared with water cooling), cooling towers (to the extent they are required to reduce pollution, as distinct from technical needs), cooling circuits for processing water from worksites and for condensing released vapour, equipment for enhancing the dispersion of cooling water on release, closed cooling circuits (extra cost), and circuits for use of cooling water for heating purposes (extra cost).

2.5 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like

Activities aimed at monitoring and controlling the concentration of pollutants in wastewater and the quality of inland surface water and marine water at the place wastewater is discharged (analysis and measurement of pollutants, etc.).

2.6 Other wastewater management activities

All other activities and measures aimed at wastewater management. Includes regulation, administration, management, training, information and education activities specific to CEPA 2, when they can be separated from other activities related to the same class and similar activities related to other environmental protection classes.

3.1 Prevention of pollution through in-process modifications

Activities and measures aimed at eliminating or reducing the generation of solid waste through in-process modifications related to:

• Cleaner and more efficient production processes and other technologies (cleaner technologies)

• The consumption or use of “cleaner” (adapted) products

• Cleaner technologies

Prevention activities consist of replacing an existing production process by a new process designed to reduce the toxicity or volume of waste produced during the production process, including by separation and reprocessing.

Use of cleaner products

Protection activities consist of modifying or adapting the production process or facilities so as to provide for the substitution of raw materials, catalysts and other intermediate inputs by new, “adapted” inputs, the use of which produces less waste or less hazardous waste.

3.2 Collection and transport

Collection and transport of waste is defined as the collection of waste, either by municipal services or similar institutions or by public or private corporations, and their transport to the place of treatment or disposal. This includes the separate collection and transport of waste fractions so as to facilitate recycling and the collection and transport of hazardous waste. Street cleaning is included for the part referring to public litter and collection of garbage from the streets. Excluded are winter services.

3.3 Treatment and disposal of hazardous waste

Treatment of hazardous waste comprises the processes of physical/chemical treatment, thermal treatment, biological treatment, conditioning of wastes, and any other relevant treatment method. Disposal of hazardous waste comprises landfill, containment, underground disposal, dumping at sea, and any other relevant disposal method.

Thermal treatment of hazardous waste refers to any process for the high-temperature oxidation of gaseous, liquid or solid hazardous wastes, converting them into gases and incombustible solid residues. The flue gases are released into the atmosphere (with or without recovery of heat and with or without cleaning) and any slag or ash produced is deposited in the landfill. The main technologies used in the incineration of hazardous waste are the rotary kiln, liquid injection, incinerator grates, multiple-chamber incinerators, and fluidized bed incinerators. Residues from hazardous waste incineration may themselves be regarded as hazardous waste. The resulting thermal energy may or may not be used for the production of steam, hot water or electric energy.

Landfills, an activity concerning final disposal of hazardous waste in or on land in a controlled way, which meets specific geologic and technical criteria.

Other treatment and disposal of hazardous waste may consist of chemical and physical treatment, containment and underground disposal.

Chemical treatment methods are used both to effect the complete breakdown of hazardous waste into non-toxic gases and, more usually, to modify the chemical properties of the waste, e.g., to reduce water solubility or to neutralize acidity or alkalinity.

Physical treatment of hazardous waste: includes various methods of phase separation and solidification whereby the hazardous waste is fixed in an inert, impervious matrix. Phase separation encompasses the widely used techniques of lagooning, sludge drying in beds, and prolonged storage in tanks, air flotation and various filtration and centrifugation techniques, adsorption/desorption, and vacuum, extractive and azeotropic distillation. Solidification or fixation processes, which convert the waste into an insoluble, rock-hard material, are generally used as pretreatment prior to landfill disposal. These techniques employ blending of the waste with various reactants or organic polymerization reactions or the mixing of the waste with organic binders.

Containment is the retention of hazardous material in such a way as to ensure that it is effectively prevented from dispersing into the environment, or is released only at an acceptable level. Containment may occur in specially built containment spaces.

Underground disposal includes temporary storage or final disposal of hazardous wastes underground that meets specific geologic and technical criteria.

3.3.1 Thermal treatment

3.3.2 Landfill

3.3.3 Other treatment and disposal

3.4 Treatment and disposal of non-hazardous waste

Treatment of non-hazardous waste comprises the processes of physical/chemical treatment, incineration of waste, biological treatment, and any other treatment method (composting, recycling, etc.).

Incineration is the thermal treatment of waste during which chemically fixed energy of combusted matters is transformed into thermal energy. Combustible compounds are transformed into combustion gases leaving the system as flue gases. Incombustible inorganic matters remain in the form of slag and fly ash.

Disposal of non-hazardous waste comprises landfill, dumping at sea, and any other disposal method.

3.4.1 Incineration

3.4.2 Landfill

3.4.3 Other treatment and disposal

3.5 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like

Activities and measures aimed at controlling and measuring the generation and storage of waste, their toxicity, etc.

3.6 Other waste management activities

All other activities and measures aimed at waste management. These include administration, management, training, information and education activities specific to the class, when they can be separated from other activities related to the same class and from similar activities related to other environmental protection classes.

4.1 Prevention of pollutant infiltration

Activities and measures aimed at the reduction or elimination of polluting substances that may be applied to soil or that percolate into groundwater or into run-off to surface water. Included are activities related to sealing of soils of industrial plants, installation of catchment for pollutant run-offs and leaks, strengthening of storage facilities and transportation of pollutant products.

4.2 Cleaning up of soil and water bodies

Processes to reduce the quantity of polluting materials in soil and water bodies either in situ or in appropriate installations. This includes soil decontamination at former industrial sites, landfills and other black spots, dredging of pollutants from water bodies (rivers, lakes, estuaries, etc.) and the decontamination and cleaning up of surface water following accidental pollution, e.g., through collection of pollutants or through application of chemicals, as well as the cleaning up of oil spills on land, inland surface waters and seas—including coastal areas. Excludes the liming of lakes and artificial oxygenation of water bodies (see CEPA 6). Excludes civil protection services.

