Determinants of Growth and Poverty (pp. 15–24)
Abed, George T., 2003, “Unfulfilled Promise: Why the Middle East and North Africa Region Has Lagged in Growth and Globalization,” Finance & Development, Vol. 40, No. 1 (March), pp. 10–14.
Ahmed, Masood, and Hugh Bredenkamp, 2000, “Supporting Poverty Reduction in Low-Income Developing Countries: The International Community’s Response,” Finance & Development, Vol. 37 (December), pp. 10–13.
Akitoby, Bernardin, and Matthias Cinyabuguma, 2003, “Sources of Growth in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A Retrospective and Prospects,” IMF Working Paper (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Alonso-Gamo, Patricia, Annalisa Fedelino, and Sebastian Paris Horvitz, 1997, “Globalization and Growth Prospect in Arab Countries,” IMF Working Paper 97/125 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Aziz, Jahangir, 1996, “Growth Accounting and Growth Processes,” IMF Working Paper 96/116 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Aziz, Jahangir, 2002, “Poverty Dynamics in Rural India,” IMF Working Paper 02/172 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Aziz, Jahangir, and Christoph Duenwald, 2002, “The Growth-Financial Intermediation Nexus in China,” IMF Working Paper 02/194 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Baldacci, Emanuele, Luiz R. de Mello Jr,, and Maria Inchauste-Comboni, 2002, “Financial Crises, Poverty, and Income Distribution,” IMF Working Paper 02/4 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Basu, Anupam, Evangelos Calamitsis, and Dhaneshwar Ghura, 2000, “Promoting Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Learning What Works,” Economic Issues, No. 23 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Basu, Anupam, and Krishna Srinivasan, 2002, “Foreign Direct Investment in Africa,” IMF Working Paper 02/61 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Beddies, Christian, 1999, “Investment, Capital Accumulation, and Growth—Some Evidence from The Gambia 1964–98,” IMF Working Paper 99/117 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Berthélemy, Jean-Claude, and Ludvig Sõderling, 2002, “Will There Be New Emerging-Market Economies in Africa by the Year 2020?” IMF Working Paper 02/131 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bigsten, A., P. Collier, P. Dercon, S. Fafchamps, M. Gauthier, B. Gunning, J. Oostendorp, C. Pattillo, M. Soderbom, F. Teal, and A. Zeufack, 1999, “Investment in Africa’s Manufacturing Sector: A Four Country Panel Data Analysis,” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 61, No. 99/4, pp. 489–512.
Bigsten, A., P. Collier, P. Dercon, S. Fafchamps, M. Gauthier, B. Gunning, J. Oostendorp, C. Pattillo, M. Soderbom, F. Teal, and A. Zeufack, 2000, “Adjustment Costs, Irreversibility, and Investment Patterns in African Manufacturing,” IMF Working Paper 00/99 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bigsten, A., P. Collier, P. Dercon, S. Fafchamps, M. Gauthier, B. Gunning, J. Oostendorp, C. Pattillo, M. Soderbom, F. Teal, and A. Zeufack, 2001, “Exporting and Efficiency in African Manufacturing,” in Policies to Promote Competitiveness in Manufacturing in Sub-Saharan Africa, ed. by A. Fosu, S. Nsouli, and A. Varoudakis (Washington: OECD, IMF, and African Economic Research Consortium).
Bisat, Amer, Mohamed A. El-Erian, and Thomas Helbling, 1997, “Growth, Investment, and Savings in the Arab Economies,” IMF Working Paper 97/85 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Borensztein, Eduardo, José De Gregorio, and Jong-Wha Lee, 1994, “How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth,” IMF Working Paper 94/110 (Washington: International Monetary Fund); also, 1998, Journal of International Economics, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 115–35.
Bossone, Biagio, and Abdourahmane Sarr, 2002, “A New Financial System for Poverty Reduction and Growth,” IMF Working Paper 02/178 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bulíř, Ales, 1998, “Income Inequality—Does Inflation Matter?” IMF Working Paper 88/7 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Calamitsis, Evangelos, Anupam Basu, and Dhaneshwar Ghura, 1999, “Adjustment and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa,” IMF Working Paper 99/51 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Cashin, Paul, and Norman Loayza, 1995, “Paradise Lost? Growth, Convergence, and Migration in the South Pacific,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 42 (September), pp. 608–41.
Cashin, Paul, Paolo Mauro, Catherine A. Pattillo, and Ratna Sahay, 2001, “Macroeconomic Policies and Poverty Reduction: Stylized Facts and an Overview of Research,” IMF Working Paper 01/135 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Cashin, Paul, and Ratna Sahay, 1996, “Internal Migration, Center-State Grants, and Economic Growth in the States of India,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 43 (March), pp. 123–71.
