Back Matter
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Mr. Aditya Narain
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https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1103-7119
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Ms. Inci Ötker https://isni.org/isni/0000000404811396 International Monetary Fund

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Ceyla Pazarbasioglu https://isni.org/isni/0000000404811396 International Monetary Fund

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Abstract

The IMF, with the Bank for International Settlements and the Financial Stability Board, has been at the forefront of discussions on reform of the global financial system to reduce the possibility of future crises, as well as to limit the consequences if they do occur. The policy choices are both urgent and challenging, and are complicated by the relationship between sovereign debt and risks to the banking sector. Building a More Resilient Financial Sector describes the key elements of the reform agenda, including tighter regulation and more effective supervision; greater transparency to strengthen market discipline and limit incentives for risk taking; coherent mechanisms for resolution of failed institutions; and effective safety nets to limit the impact on the financial system of institutions viewed as "too big to fail." Finally, the book takes a look ahead at how the financial system is likely to be shaped by the efforts of policymakers and the private sector response.

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Index

[Page numbers followed by f, n, or t refer to figures, footnotes, or tables, respectively.]

A

  • Accountability

    • of macroprudential authorities, 30

    • subsidiarization rationale, 226

    • of supervisors, 5, 20, 21, 93, 94

B

  • Bail-in proposals, 151–153, 172

  • Bank for International Settlements, 5, 24, 29, 30, 258

  • Bank holding companies, 54, 201, 204, 205, 207, 209

  • Bank Holding Companies Act, 205

  • Basel Committee on Banking Supervision

    • capital and liquidity requirements, 3, 18, 38, 43–52, 57, 161, 182–183

    • countercyclical risk calculation, 29, 41–42

    • Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision, 87, 88–89

    • Cross-Border Bank Resolution Group, 101, 110–112, 125–127, 191

    • in future of regulatory reform, 258

    • minimum common equity ratio, 144, 163–164

    • phased implementation of capital and liquidity rules, 4, 18–20, 19t, 40, 41t, 46, 64t, 182

    • point of nonviability proposal, 169–170

    • regulatory reform proposals, 38–40

    • on supervision of cross-border operations, 58, 234–235

  • Bear Sterns, 72

C

  • Capital and liquidity buffers

    • composition, 19–20, 40, 43, 54, 63–64

    • current reform efforts, 3

    • effects of reform proposals on LCFIs, 43–52, 57

    • effects of reform proposals on size of financial system, 254

    • goals for financial system, 1, 16

    • goals of new prudential regulation, 78

    • intangible and qualified assets in, 19–20, 40, 63

    • macroeconomic impact of reforms, 18

    • market-maker obligations to improve, 81

    • methodology for estimating impact of reforms, 61–64

    • origins of global financial crisis, 14, 18

    • phased implementation of Basel III requirements, 4, 18–20, 19t, 40, 41t, 46, 64t, 182