Activities may consist of: measures for separating, containing and recovering deposits, extraction of buried casks and containers, decanting and restorage, installation of off-gas and liquid effluent drainage networks, soil washing by means of degasification, pumping of pollutants, removal and treatment of polluted soil, biotechnological methods capable of intervening without affecting the site (use of enzymes, bacteria, etc.), physical chemistry techniques such as pervaporation and extraction using supercritical fluids, injection of neutral gases or bases to stifle internal fermentation, etc.

4.3 Protection of soil from erosion and other physical degradation

Activities and measures aimed at the protection of soil from erosion and other physical degradation (compacting, encrusting, etc.). They may consist of programmes intended to restore the protective vegetal cover of soils, construction of anti-erosion walls, etc. Measures may also include subsidizing agricultural and grazing practices less harmful for soils and water bodies.

Excluded are activities carried out for economic reasons (e.g., agricultural production or protection of settlements against natural hazards such as landslides).

4.4 Prevention and remediation of soil salinity

Activities and measures aimed at the prevention and remediation of soil salinity. Concrete actions will depend on climatic, geologic and other country-specific factors. Included are actions to increase groundwater tables, e.g., through increased freshwater infiltration to avoid infiltration of seawater into groundwater bodies, lowering of groundwater tables (when groundwater contains high levels of salts) through long-term revegetation programmes, changes in irrigation practices, etc.

Excluded are measures that respond to economic concerns (agricultural production, reclamation of land from the sea, etc.).

4.5 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like

All activities and measures aimed at controlling and measuring the quality and pollution of soils, groundwater and surface water, measuring the extent of soil erosion and salinization, etc. Includes the operation of monitoring systems, inventories of “black spots”, maps and databases of groundwater and surface water quality, of soil pollution, erosion and salinity, etc.

4.6 Other activities

All other activities and measures aimed at the protection and remediation of soil, groundwater and surface water. These include administration, management, training, information and education activities specific to the class, when they can be separated from other activities related to the same class and from similar activities related to other environmental protection classes.

5.1 Preventive in-process modifications at the source

Activities and measures aimed at the reduction of noise and vibration from industrial equipment, vehicle motors, aircraft and ships engines, exhaust systems and brakes, or noise level due to tyre/road or wheel/rail surface contact. Includes the adaptation of equipment, vehicles (buses, trucks, or train and power units in the case of rail transport, aircraft and ships) in order to make them less noisy: soundproofing of hoods, brakes, exhaust systems, etc. Includes also plant modifications, specially conceived foundations to absorb vibrations, extra cost for regrouping of buildings and/or of facilities in the interest of noise abatement, special facilities in building construction or reconstruction, equipment and machines conceived or constructed for low noise or vibrations, low noise level flares and burners, etc.

Other preventive activities consist of noise abatement through the modification of surfaces. As noise emissions from motors, engines, exhaust systems and brakes are lowered, those from other sources become more important and, in particular, noise that originates from the contact between tyres and road surfaces. Activities consist of replacing concrete with silent asphalt, multilayered surfaces, etc.

5.1.1 Road and rail traffic

5.1.2 Air traffic

5.1.3 Industrial and other noise

5.2 Construction of anti noise/vibration facilities

Activities and measures aimed at the installation and management of anti-noise facilities. These may be screens, embankments or hedges. They may consist of covering sections of urban motorways or railroads. As concerns industrial and vicinity noise, they also consist of add-on facilities, covering and soundproofing of machines and piping, fuel regulation systems and sound absorption, noise screens, barriers, soundproofing of buildings, noise-protective windows, etc., in order to limit noise perception.

5.2.1 Road and rail traffic

5.2.2 Air traffic

5.2.3 Industrial and other noise

5.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like

Activities and measures aimed at controlling the level of noise and vibration: installation and operation of stationary measurement and monitoring sites or mobile equipment in urban areas, observation networks, etc.

5.4 Other activities

All other activities and measures aimed at noise and vibration abatement, including administration, management, training, information and education activities specific to the class, when they can be separated from other activities related to the same class and from similar activities related to other classes. This also includes, when separable, traffic management with noise abatement aspects (for example, lowering of speed limits, improvement of traffic flows), introduction of time and geographical restrictions for noisy vehicles, traffic detours at a distance from residential areas, creation of pedestrian areas, creation of construction-free buffer zones, restructuring of modal split (improvement of public transportation, use of bicycles). This covers a potentially large set of administrative measures which raise serious identification problems given their incorporation in integrated programmes of traffic control and urban planning and the difficulty of separating that part of measures and expenditure that, in these programmes, concern noise and vibration abatement from expenditure related to air pollution control, improvement of the living environment or traffic security.

In addition to regulation, other measures may consist of: financial incentives for the production and use of low-noise vehicles, labelling or information programmes for consumers so as to encourage the use of low-noise vehicles and the adoption of quiet driving behaviour.

6.1 Protection and rehabilitation of species and habitats

Activities and measures aimed at the conservation, reintroduction or recovery of fauna and flora species, as well as the restoring, rehabilitation and reshaping of damaged habitats for the purpose of strengthening their natural functions. Includes conserving the genetic heritage, recolonizing destroyed ecosystems, placing bans on exploitation, trade, etc., of specific animal and plant species, for protection purposes. Also includes censuses, inventories, databases, creation of gene reserves or banks, improvement of linear infrastructures (e.g., underground passages or bridges for animals at highways or railways), feeding of the young, and management of special natural reserves (botany conservation areas, etc.). Activities may also include the control of fauna and flora in order to maintain natural balances, including reintroduction of predator species and control of exotic fauna and flora that pose a threat to native fauna, flora and habitats.

Main activities are the management and development of protected areas, whatever the denomination they receive, i.e., areas protected from any economic exploitation or in which the latter is subject to restrictive regulations whose explicit goal is the conservation and protection of habitats. Also included are activities for the restoration of water bodies as aquatic habitats: artificial oxygenation and lime-neutralization actions. When they have a clear protection of biodiversity purpose, measures and activities related to urban parks and gardens are to be included. Purchase of land for protection of species and habitats purposes is included.