Chand, Sheetal K., and Parthasarathi Shome, 1995, “Poverty Alleviation in a Financial Programming Framework: An Integrated Approach,” IMF Working Paper 95/29 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Chander, Prakash, 2001, “Subsidy Reforms and Poverty Alleviation,” IMF Working Paper 01/126 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Choudhri, Ehsan U., and Dalia Hakura, 2000, “International Trade and Productivity Growth—The Sectoral Effects for Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper 00/17 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Chu, Ke-Young, Hamid Davoodi, and Sanjeev Gupta, 2000, “Income Distribution and Tax and Government Social Spending Policies in Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper 00/62 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Chu, Ke-Young, and Sanjeev Gupta, 1998, “Social Protection in Transition Countries: Emerging Issues,” MOCT-MOST, Economic Policy in Transitional Economies, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 107–23.
Chu, Ke-Young, and Sanjeev Gupta, 1996, Social Safety Nets: Issues and Recent Experiences (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Clements, Benedict, 1997a, “Income Distribution and Social Expenditure in Brazil,” IMF Working Paper 97/120 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Clements, Benedict, 1997b, “The Real Plan, Poverty, and Income Distribution in Brazil,” Finance & Development, Vol. 34 (September), pp. 44–46.
Coe, David T., Elhanan Helpman, and Alexander W. Hoffmaister, 1994, “North-South R&D Spillovers,” IMF Working Paper 94/144 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Collier, Paul, and Catherine Pattillo, eds., 2000, Investment and Risk in Africa (London: Macmillan Press, Ltd).
Corbacho, Ana, Mercedes Garcia-Escribano, and Gabriela Inchauste, 2003, “Argentina: Macroeconomic Crisis and Household Vulnerability,” IMF Working Paper 03/89 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
De Blasio, Guido, 2001, “Resources and Incentives to Reform: A Model and Some Evidence on Sub-Saharan African Countries,” IMF Working Paper 01/86 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
De Gregorio, José, 1991, “Economic Growth in Latin America,” IMF Working Paper 91/71 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Dhonte, Pierre, 1995, “Three Propositions on African Economic Growth,” IMF Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment 95/9 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Dhonte, Pierre, Daudi Ballali, and Gilbert Terrier, 1994, “Economic Trends in Africa: The Economic Performance of Sub-Saharan African Countries,” IMF Working Paper 94/109 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Dhonte, Pierre, Rina Bhattacharya, and Tarik Yousef, 2000, “Demographic Transition in the Middle East—Implications for Growth, Employment, and Housing,” IMF Working Paper 00/41 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Egoumé-Bossogo, Philippe, Ebrima Faal, Raj Nallari, and Ethan Weissman, 2003, Guyana: Experience with Macroeconomic Stabilization, Structural Adjustment, and Poverty Reduction, coordinated by Philippe Egoumé-Bossogo (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Eken, Sena, Thomas Helbling, and Adnan Mazarei, 1997, “Fiscal Policy and Growth in the Middle East and North Africa Region,” IMF Working Paper 97/101 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Eken, Sena, David A. Robalino, and George Schieber, 2003, “Improving Human Development in MENA Will Require a Different Approach to Health, Education, and Social Protection,” Finance & Development, Vol. 40 (March).
Esteve-Volart, Berta, 2000, “Sex Discrimination and Growth,” IMF Working Paper 00/84 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Feltenstein, Andrew, and Shigeru Iwata, 2002, “Why Is It So Hard to Finance Budget Deficits? Problems of a Developing Country,” IMF Working Paper 02/95 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Garibaldi, Pietro, Nada Mora, Ratna Sahay, and Jeromin Zettelmeyer, 2002, “What Moves Capital to Transition Economies?” IMF Working Paper 02/64 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gerson, Philip R., 1998, “Poverty, Income Distribution, and Economic Policy in the Philippines,” IMF Working Paper 98/20 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ghosh, Atish R., and Steven Phillips, 1998, “Inflation, Disinflation, and Growth,” IMF Working Paper 98/68 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ghura, Dhaneshwar, 1997, “Private Investment and Endogenous Growth—Evidence from Cameroon,” IMF Working Paper 97/165 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ghura, Dhaneshwar, and Barry Goodwin, 2000, “Determinants of Private Investment: A Cross-Regional Empirical Investigation,” Applied Economics, Vol. 32 (November), pp. 1819–29.