    • reforms in response to global crisis, 18–20, 40–41, 163–164, 182–183

    • risks for centralized LCFIs, 104–105

    • safeguards to prevent systemic risk, 57–58

    • for SIFIs, 8, 145–146, 154, 170, 171

    • See also Contingent capital instruments

  • Central banks

    • access to discount withdrawal facility, 201

    • access to emergency liquidity facilities of, 28, 120, 121, 146, 165, 172

    • in development and use of macroprudential policies, 30

    • regulator relationship, 93

    • risk assessment activities, 82

  • Central counterparties clearance, 27–28, 257

  • Choice between branch and subsidiary structure

    • business model considerations, 226–227, 229–230

    • cost considerations, 225, 237, 242–244

    • credit supply considerations, 232–233

    • current geographical distribution, 227, 231–232t

    • degrees of centralization, 222, 223–224

    • determinants of, 222, 228–230, 238

    • financial stability and, 223–227

    • home/host country factors in, 227, 228–229

    • liquidity management considerations, 226

    • management structure and function, 224

    • policymaker perspective, 232–237, 238

    • resolution considerations, 236–237, 239

    • risk management considerations, 226, 238–239

    • sharing of affiliate losses, 225, 235

    • stand-alone subsidiarization, 236, 241–242t

    • supervision responsibility, 222, 233, 234–235

    • trade-offs in, 221–222, 235–236

    • vulnerability to shocks, 225, 233–235

    • See also Cross-border operations; Subsidiarization

  • Clearing and settlement activities, 27, 54, 77, 79, 81, 127, 226, 257

  • Collateralized debt instruments, 80

  • Collateral valuation, 27

  • Competition

    • distortions associated with SIFIs, 136

    • expected reform outcomes, 11

    • goals for financial system, 1, 17

    • Volcker Rule effects, 209

  • Concentration of banking system, 39f, 134n, 255–256

  • Contingent capital instruments

    • applications, 165, 173

    • conversion rate, 166–167, 180–181t

    • in crisis management framework, 8, 26, 173

    • current interest in, 145, 161

    • with debt write-off features, 166–167

    • design, 173

    • distinctive features, 163

    • future prospects, 167–169, 173

    • versus hybrid instruments, 163, 182–184

    • as loss-absorbing buffer, 170–172

    • modeling of, 163, 173–177

    • monitoring, 173

    • purpose, 162

    • rationale, 8, 145, 161, 163–164

    • recent implementations, 169–172

    • tax and regulatory treatment, 167–168

    • trigger conditions, 26, 164–166, 169–170, 173, 178–179t

  • Contingent convertible bonds. See Contingent capital instruments

  • Counterparty risk, 252, 254, 257

    • Basel Committee proposals, 18, 40, 61, 140

    • branch versus subsidiary model, 226

    • concerns, 27

    • oversight, 73, 76, 81

    • requirements for ring-fenced banks, 211, 214

  • Credit default swaps, 80, 252

  • Credit rating agencies, 28, 204

  • Cross-border operations

    • centralization decisions, 222

    • crisis prevention and preparedness, 109, 111

    • future prospects, 254–255

    • growth of, 103–104

    • implementation of recovery and resolution plans, 192

    • implications for utility banking proposals, 200

    • international standards for supervision, 108

    • need for international coordination on, 237

    • origins of global financial crisis, 2, 38, 238

    • proposal for subsidiary structure of SIFIs, 10, 56–57, 112, 143–144, 190–191

    • as source of systemic risk for host jurisdiction, 105

    • Spanish model, 239–240

    • structure and organization, 104–105, 221–223

    • supervisory function in, 96, 103, 233, 234–235

    • See also Choice between branch and subsidiary structure; Resolution framework for cross-border banks

D

  • Deferred tax assets, 63–64

  • Deposit guarantee scheme, 120

  • Derivatives markets

    • clearing facilities, 257

    • effects of reforms, 52, 54–55

    • evolution of financial industry supervision, 74, 84

    • scope of regulation, 81

    • strategies for improving resilience of, 27–28

    • systemic risk prevention, 141n

  • Dodd-Frank Act, 54–55, 142, 150 See also Volcker Rule

E

  • Economic growth

    • effect of capital and liquidity requirement reforms, 18

    • future prospects, 252–253

    • goals of financial system reform, 3, 247

    • risk taking and, 16, 248

    • size of financial sector, 15f

F

  • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 114n

  • Financial Sector Assessment Program, 20, 32, 87, 258–259

  • Financial Stability Board, 1, 5, 13, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 58, 95, 111, 135, 161, 186, 207, 258

  • Financial stability contributions, 22, 25–26

  • Financial Stability Oversight Council, 207, 208t

  • Financial system reforms, generally

    • effects on markets, 256–257

    • effects on size of financial system, 254

    • effects on structure of banking system, 255–256

    • future prospects, 12, 15–16, 32, 248–249, 251–257

    • goals, 1, 2, 3, 11–12, 16–17, 31–32, 247

    • macroprudential strategies for enhancing resilience, 24–30

    • rationale, 59–60t

    • response to global crisis, 2, 3f, 11, 13, 15–16, 35–36, 38–42, 247, 251

    • role of International Monetary Fund, 258–259

    • See also Implementation of reforms; Regulation

  • Fixed income, commodities, and credit instruments, 54–55

  • Fortis Group, 109, 110

G

  • Glass-Steagall restrictions, 142, 204–205

  • Global financial crisis

    • bail-out rationale for TITFs, 194

    • determinants of country outcomes, 83

    • effects of hybrid capital instruments, 163

    • lessons of, 75, 247

    • origins of, 1–2, 13, 14–15, 27, 35, 37–38, 37f, 73–75, 86, 134, 161, 201–202, 218, 238, 247, 249–251