6.2 Protection of natural and semi-natural landscapes

Activities and measures aimed at the protection of natural and semi-natural landscapes so as to maintain and increase their aesthetic value and their role in biodiversity preservation. Included is the preservation of legally protected natural objects, expenditures incurred for the rehabilitation of abandoned mining and quarrying sites, renaturalization of river banks, burying of electric lines, maintenance of landscapes that are the result of traditional agricultural practices threatened by prevailing economic conditions, etc. For biodiversity and landscape protection related to agriculture, the identification of specific State aid programmes to farmers may be the only data source available. Protection of forests against forest fires for the purpose of landscape protection is included.

Excluded are measures taken to protect historic monuments, measures to increase aesthetic values for economic purposes (e.g., relandscaping to increase the value of real estate), as well as protection of predominantly built-up landscapes.

6.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like

Measurement, monitoring, analysis activities that are not classified under the preceding items. In principle, inventories of fauna and flora are not covered, since they are classified under protection of species.

6.4 Other activities

All other activities and measures aimed at the protection of biodiversity and landscape. These include administration, training, information and education activities specific to the domain, when they can be separated from other activities related to the same domain and similar activities related to other classes.

7.1 Protection of ambient media

Protection of ambient media groups together activities and measures undertaken in order to protect ambient media from radiation. It may consist of protecting measures such as screening, creation of buffer zones, etc.

7.2 Transport and treatment of high-level radioactive waste

Any process designed for the transport, conditioning, containment or underground disposal of high-level radioactive waste.

Collection and transport of high-level radioactive waste consists of the collection of high-level radioactive waste, generally by specialized firms, and their transport to the place of treatment, conditioning storage and disposal.

Conditioning of high-level radioactive waste consists of activities that transform high-level radioactive waste into a proper and fit condition for transport and/or storage and/or disposal. Conditioning may occur as part of ISIC/NACE 23 (processing of nuclear fuels) activities.^c

Containment of high-level radioactive waste designates the retention of radioactive waste in such a way as to ensure that it is effectively prevented from dispersing into the environment, or is released only at an acceptable level. Containment may occur in specially built containment spaces.

Underground disposal of high-level radioactive waste is the temporary storage or final disposal of high-level radioactive waste in underground sites that meet specific geologic and technical criteria.

7.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like

Activities aimed at measuring, controlling and monitoring ambient radioactivity and radioactivity due to high-level radioactive waste by means of specific equipment, instruments and installations.

7.4 Other activities

All other activities and measures aimed at the protection of ambient media against radiation and transport and treatment of high-level radioactive waste. These include administration, training, information and education activities specific to the domain, when they can be separated from other activities related to the same class and similar activities related to other environmental protection classes.

8.1 Protection of ambient air and climate

8.1.1 Protection of ambient air

8.1.2 Protection of atmosphere and climate

8.2 Protection of water

8.3 Waste

8.4 Protection of soil and groundwater

8.5 Abatement of noise and vibration

8.6 Protection of species and habitats

8.7 Protection against radiation

8.8 Other research on the environment

9.1 General environmental administration and management

General administration of the environment designates any identifiable activity that is directed towards the general support of decisions taken in the context of environmental protection activities, whether by governmental or by non-governmental units.

General administration of the environment, regulation and the like

Any identifiable activity within general government and NPISH units that is directed towards the regulation, administration of the environment and the support of decisions taken in the context of environmental protection activities. When possible, such activities should be allocated to other classes. If this is impossible, they should be included under this position of the classification.

Environmental management

Any identifiable activities of corporations that are directed towards the general support of decisions taken in the context of environmental protection activities. These include the preparation of declarations or requests for permission, internal environmental management, and environmental certification processes (ISO 14000; and Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) (European Union (EU)), as well as the recourse to environmental consultancy services. Activities of units specialized in environmental consultancy, supervision and analysis are included. When possible, such activities should be allocated to other CEPA classes.

9.1.1 General administration, regulation and the like

9.1.2 Environmental management

9.2 Education, training and information

Activities that aim at providing general environmental education or training and disseminating environmental information. Included are high school programmes, university degree programmes or special courses specifically aimed at training for environmental protection. Activities such as the production of environmental reports and environmental communication are also included.

9.3 Activities leading to indivisible expenditure

Environmental protection activities that lead to indivisible expenditure, i.e., that cannot be allocated to any other CEPA class. International financial aid may be a case in point, as it may be difficult for the donor countries to allocate international aid to individual classes. If international aid is important in volume and/or of specific political interest, a separate two-digit heading under CEPA 9 could be adequate for national purposes.

9.4 Activities not elsewhere classified

This position groups together all these environmental protection activities that cannot be classified under other positions of the classification.

10.1 Reduction of the intake of mineral and energy resources

Reduction of the intake through in-process modifications related to the reduction of the input of non-renewable energy sources for the production process. This includes all the kinds of replacement or adjustment of production processes whose aim is to reduce the input of energy resources needed for producing a certain output.

This category includes the production of energy from renewable sources when it has the primary purpose of reducing the exploitation of non-renewable energy sources (the production of energy from renewable sources mainly aimed at reducing air pollution is excluded → CEA 1.1). All kinds of renewables are included according to the International Energy Agency definition of renewables, i.e., hydropower, solar, wind, tidal, biogas, geothermal and biomass sources. The production of energy from the combustion of any kind of waste is included, except where the incineration of waste is carried out for the main purpose of waste treatment and disposal → CEA 3.3 or 3.4.

Reduction of the intake through in-process modifications related to the reduction of the raw material input for the production process or the consumption or use of resource-efficient products.

10.2 Reduction of mineral use through the reduction of scraps and the production and consumption of recycled materials and products and reduction of heat and energy losses and energy savings

Reduction of the use of non-renewable energy sources through the minimization of heat and energy losses and through energy savings (energy savings mainly aimed at reducing air pollution is excluded → CEA 1.1).

Production and use of secondary raw materials or final products obtained from recovered and recycled materials and waste. This includes, for example: processing of waste and scrap into a form that is readily transformed into new raw materials, production of recycled goods (recycling activities insofar as they constitute waste collection, transport, treatment or disposal activities are excluded → CEA 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4).

10.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like related to mineral and energy resources

Activities aimed at measuring, controlling and monitoring the use and the consistency of fossil energy stocks as well as the production of energy from renewable sources. These include, for example: assessment and reassessment of existing reserves; and assessment of the importance of the production of energy from renewable sources for total energy production.

Activities aimed at measuring, controlling and monitoring the use and the consistency of mineral stocks. These include, for example: inventories and assessment of mineral stocks.

10.4 Other activities for the management of mineral and energy resources

All other activities and measures aimed at the management of mineral and energy resources. These include regulation, administration, education, training and information activities specific to the class when they can be separated from other activities related to the same class and from similar activities related to other classes of the RM group, including, for example: release of licences for mining and quarrying activities; activities of general government units or part thereof that administer and regulate the exploitation of mineral resources or are responsible for material savings and recycling policies. Excluded are public or private bodies that manage, exploit and explore mineral resources.

11.1 Reduction of the intake of timber resources

Reduction of the intake through in-process modifications related to the reduction of the input of timber resources for the production process. This includes all the kinds of replacement or adjustment of production processes aimed at reducing the input of forest-related products (wood and non-wood) needed for producing a certain output. The substitution of forest products with other material and substances is included.

11.2 Reduction of the consumption of forest (wood and non wood)-related products

Recycling, reuse or savings of forest products and by-products (wood, paper, etc.).

11.3 Reforestation and afforestation

Replenishment of existing natural forest areas or development of new forest areas. Excluded are activities aimed at restoring or rehabilitating damaged habitats or ecosystems (→ CEA 6.1)

11.4 Forest fires

Prevention and control of natural forest fires (concerning forest areas relevant mainly as economic resource and not as habitats → CEA 6.2). This includes, for example: development of fireballs, and mobilization of firefighting means or measures aimed at the prevention of fires in forest areas.

11.5 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like related to natural timber resources

Activities aimed at measuring, controlling and monitoring the use and consistency of timber resource stocks. They include, for example, inventories and assessments of timber resources. Measurement, controlling and monitoring activities related to the protection of biodiversity and landscape are excluded, like, e.g., inventories of flora and fauna species living in natural forest areas → CEA 6.1 and census of natural forest protected areas → CEA 6.2.

11.6 Other activities for the management of timber resources

All other activities and measures aimed at the management of natural timber resources, including regulation, administration, education, training and information activities specific to the class when they can be separated from other activities related to the same class and from similar activities related to other classes of the RM group. This includes, for example: the release of logging licences; and activities of general government units or part thereof that administer and regulate the use of natural forest resources or are responsible for forest management policies.

12.1 Reduction of the intake of aquatic resources

Reduction of the intake through in-process modifications. This includes all the kinds of replacement or adjustment of production processes aimed at reducing the input of wild fish resources needed for producing a certain output. It includes, for example, vessel buy-back programmes for the introduction of more efficient fishing fleets and equipments.

The use of alternative resources is included, i.e., the use of renewable resources or the substitution of natural inputs with alternative inputs.

12.2 Replenishment of aquatic resources stocks

Increase of the number of individuals of aquatic resources stocks. This includes, for example, breeding for the replenishment of stocks for fishing (for restocking purposes and not for protection of biodiversity → CEA 6.1).

12.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like related to aquatic resources

Activities aimed at measuring, controlling and monitoring the use and the consistency of aquatic resources, including, for example: inventories and assessment of aquatic resource stocks; control on the observance of licences, quotas, and temporary or permanent fishing bans. Measurement, controlling and monitoring activities related to the protection of biodiversity and landscape are excluded, like, e.g., inventories of threatened species → CEA 6.1.

12.4 Other activities for the management of aquatic resources

All other activities and measures aimed at the management of aquatic resources. This includes regulation, administration, education, training and information activities specific to the class when they can be separated from other activities related to the same class and from similar activities related to other classes of the RM group. Included, for example, are: release of fishing licences, enforcement and administration of quotas, enforcement and regulation of temporary or permanent fishing bans; and general government units or part thereof that administer and regulate the exploitation of wild fish resources or are responsible for wild fish management policies.

13.1 Reduction of the intake of biological resources (excluding timber and aquatic resources)

Reduction of the intake through in-process modifications. This includes all the kinds of replacement or adjustment of production processes aiming at reducing the input of wild flora and fauna resources needed for producing a certain output.

The use of alternative resources is included, i.e., the substitution of natural inputs with alternative inputs.

13.2 Replenishment of biological resources stocks (excluding timber and aquatic resources)

Increase of the number of individuals of other biological resources stocks. This includes, for example, breeding for the replenishment of stocks for hunting (for restocking purposes and not for protection of biodiversity → CEA 6.1).

13.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like related to biological resources stocks (excluding timber and aquatic resources)

Activities aimed at measuring, controlling and monitoring the use and the consistency of wild flora and fauna stocks. These include, for example: inventories and assessment of wild fauna stocks; control on the observance of licences, quotas and temporary or permanent hunting bans. Measurement, controlling and monitoring activities related to the protection of biodiversity and landscape are excluded, like, e.g., inventories of threatened species → CEA 6.1.

13.4 Other activities for the management of biological resources (excluding timber and aquatic resources)

All other activities and measures aimed at the management of other biological resources. These include regulation, administration, education, training and information activities specific to the class when they can be separated from other activities related to the same class and from similar activities related to other classes of the RM group. They include, for example: release of hunting licences, enforcement and administration of quotas, and enforcement and regulation of temporary or permanent fishing/hunting bans; and general government units or part thereof that administer and regulate the exploitation of wild flora and fauna resources or are responsible for wild flora and fauna management policies.

14.1 Reduction of the intake of water resources

Reduction of the intake through in-process modifications related to the reduction of the water input for the production process. This includes all the kinds of replacement or adjustment of production processes aiming at reducing the water input needed for producing a certain output. Desalinization of seawater is included.