    • reform efforts in response to, 2, 3f, 11, 13, 15–16, 35–36, 38–42, 72–73, 161

    • regulatory approach preceding, 71–72

    • supervision failures in, 86–87

  • Global systemically important banks, 145, 170

  • Group of Twenty, 1, 13, 22, 27, 30, 38, 71, 96, 101, 186

H

  • Hedge funds

    • assessment challenges, 207

    • contingent capital instruments market and, 168, 182

    • Glass-Steagall restrictions, 205

    • rationale for regulation, 76, 203

    • regulatory response to crises, 72, 73, 76

    • Volcker Rule requirements, 26, 52, 54, 142, 204, 207

  • Household borrowing, 249

  • Household borrowing and saving, 254

I

  • Implementation of reforms

    • international framework for resolution, 23–24, 58, 102, 124–125

    • key tasks, 3

    • monitoring effects of, 31

    • need for global consistency and coordination in, 11, 31, 32, 56, 58, 101

    • phased-in capital and liquidity requirements, 4, 18–20, 19t, 40, 41t, 46

    • policy implications of SIFI reform proposals, 216–217

    • prevention of unintended consequences of regulatory reforms, 75

    • private sector role in, 3, 13

    • recovery and resolution plans, 9, 151, 188–189, 191

    • role of international institutions, 13, 32, 33t, 258–259

    • significance of, in reform effectiveness, 87

    • systemic risk shifting in response to, 4, 8, 36, 56, 193, 195, 200, 216–217

  • Independent Commission on Banking (United Kingdom), 144, 204, 209–215, 216

  • Insurance, bank involvement in

    • Basel capital requirements, 45, 53

    • globalization trends, 103

    • market value of, 156

    • principles of supervision, 90

    • reforms in response to global crisis, 72–73

    • supervision before global crisis, 84

  • Interest rates

    • competitive advantages of SIFIs, 136, 136f

    • macroprudential policies to reduce systemic risk, 30

  • International Accounting Standards Board, 258

  • International Association of Deposit Insurers, 258

  • International Association of Insurance Supervisors, 82, 87, 90

  • International Monetary Fund, 2, 5, 13, 17, 18, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33t, 58, 147, 255, 258–259

  • International Organization of Securities Commissions, 80, 81, 82, 87, 89–90, 258

  • International Swaps and Derivatives Association, 127

  • Investment banks

    • branch versus subsidiary structure, 226–227

    • definition, 156

    • effects of regulatory proposals, 52, 53f, 54–55

    • proposed capital and liquidity requirements, 4, 44–45, 52

    • Volcker Rule requirements, 203

L

  • Large and complex financial institutions (LCFIs)

    • asset composition leading up to crisis, 38

    • definition, 35n

    • effects of proposed capital requirements, 42–47, 61–64

    • effects of proposed liquidity requirements, 42–43, 47–52, 48t

    • effects of proposed regulations, 36–37, 56

    • evolution of financial industry supervision, 85

    • financial system reform needs, 2

    • growth of, 103–104

    • origins of global financial crisis, 2, 35, 37–38, 134, 251

    • reform efforts in response to global crisis, 36

    • risks for centralized organizations, 104–105

    • structure and organization, 104

    • See also Systemically important financial institutions (SIFIs)