14.2 Reduction of water losses and leaks, water reuse and savings

Reduction of water use through the reduction of water losses and leaks, the installation of facilities for water reuse and savings, etc.

14.3 Replenishment of water resources

Increase of water available in water stocks. The following activities are included: recharge of groundwater bodies to increase/restore water stocks (not to improve water quality or fight salinity → CEA 4.4); land improvement, development of vegetal cover in order to increase water infiltration and recharge phreatic water bodies (not for the protection of soil against erosion → CEA 4.3).

14.4 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like related to water resources

Activities aimed at measuring, controlling and monitoring the use and the level of water stocks. The following activities are excluded: measurement, monitor and control of the concentration of pollutants in wastewater and the quality of the inland water and marine water at the place wastewater is discharged → CEA 2.5; measurement, monitor and control of the quality of surface water and groundwater → CEA 4.5.

14.5 Other activities for the management of water resources

All other activities and measures aimed at the management of water resources. These include regulation, administration, education, training and information activities specific to the class when they can be separated from other activities related to the same class and from similar activities related to other classes of the RM group. They include, for example: information campaigns to encourage water savings; release of licences for water abstraction; and general government units or parts thereof that administer and regulate the use of water resources or are responsible for water saving policies.

15.1 Mineral and energy resources

R&D activities exclusively related to energy sources (non-renewable and renewable) and minerals.

15.2 Timber resources

R&D activities exclusively related to natural timber resources.

15.3 Aquatic resources

R&D activities exclusively related to aquatic resources.

15.4 Other biological resources

R&D activities exclusively related to other biological resources (excluding timber and aquatic resources).

15.5 Water resources

R&D activities exclusively related to water resources.

15.6 Other R&D activities for natural resource management

Other R&D activities concerning other natural resources (not specified).

16.1 General administration of natural resources

Any identifiable activity that is directed towards the general support of decisions taken in the context of natural resource management whether by governmental or by nongovernmental units.

16.1.1 General administration, regulation and the like

Any identifiable activity within general government and NPISH units that is directed towards regulation, administration of the environment and the support of decisions taken in the context of natural resource management activities. When possible, such activities should be allocated to CEA classes 10-14 (within the “other activities for the management of” category). If this is impossible, they should be included under this position of the classification.

If the general administration activities concern both environmental protection and management of natural resources, they should be broken down between this position and the corresponding CEA category of the EP group (→ CEA 9.1.1). If this is impossible, they should be classified in this position or, alternatively, in the one of the EP group according to the “main purpose” criterion; if this is impossible as well, they should be classified within the corresponding category of the EP group (→ CEA 9.1.1)

16.1.2 Environmental management

Any identifiable activity of corporations that is directed towards the general support of decisions taken in the context of natural resource management activities. This includes the preparation of declarations or requests for permission, internal environmental management, and environmental certification processes (ISO 14000; EMAS), as well as the recourse to environmental consultancy services. Activities of units specialized in environmental consultancy, supervision and analysis are included. When possible, such activities should be allocated to CEA classes 10-14 (within the “other activities for the management of” category). If this is impossible, they should be included under this position of the classification.

If the general administration activities concern both environmental protection and management of natural resources, they should be broken down between this position and the corresponding category of the EP group (→ CEA 9.1.2). If this is impossible, they should be classified in this position or, alternatively, in the one of the EP group according to the “main purpose” criterion; if this is impossible as well, they should be classified within the corresponding category of the EP group (→ CEA 9.1.2).

16.2 Education, training and information

Activities that aim at providing general environmental education or training and disseminating information on natural resource management. Included are high school programmes, university degree programmes or special courses specifically aimed at training for natural resource management. Activities such as the production of environmental reports and environmental communication are also included. When possible, such activities should be allocated to CEA classes 10-14 (within the “other activities for the management of” category). If this is impossible, they should be included under this position of the classification.

If the general education, training and information activities concern both environmental protection and management of natural resources, they should be broken down between this position and the corresponding category of the EP group (→ CEA 9.2). If this is impossible, they should be classified in this position or, alternatively, in the one of the EP group according to the “main purpose” criterion; if this is impossible as well, they should be classified within the corresponding category of the EP group (→ CEA 9.2).

16.3 Activities leading to indivisible expenditure

Natural resource management activities that lead to indivisible expenditure, i.e., that cannot be allocated to any other class of the RM group.

16.4 Activities not elsewhere classified

This class comprises all resource management activities that cannot be classified under other classes of the RM group.

1.1 Agriculture

The total of areas under “Land under temporary crops”, “Land under temporary meadows and pastures”, “Land with temporary fallow”, “Land under permanent crops”, “Land under permanent meadows and pastures”, and “Land under protective cover”.

This category includes tilled and fallow land, and naturally grown permanent meadows and pastures used for grazing, animal feeding or agricultural purpose. Scattered land under farm buildings, yards and their annexes, and permanently uncultivated land, such as uncultivated patches, banks, footpaths, ditches, headlands and shoulders are traditionally included.

1.1.1 Land under temporary crops

Land used for crops with a less-than-one-year growing cycle, which must be newly sown or planted for further production after the harvest. Some crops that remain in the field for more than one year may also be considered as temporary crops, e.g., asparagus, strawberries, pineapples, bananas and sugar cane.

Excludes: Herbaceous forage crops.

1.1.1.1 Cereals

Land used for the growing of cereals, e.g., wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, barley, rye, oats, millets.

1.1.1.2 Vegetables and melons

Land used for the growing of vegetables and melons.

1.1.1.3 Temporary oilseed crops

Land used for the growing of oilseeds crops, e.g., soya beans, groundnuts, castor bean, linseed, mustard seed, niger seed, rapeseed, safflower seed, sesame seed, sunflower seed, other oilseeds.

1.1.1.4 Root/tuber crops with high starch or inulin content

Land used for the growing of roots and tubers, e.g., potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, yams.

1.1.1.5 Temporary spice crops

Land used for the growing of temporary spices, e.g., chilies and peppers, anise, badian, fennel.

1.1.1.6 Leguminous crops

Land used for the growing of leguminous crops, e.g., beans, broad beans, chickpeas, cowpeas, lentils, lupins, peas, pigeon peas.

1.1.1.7 Sugar crops

Land used for the growing of sugar crops, e.g., sugar cane, sugar beet.

1.1.1.8 Other temporary crops

Land used for the growing of other temporary crops not elsewhere classified.

1.1.2 Land under temporary meadows and pastures

Land cultivated with temporary herbaceous forage crops for mowing or pasture. A period of less than five years is used to differentiate between temporary and permanent meadows.

1.1.3 Land with temporary fallow

Agricultural land that is not seeded for one or more growing seasons. The maximum idle period is usually less than five years. Land remaining fallow for too long may acquire characteristics requiring it to be reclassified, such as under 1.7: “Land not in use”. This land may be in the form sown for the exclusive production of green manure.

1.1.4 Land under permanent crops

Land cultivated with long-term crops that do not have to be replanted for several years (such as cocoa and coffee); land under trees and shrubs producing flowers (such as roses and jasmine); and nurseries (except those for forest trees, which should be classified under 0121: “Forest land”). Land under permanent meadows and pastures are excluded from “Land under permanent crops”.

Excludes: herbaceous forage crops.

1.1.4.1 Fruit and nuts

Land used for the growing of trees and bushes of fruit (e.g., grapes, tropical and subtropical fruits, citrus fruits, pome fruits, stone fruits) and nuts (almonds, cashew nuts, chestnuts, hazelnuts, pistachios, walnuts, etc.).

1.1.4.2 Permanent oilseed crops

Land used for the growing of oleaginous fruits, e.g., coconuts, olives, oil palms.

1.1.4.3 Beverage and permanent spice crops

Land used for the growing of beverage crops (coffee, tea, mate, cocoa, etc.) and of permanent spices (nutmeg, mace and cardamom, cinnamon, cloves, ginger, vanilla, etc.).

1.1.4.4 Other permanent crops

Land used for the growing of other perennial crops (including rubber and Christmas trees).

1.1.5 Land under permanent meadows and pastures

Land used to grow permanent (growth cycle of five years or more) herbaceous forage crops through cultivation or naturally (wild prairie or grazing land). Permanent meadows and pastures on which trees and shrubs are grown should be recorded under this heading only if the growing of forage crops is the most important use of the area. Measures may be taken to keep or increase productivity of the land (i.e., use of fertilizers, mowing or systematic grazing by domestic animals.)

This class includes:

• Grazing in wooded areas (agroforestry areas, for example)

• Grazing in shrubby zones (heath, maquis, garigue)

• Grassland in the plain or low mountain areas used for grazing: land crossed during transhumance where the animals spend a part of the year (approximately 100 days) without returning to the holding in the evening: mountain and subalpine meadows and similar; and steppes and dry meadows used for pasture

1.1.5.1 Cultivated permanent meadows and pastures

Land under permanent meadows and pastures that is managed and cultivated.

1.1.5.2 Naturally grown permanent meadows and pastures

Land under naturally grown permanent meadows and pastures used for grazing, animal feeding or agricultural purpose.

1.1.6 Agricultural land under protective cover

Surfaces occupied by dwellings on farms, etc.: dwellings, operating buildings (hangars, barns, cellars, greenhouses, silos), buildings for animal production (stables, cowsheds, pig sheds, sheep pens, poultry yards), family gardens, farmyards.

Excludes buildings for agro-food manufacture (→1.4.3) and buildings in rural areas for exclusive residential purpose (→1.4.8).

1.2 Forestry

Land used for forestry. Excludes land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban use.

1.2.1 Forest land

Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 metres and a canopy cover of more than 10 per cent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. Excludes land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use, and land that is predominantly used for maintenance and restoration of environmental function.

Explanatory notes:

• Forest land is determined both by the presence of trees and by the absence of other predominant land uses. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 metres in situ

• Includes areas with young trees that have not yet reached but that are expected to reach a canopy cover of 10 per cent and tree height of 5 metres. It also includes areas that are temporarily unstocked owing to clear-cutting as part of a forest management practice or natural disasters, and that are expected to be regenerated within five years. Local conditions may, in exceptional cases, justify the use of a longer time frame

• Includes forest roads, firebreaks and other small open areas

• May include forest land in national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas, such as those of specific environmental, scientific, historical, cultural or spiritual interest

• Includes windbreaks, shelter belts and corridors of trees with an area of more than 0.5 hectares and width of more than 20 metres

• Includes abandoned shifting cultivation land with a regeneration of trees that have, or is expected to reach, a canopy cover of 10 per cent and tree height of 5 metres

• Includes areas with mangroves in tidal zones, regardless of whether this area is classified as land area or not

• Includes areas with bamboo and palms provided that land use, height and canopy cover criteria are met

• Some agroforestry systems such as the taungya system, where crops are grown only during the first years of the forest rotation should be classified as forest

• Excludes: tree stands in agricultural production systems, such as fruit-tree plantations (→1.1.4.1), oil palm plantations, rubber and Christmas trees (→1.1.4.4) and agroforestry systems when crops are grown under tree cover (→1.1.5)

1.2.1.1 Primary regenerated forest

Naturally regenerated forest of native species, where there are no clearly visible indications of human activities and the ecological processes are not significantly disturbed.

Some key characteristics of primary forests:

• They show natural forest dynamics, such as natural tree species composition, occurrence of dead wood, natural age structure and natural regeneration processes

• The area is large enough to maintain its natural characteristics

• There has been no known significant human intervention or the last significant human intervention was long enough ago to have allowed the natural species composition and processes to have become re-established

1.2.1.2 Other naturally regenerated forest

Forest where there are clearly visible indications of human activities.

Includes:

• Selectively logged-over areas, areas regenerating following agricultural land use, areas recovering from human-induced fires, etc.