  • Lehman Brothers, 22, 27, 72, 109, 110

  • Leveraging of financial system

    • current reform requirements, 40

    • filter rule test, 218–220

    • goals of new prudential regulation, 78

    • origins of global financial crisis, 14, 218, 250

    • rationale for regulation, 75–76, 77

  • Liquidity Coverage Ratio, 40

  • Living wills. See Recovery and resolution plans

  • Long-Term Capital Management, 73, 76

M

  • Macroprudential policies

    • financial system reform needs, 3, 30

    • goals for financial system reform, 17

    • monetary policy and, 30

    • reform rationale, 59–60t

    • reforms in response to global crisis, 2, 41–42

    • research needs, 30, 31

    • strategies for increasing systemic resilience, 24–29

  • Market functioning

    • branch versus subsidiary structure considerations, 227, 230, 233

    • distortions associated with SIFIs, 136–137

    • entry and exit, 1, 17

    • future prospects, 256–257

    • origins of global financial crisis, 72, 75

    • strategies for enhancing resilience in, 27–29

    • transparency, 29

  • Microprudential policies

    • goals for financial system reform, 17

    • reform rationale, 59–60t

    • reforms in response to global crisis, 2

    • strategies for increasing institutional resilience, 17–24

  • Mortgage servicing rights, 64

N

  • Narrow funding banks, 193, 195, 201–202, 217

  • Net stable funding ratio, 19, 40–41, 49

    • methodology for assessing impact of, 65–66t

  • Nonbank financial system

    • future prospects, 253

    • in global financial crisis, 15

    • growth of, 16f, 250

    • regulatory goals, 17, 19, 31, 253

    • resolution, 6, 23, 103, 106, 150

O

  • Off-balance-sheet activities

    • accounting rules, 29, 149

    • current status, 15

    • regulatory reforms, 72

    • supervision, 86, 91

    • trends before global crisis, 35, 72, 84, 249

P

  • Prevention and preparedness, 109, 111, 251

  • Private equity investments

    • bail-in debt to aid resolution of, 151–153

    • regulatory goals, 76, 82

    • Volcker Rule on, 26, 52, 54, 142, 204, 205

  • Private sector

    • debt-for-equity conversions for resolution, 22–23

    • funding of resolution process, 120–122

    • in implementation of reforms, 3, 13

    • industry views on potential impacts of reforms proposals, 67–69t

    • origins of global crisis, 2

    • supervisor relationship with, 95

  • Procyclicality

    • contingent capital investments and, 8, 170, 173, 183–184

    • current reform efforts, 41–42

    • goal of reforms, 1, 2, 16, 24, 252

    • origins of global financial crisis, 250

    • research needs, 29

  • Proprietary trading

    • complementary regulations to ban on, 216, 217

    • filter rule test, 218–220

    • future prospects, 209, 254

    • LCFI activities, 56n

    • Volcker Rule on, 26, 52, 54, 142, 203, 204, 205, 207, 209

R

  • Rabobank Senior Contingent Notes, 167

  • Recovery and resolution plans, 22

    • benefits, 188, 191

    • in crisis management framework, 186

    • cross-border implementation, 192

    • data needs for, 187, 188–189

    • definition, 185

    • development of, 187–188

    • effects on business strategy, 56–57

    • goals for SIFIs, 186, 237n

    • implementation challenges, 9, 151, 188–189

    • interaction with other plans, 189–191

    • policy implications, 191–192

    • rationale, 9, 151, 185–186

    • recent implementations, 191

    • recovery component, 186–187

    • resolution component, 187

    • structure, 151

    • subsidiarization and, 237

  • Reducing size of SIFIs

    • challenges to, 10, 143

    • potential negative consequences of, 10, 22

    • rationale, 9, 142, 194

    • recent initiatives, 142–143

    • separation of financial and nonfinancial activities, 79–80, 142–143

    • strategies for, 9, 22

    • structural constraints to, 26–27

    • utility banking proposals, 196–201

  • Regulation

    • branch versus subsidiary structure considerations, 227, 228, 233–235

    • of companies with financial and nonfinancial activities, 79–80

    • conduct-of-business, 77

    • of credit rating agencies, 28

    • current compliance with good practices, 20, 21f

    • design of new prudential regulation, 77–80

    • effects of proposals on LCFIs, 36–37

    • financial system reform needs, 2, 3, 31

    • future prospects, 32, 248, 251–257

    • goals for financial system reform, 17, 73, 75–77

    • implications for bank business strategies, 52–56

    • industry views on potential impacts of proposals, 67–69t

    • lessons from global crisis, 4, 75

    • of nonbank institutions, 253

    • organization and governance of, 80

    • origins of global financial crisis, 2, 4, 13, 14, 15, 37–38, 72, 73–75, 86, 247, 250–251