• Forests where it is not possible to distinguish whether planted or naturally regenerated

• Forests with a mix of naturally regenerated trees and planted/seeded trees, and where the naturally regenerated trees are expected to constitute more than 50 per cent of the growing stock at stand maturity

• Coppice from trees established through natural regeneration

• Naturally regenerated trees of introduced species

1.2.1.3 Planted forest

Forest predominantly composed of trees established through planting and/or deliberate seeding. This means that the planted/seeded trees are expected to constitute more than 50 per cent of the growing stock at maturity. This includes coppice from trees that were originally planted or seeded.

Excludes: self-sown trees of introduced species, tree stands in agricultural production systems, such as fruit tree plantations, oil palm plantations and agroforestry systems when crops are grown under tree cover, and land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban use.

1.2.2 Other wooded land

Land not classified as “Forest land”, spanning more than 0.5 hectares; with trees higher than 5 metres and a canopy cover of 5-10 per cent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ; or with a combined cover of shrubs, bushes and trees above 10 per cent.

The definition above encompasses two options:

• (a) The canopy cover of trees is between 5 and 10 per cent; and trees should be higher than 5 metres or able to reach 5 metres in situ, or

• (b) The canopy cover of trees is less than 5 per cent but the combined cover of shrubs, bushes and trees is more than 10 per cent. Includes areas of shrubs and bushes where no trees are present.

Includes:

• Areas with trees that will not reach a height of 5 metres in situ and with a canopy cover of 10 per cent or more, e.g., some alpine tree vegetation types, arid zone mangroves.

• Areas with bamboo and palms provided that land use, height and canopy-cover criteria are met

Excludes land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use, and land that is predominantly used for maintenance and restoration of environmental function.

1.3 Land used for aquaculture

Land used for aquaculture facilities and fish-farming activities.

Aquaculture refers to the farming of aquatic organisms: fish, molluscs, crustaceans, aquatic plants, crocodiles, alligators, turtles and amphibians. Farming implying some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc.

1.3.1 Land used for hatcheries

Housing facilities for breeding, nursing and rearing seed of fish, invertebrates or aquatic plants to fry, fingerling or juvenile stages.

1.3.2 Managed grow-out sites on land

Land with aquaculture facilities other than “hatcheries”, e.g., ponds and tanks (artificial units of varying sizes constructed above or below ground level capable of holding and interchanging waters), raceways and silos (artificial units constructed above or below ground level capable of high rate of water interchange in excess of 20 changes per day).

1.4 Use of built-up and related areas

Land affected or adapted by man, under buildings, roads, mines and quarries and any other facilities, including their auxiliary spaces, deliberately installed for the pursuit of human activities. Included also are certain types of open land (non built-up land), which are closely related to these activities, such as waste tips, derelict land in built-up areas, junkyards, city parks and gardens. Land under closed villages or similar rural localities are included.

1.4.1 Mining and quarrying

Land mainly used for mining and quarrying including installations for the extraction of solid fuels, petroleum, natural gas, minerals, salt, construction stone, and sand and clay; including their associated areas (slag heaps, dumps and storage areas, loading and unloading sites, shafts or head gear).

1.4.2 Construction

Land mainly used for construction, especially building sites. Includes abandoned areas (residential, industrial, commercial, infrastructures, and burned areas), tips and man-made wasteland.

1.4.3 Manufacturing

Land used for activities of manufacturing including heavy industries. This category includes coking plants, cracking and refining of petroleum, installations for producing and processing of metals, installations producing non-metallic minerals; industrial installations in the field of basic chemistry, agrochemistry, the production of synthetic and artificial fibres and other products; and installations working in the fields of agro-food products, beverages and tobacco, textile manufacturing, leather, footwear and clothing manufacturing, wood, paper and production of paper articles, rubber and transformation of plastics, as well as construction companies and public works.

Excludes: actual construction sites (→1.4.2) and harbour areas and their storage facilities (→1.4.5).

1.4.4 Technical infrastructure

Land used for technical installations for the generation, distribution and transmission of electrical energy; the distribution of hydrocarbons, including oil and gas pipelines, and water; the recovery and purification of water; the collection and treatment of waste. Land used for telecommunications networks, such as relay stations, television aerials, radio telescopes, radars, and major protective works, e.g., water retention dams and protective dykes. Included is also the land used for related offices and other service buildings and installations, as well as any space needed, according to national practices, for the operation of such technical infrastructure.

1.4.5 Transport and storage

Land used by infrastructure and service enterprises in the field of transport and storage. Includes transport infrastructures for road traffic; rail networks; airport installations; and installations connected with river and maritime transport. Included is also the land used for transport-related offices and other service buildings and installations, such as stations, airport buildings, storage facilities for equipment and repair workshops, space used for sidewalks, grass slopes along railways, windshelter belts along roads, and open noise abatement areas around airports, as well as any other space needed, according to national practices, for the provision of the related infrastructure.

Excludes: military aerodromes (→1.4.6) and dockyards (→1.4.3)

1.4.6 Commercial, financial and public services

Land mainly used for commerce, trade and related services, public administrations and judicial services, public order and safety services, social security and social work services, and professional and trade associations, including private roads and other auxiliary spaces located in the areas concerned. This category includes wholesale and retail trade; hotel and catering services; banks and insurance; personal services; installations for national defence; education and research/development; and land occupied by religious buildings.

1.4.7 Recreational facilities

Land developed for and occupied by leisure or recreational purposes, including cultural sites: archaeological sites; historic sites, classified monuments, ruins and stately homes; museums, libraries and media centres; concert halls and theatres; cemeteries, and associated areas (water, wooded areas, lawns and gardens); sport facilities: public beaches and swimming pools, gymnasiums and sports halls; stadiums and games fields; assembly and dancing halls; golf courses; riding tracks; car racing circuits; green or leisure areas: urban parks, public gardens, zoological and botanical gardens and hobby gardens; major burial grounds used as walking places with considerable vegetation; facilities for tourism: camping and caravanning sites; amusement parks, circuses, youth hostels and country centres; marinas; secondary residences or vacation houses; and casinos.

Excludes areas that can be used for recreation if this is not the main utilization.

1.4.8 Residential

Land mainly used for residential buildings, irrespective of whether they are actually occupied or temporarily vacant, including residential land attached to private gardens and small green areas and parking facilities and small playgrounds mainly reserved and used by the inhabitants of the buildings.

This category includes:

• Continuous and dense residential areas (dense to very dense urban core where a large proportion of the buildings are higher than three stories)

• Continuous residential areas of moderate density (suburban kind, found commonly in old villages attached to a town)

• Discontinuous residential areas of moderate density (of the “housing area” type, formed by individual houses)

• Isolated residential areas (hamlets, groups of a few houses, small villages, isolated buildings)

• Collective residential areas (collective dwellings generally higher than three stories)

Excludes: land used for purposes specified elsewhere even if it is mainly used by the local population.

1.5 Land used for maintenance and restoration of environmental functions

This class includes protected areas as defined by IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, i.e., clearly defined geographical spaces, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.

Protected areas should aim, where appropriate, to:

• Conserve significant landscape features, geomorphology and geology

• Provide regulatory ecosystem services, including buffering against the impacts of climate change

• Conserve natural and scenic areas of national and international significance for cultural, spiritual and scientific purposes

• Deliver benefits to resident and local communities consistent with the other objectives of management

• Deliver recreational benefits consistent with the other objectives of management

• Facilitate low-impact scientific research activities and ecological monitoring related to and consistent with the values of the protected area

• Use adaptive management strategies to improve management effectiveness and governance quality over time

• Help to provide educational opportunities (including as regards management approaches)

• Help to develop public support for protection

1.6 Other uses of land n.e.c.

Land used for uses not elsewhere classified.

1.7 Land not in use

Areas where there are no clearly visible indications of human activities or institutional arrangements put in place for the purpose of economic production or the maintenance and restoration of environmental functions and where ecological processes are not significantly disturbed.

This category includes:

• Land with trees not used for the purpose of agriculture and not classified as “Forest and other wooded land”

• Bushes and shrubs not used for the purpose of agriculture and not classified as “Other wooded land”

• Open areas with low vegetation of the herbaceous type, not used for agricultural purposes

• Natural and non-built-up land surface with little or no vegetation, which precludes its inclusion in other categories of the classification; included are old quarries and abandoned sandpits and burned areas

• Bare soils (areas where bedrock crops out) including rocks and scree, and dunes and sand and pebble beaches

• Land covered by glaciers (generally measured at the time of their greatest expansion in the season) or eternal snow

• Land flooded or likely to be so over a large part of the year by fresh, brackish or saline, or stagnating water, bearing a vegetation cover of the low shrub, semi-woody or herbaceous type (bogs and marshes); and occupied by intermediate zones between the solid and liquid state, among which blanket or raised peat lands, such as peat bogs (moors)

Excludes: peat bogs in use for fuel harvesting (→1.4.1) and protected areas (→1.5).

2.1 Inland waters used for aquaculture or holding facilities

Inland water areas that are used for aquaculture facilities including supporting facilities. Aquaculture refers to the farming of aquatic organisms: fish, molluscs, crustaceans, aquatic plants, crocodiles, alligators, turtles and amphibians.

Aquaculture facilities include enclosures and pens (water areas confined by net, mesh and other barriers allowing uncontrolled water interchange), cages (open or covered enclosed structure constructed with net, mesh or any porous materials allowing natural water interchange), barrages (semi-permanent or seasonal enclosures formed by impervious man-made barriers and appropriate natural features) and rafts, ropes and stakes (raft, long lines or stakes used to culture shellfish and seaweeds).

2.2 Inland waters used for maintenance and restoration of environmental functions

Protected inland water areas as defined in 1.5. This class includes enhanced areas (areas with enhancement including stocking, fertilization, engineering, predator control, habitat modifications and/or access limits.)

The class excludes protected wetlands (→1.5) and protected coastal waters (→3.2).

2.3 Other uses of inland waters n.e.c.

Inland water areas used for uses not elsewhere classified.

2.4 Inland waters not in use

Inland water areas not used for human activities or for the maintenance and restoration of environmental functions.

Classes for analysis of coastal waters and EEZ areas

The following classes may be used if extended analysis of a country’s economic territory (i.e., beyond land and inland waters) is being undertaken.

3.1 Coastal waters used for aquaculture or holding facilities

Coastal waters that are used for marine aquaculture facilities including supporting facilities. Aquaculture refers to the farming of aquatic organisms: fish, molluscs, crustaceans, aquatic plants, crocodiles, alligators, turtles and amphibians. Aquaculture facilities include enclosures and pens (water areas confined by net, mesh and other barriers allowing uncontrolled water interchange), cages (open or covered enclosed structure constructed with net, mesh or any porous materials allowing natural water interchange), barrages (semi-permanent or seasonal enclosures formed by impervious man-made barriers and appropriate natural features), and rafts, ropes and stakes (raft, long lines or stakes used to culture shellfish and seaweeds).

This category includes:

• Oyster beds and other types of shellfish (mussels, clams, abalones and scallops)

• Bodies of water used for seaweed production

• Bodies of water used for fish rearing

3.2 Coastal waters used for maintenance and restoration of environmental functions

Protected marine areas defined consistently with class 015. This class includes enhanced areas (areas with enhancement including stocking, fertilization, engineering, predator control, habitat modifications and/or access limits)

3.3 Other uses of coastal waters n.e.c.

Coastal waters used for uses not elsewhere classified.

3.4 Coastal waters not in use

Coastal waters not used for human activities or for the maintenance and restoration of environmental functions.

4.1 EEZ areas used for aquaculture or holding facilities

Defined consistently with class 3.1.

4.2 EEZ areas used for maintenance and restoration of environmental functions

Defined consistently with class 3.2.

4.3 Other uses of EEZ areas n.e.c.

Defined consistently with class 3.3.

4.4 EEZ areas not in use

Defined consistently with class 3.4.