    • prevention of unintended consequences of, 57–58, 72, 75

    • procyclicality risk, 16, 24, 41–42, 147

    • of products, 80–81

    • rationale for limiting, 71–72, 75

    • rationale for wider perimeter of, 4, 17, 58, 71, 75

    • recommendations for expanded perimeter, 73, 75, 82

    • reform challenges, 4–5

    • reforms in response to global crisis, 2, 3f, 11, 13, 15–16, 35–36, 38–42, 72–73, 248, 251

    • research needs, 31

    • scope of financial institutions subject to, 77, 78–79

    • supervision and, 5, 93

    • systemic risk assessment to determine boundaries of, 25, 82

    • systemic risk shifting in response to, 4, 8, 36, 56, 193, 195, 200, 216–217, 253

  • Remuneration practices, 74

  • Repo markets, 27

  • Resolution framework for cross-border banks

    • authority for, 116–117, 125

    • basic elements, 114–115

    • challenges to development, 6, 9

    • communication and information management in, 124

    • coordination standards for, 115, 116–119, 255

    • corporate solvency model, 112–114

    • costs of current approach, 108–109

    • creditor safeguards in, 117, 118

    • Cross-Border Bank Resolution Group initiatives, 110–112, 125–127

    • current status, 150, 255

    • deposit guarantee scheme, 120

    • funding of resolution process, 115, 120–122

    • harmonization of national law for, 116–118

    • implementation issues, 23–24, 58, 102, 124–125

    • leadership for implementation, 122–123

    • modification of national law for, 114, 115–116

    • national frameworks, 105–107

    • need for, 6, 17, 58, 101–102, 103–104, 124, 153, 237, 239

    • nonbank institutions and, 103, 106, 123

    • objectives, 101–102, 251

    • obstacles to, 150

    • proposed structure, 6, 23

    • risk mitigation mechanisms, 126–127

    • scope of activities in, 102

    • strategies for, 22

    • supervision frameworks and, 103, 107, 108, 118–119

    • territoriality approach to insolvencies, 107

    • transfer of contractual relationships, 127

    • treaty approach, 102, 111–112

    • United Nations Model Law, 113, 127–131

    • universality approach to insolvencies, 107, 111–112, 114

    • See also Cross-border operations

  • Resolution of failed institutions

    • bail-in power to aid in, 151–153, 172

    • cross-border banks. See Resolution framework for cross-border banks

    • current status of plans for, 6

    • debt-to-equity conversions for, 22–23, 151

    • funding for cost of, 22

    • goals for financial system, 1, 3, 16, 17

    • lesson from global crisis, 22

    • levy on SIFIs to reduce effects of, 22, 25–26

    • origins of global financial crisis, 251

    • proposed framework, 23–24

    • reform challenges, 6, 23

    • SIFIs, 6–7, 8, 149–151

    • significance of, in reform effort, 6, 22

    • strategies for, 22

    • use of contingent capital instruments, 165, 166

    • See also Recovery and resolution plans

  • Ring-fencing

    • capital costs, 242–244

    • cross-border resolution and, 23, 105, 106, 130

    • motivation, 107, 115, 195, 210

    • policy implications, 195

    • protection from contagion, 211–212

    • recent policy formulations, 142–143, 193, 195, 209–210

    • requirements under, 195, 210–211, 213–214

    • retail operations, 214–215

    • See also Subsidiarization

  • Risk management

    • benefits of utility banking, 197–198

    • counterparty clearance, 257

    • current trends in global financial system, 252–253

    • economic growth and, 16, 248

    • goals of regulation, 75–77

    • goals of Volcker Rule, 203

    • growth of cross-border operations, 104

    • incentives, 73, 79, 248

    • levies and surcharges to improve, 25–26, 144–145, 146–147

    • liquidity risk assessment, 146, 146n

    • models of bailout and, 173–177

    • origins of global financial crisis, 2, 13, 14, 35, 37–38, 72, 73–75, 250–251

    • prevention of unintended consequences of reforms, 57–58, 72, 75, 216–217

    • procyclicality effects, 29

    • rationale for contingent capital instruments, 163, 164–166

    • rationale for limiting prudential regulation, 71–72

    • recommendations for capital and liquidity requirements, 18

    • remuneration practices and, 74

    • securitization and, 28–29

    • shielding ring-fenced banks from contagion, 211–212, 213–214

    • in SIFIs, 8, 194

    • strategies to reduce systemic risk, 25–27, 35–36

    • supervision failures in global financial crisis, 86–87

    • systemic risk assessment, 24–25, 73, 82

    • TITF problem, 133–134

    • in traditional banking, 193–194

    • transparency and disclosure for, 5

    • See also Reducing size of SIFIs; Regulation; Supervision

S

  • Securities market

    • origins of global financial crisis, 74–75

    • reforms in response to global crisis, 72–73

    • scope of regulation, 81

    • Volcker rule effects on competition in, 209

  • Securitization

    • effects of reforms, 52

    • evolution of financial industry supervision, 84

    • future of regulation, 29, 253

    • origins of global financial crisis, 28, 74, 75

    • reforms in response to global crisis, 28–29

  • Shadow banking

    • assets, 71

    • definition, 56n

    • financial sector interconnectedness, 38

    • growth, 16f

    • liabilities preceding crisis, 39f

    • origins of global financial crisis, 15, 38, 39f

    • systemic risk shifting in response to regulation, 4, 8, 36, 56, 193, 195, 200, 216–217, 257

  • Special Investment Vehicles, 76, 77

  • Stand-alone subsidiarization, 236, 241–242t

  • Subsidiarization

    • allowable activities, 210–211

    • assessment challenges, 213–214

    • costs, 144, 190–191, 242–244

    • home/host country policy decisions, 232–237

    • implementation in United Kingdom, 209–215

    • management structure, 212

    • objective, 210

    • organization of retail banking, 214–215

    • protection from contagion, 211–212

    • prudential capital constraints, 212, 212t

    • rationale, 10, 56–57, 112, 143–144, 195, 210

    • restrictions on intragroup transactions, 212, 213–214

    • systemic risk for host jurisdiction in, 105

    • See also Choice between branch and subsidiary structure; Ring-fencing

  • Supervision

    • accountability for, 21, 93, 94

    • agency mandates for, 20, 21

    • characteristics of financial industry oversight, 84

    • colleges, 111, 119n, 255

    • compliance-based, 84

    • of cross-border operations, 96, 222, 233, 234–235

    • current compliance with good practices, 20, 21f, 87–90

    • as determinant of financial crisis outcomes, 83

    • development of recovery and resolution plans, 188

    • enforcement-based, 84

    • evolution of, in financial industry, 84–85

    • financial system reform needs, 2, 3, 17

    • framework for enhancing, 20, 21

    • future prospects, 252

    • goals for new prudential regulation, 78

    • international cooperation in resolution and, 103, 107, 108, 118–119

    • international standards, 98–100t, 108, 118–119, 255

    • legal authority, 92

    • lessons from global crisis, 85

    • objectives, 94

    • operational independence for, 94

    • organization and processes, 93

    • origins of global financial crisis, 2, 13, 86–87, 247, 250–251

    • professional status, 96

    • recommendations for, 95–96

    • reforms in response to global crisis, 72–73

    • regulation and, 5, 93

    • relationships with other agencies, 93

    • relationship with industry, 95

    • requirements for effectiveness, 5, 20, 85, 90–95, 97

    • resources for, 21, 92, 94, 96

    • ring-fenced banks, 213–214

    • risk assessment capacity for, 21

    • risk-based, 84

    • scope of activities in, 83

    • of SIFIs, 5, 8, 147–148

    • significance of, in reform effort, 5, 20, 83

    • strategy for, 21, 93

    • Volcker Rule implementation challenges, 207

  • Swap Push-out Rule, 143

  • Systemically important financial institutions (SIFIs)

    • bail-in power to aid resolution of, 151–153, 172

    • bail-out decisions, 139, 140, 194

    • benefits of, 135–136, 221

    • capital and liquidity buffer requirements, 145–146, 154, 170, 171

    • competitive advantage, 136–137

    • cross-border activity, 138

    • current risk mitigation efforts, 2, 41–42, 42t 140

    • data template for, 5

    • definition, 73, 75–76, 133n

    • design of new prudential regulation, 78–80

    • economies of scale/scope, 155

    • financial stability contributions, 22, 25–26

    • frequency of distress, 138–139, 138f

    • future prospects, 135, 154

    • interconnectedness, 134, 137f, 138

    • interest rates charged to, 136, 136f

    • market value, 155–156

    • origins of global financial crisis, 134, 194

    • outcomes of global financial crisis, 134

    • policy implications of reform proposals, 216–217

    • political influence, 137

    • recent growth, 137, 137f, 139–140

    • recovery and resolution plans, 151, 186

    • reform challenges, 6–8, 143

    • reform goals, 11–12, 73, 135, 140

    • resolution strategies, 22, 149–151

    • risk assessment, 24–25, 73

    • risk-based levies and surcharges, 25–26, 144–145, 146–147

    • risk-based prudential requirements, 25

    • risk of unintended consequences in

    • rescoping of, 195–209, 216–217

    • risks associated with, 194, 221

    • size characteristics, 137–138, 157–159

    • strategies for risk reduction, 8, 25–27, 135, 140, 141–142, 141f, 194–195, 221

    • subsidiarization proposals, 10, 56–57, 105, 112, 143–144, 190–191

    • supervision needs, 5, 147–148

    • transparency of operations, 8, 148–149

    • See also Recovery and resolution plans; Reducing size of SIFIs; Too-important-to-fail institutions

T

  • Taxation

    • branch versus subsidiary structure considerations, 227, 228–229

    • of multinational groups, 104

    • to reduce institutional risk taking, 26

    • risk-related levies and surcharges, 144–147

    • treatment of contingent capital instruments, 167

  • Too-important-to-fail institutions

    • bail-out rationale, in global crisis, 194

    • capital and liquidity buffer requirements, 154

    • contingent capital strategies for, 162–164

    • financial system reform needs, 2

    • nature of risk associated with, 133–134, 153, 221

    • origins of global financial crisis, 2, 15, 134

    • outcomes of global financial crisis, 134

    • strategies to reduce risk from, 153–154, 221

    • See also Recovery and resolution plans; Reducing size of SIFIs; Systemically important financial institutions (SIFIs)

  • Traditional commercial banks

    • efficient size, 155

    • growth, 16f

    • liabilities preceding crisis, 39f

    • ownership concentration, 39f

    • proposed capital and liquidity rules, 4, 52

    • Volcker Rule requirements, 203

  • Transparency

    • to assess systemic risk, 73

    • expected reform outcomes, 11

    • financial system reform needs, 2, 5

    • future prospects, 256–257

    • goals for financial system, 1, 16, 17

    • origins of global financial crisis, 14, 37–38

    • in SIFIs, 8, 148–149

    • significance of, in reform effort, 5

    • strategies for enhancing market stability, 29

U

  • United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, 112–114, 116n, 127–131

  • Universal banks

    • branch versus subsidiary structure, 222, 226–227

    • current capital structure, 43

    • definition, 103n, 156

    • growth of, 103–104, 194

    • proposed capital requirements, 44–45, 46, 53

    • ring-fencing, 209–210, 211, 213

    • SIFI banks, 138, 139, 140

    • transformation into utility banks, 196f, 200–201, 216

    • Volcker Rule and, 52, 54

    • vulnerability to shocks, 194

  • Utility banking

    • adjustment costs, 200–201

    • definition, 196

    • impact analysis, 199t

    • implementation challenges, 200

    • policy implications of SIFI reform proposals, 216–217

    • rationale, 196

    • risk reduction benefits, 197–198

    • scope of proposals for, 196–197, 197f social costs, 198–199

    • transformation of universal banking into, 196f, 201, 216f

V

  • Volcker Rule

    • challenges to implementation, 195

    • effects on competitiveness in securities markets, 54, 209

    • essential requirements, 26, 52, 56, 195, 204–205, 205f, 206t implementation, 204

    • implementation challenges, 193, 205–209

    • Independent Commission on Banking ring-fencing rules and, 214, 215t, 216

    • rationale, 142–143, 203–204

    • risk of unintended consequences, 193, 195, 209

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