Ghura, Dhaneshwar, Carlos A. Leite, and Charalambos Tsangarides, 2002, “Is Growth Enough? Macroeconomics Policy and Poverty Reduction,” IMF Working Paper 02/118 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Goldsbrough, D., S. Coorey, L. Dicks-Mireaux, Kochhar B. Horvath, K. M. Mecagni, E. Offerdal, and J. Zhou, 1996, Reinvigorating Growth in Developing Countries: Lessons from Adjustment Policies in Eight Economies, IMF Occasional Paper No. 139 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gotur, Padma, 1991, “Bangladesh: Economic Reform Measures and the Poor,” IMF Working Paper 91/39 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, Benedict Clements, Emanuele Baldacci, and Carlos Mulas-Granados, 2002a, “Expenditure Composition, Fiscal Adjustment and Growth in Low-Income Countries,” IMF Working Paper 02/77 (Washington: International Monetary Fund); also forthcoming in Journal of International Money and Finance.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Benedict Clements, Maria Teresa Guin-Siu, and Luc Leruth, 2002b, “Debt Relief and Public Health Spending in Heavily Indebted Poor Countries,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 151–57.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Michael Keen, Benedict Clements, Kevin Fletcher, Luiz de Mello, and Muthukumara Mani, 2002c, “Fiscal Dimensions of Sustainable Development,” IMF Pamphlet Series, No. 54 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, Benedict Clements, and Erwin Tiongson, 2003, “Foreign Aid and Consumption Smoothing: Evidence from Global Food Aid,” IMF Working Paper 03/40 (Washington: International Monetary Fund); also forthcoming in Review of Development Economics.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Hamid Davoodi, and Rosa Alonso-Terme, 2002, “Does Corruption Affect Income Inequality and Poverty,” Economics of Governance, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 23–45.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Calvin McDonald, Christian Schiller, MarijnVerhoeven, Zeljko Bogetic, and Gerd Schwartz, 1998, “Mitigating the Costs of the Asian Crisis,” Finance & Development, Vol. 35 (September), pp. 18–21.
Gylfason, Thorvaldur, 1997, “Exports, Inflation, and Growth,” IMF Working Paper 97/119 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Haacker, Markus, 2001, “Providing Health Care to HIV Patients in Southern Africa,” IMF Policy Discussion Paper 01/03 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Haacker, Markus, 2002a, “Modeling the Macroeconomic Impact of HIV/AIDS,” IMF Working Paper 02/195 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Haacker, Markus, 2002b, “The Economic Consequences of HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa,” IMF Working Paper 02/38 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Haacker, Markus, and Nicholas Crafts, 2003, “Welfare Implications of HIV/AIDS,” IMF Working Paper 03/118 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hadjimichael, Michael T., and Dhaneshwar Ghura, 1995a, “Public Policies and Private Savings and Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Empirical Investigation,” IMF Working Paper 95/19 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hadjimichael, Michael T., and Dhaneshwar Ghura, 1995b, “Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa,” IMF Working Paper 95/136 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hadjimichael, Michael T., Martin Muhleisen, Roger Nord, and E. Murat Ucer, 1994, “Effects of Macroeconomic Stability on Growth, Savings, and Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa—An Empirical Investigation,” IMF Working Paper 94/98 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hadjimichael, Michael T., Martin Muhleisen, Roger Nord, and F. Murat Ucer, 1995, Sub-Saharan Africa: Growth, Savings, and Investment 1986-93, IMF Occasional Paper No. 118 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hadjimichael, Michael T., Michael Nowak, Robert Sharer, and Amor Tahari, 1996, Adjustment for Growth: The African Experience, IMF Occasional Paper No. 143 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Haque, Nadeem U., Aasim M. Husain, and Peter Montiel, 1991, “An Empirical ‘Dependent Economy’ Model for Pakistan,” IMF Working Paper 91/102 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hernández-Catá, Ernesto, 2000, “Raising Growth and Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa—What Can Be Done?” IMF Policy Discussion Paper 00/4 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hillman, Arye, 2000, “Poverty, Inequality, and Unethical Behavior of the Strong,” IMF Working Paper 00/187 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hoffmaister, Alex, Jorge Roldós, and Peter Wickham, 1998, “Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 45 (March), pp. 132–60.
Holden, Paul, and Vassili Prokopenko, 2001, “Financial Development and Poverty Alleviation: Issues and Policy Implications for Developing and Transition Countries,” IMF Working Paper 01/160 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Huang, Haizhou, and Xu Chenggang, 1999, “Institutions, Innovations, and Growth,” IMF Working Paper 99/34 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
International Monetary Fund, Fiscal Affairs Department, 1998, “Should Equity Be a Goal of Economic Policy?” Finance & Development, Vol. 35 (September), pp. 2–5.
International Monetary Fund, Fiscal Affairs Department, Middle East Department, 2002, “Long-Term Growth in Pakistan: Trends in Productivity and Factor Accumulation,” Selected Issues for the 2002 Article IV Consultation Discussions with Pakistan (Washington).
Iwata, Shigeru, Mohsin S. Khan, and Hiroshi Murao, 2002, “Sources of Economic Growth in East Asia: A Nonparametric Assessment,” IMF Working Paper 02/13 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Jonsson, Gunnar, and Arvind Subramanian, 2000, “Dynamic Gains from Trade—Evidence from South Africa,” IMF Working Paper 00/45 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Jung, Hong-Sang, and Erik Thorbecke, 2001, “The Impact of Public Education Expenditure on Human Capital, Growth, and Poverty in Tanzania and Zambia: A General Equilibrium Approach,” IMF Working Paper 01/106 (Washington: International Monetary Fund); also forthcoming in Journal of Policy Modeling.
Kapur, Ishan, Michael T. Hadjimichael, Paul Hilbers, Jerald Schiff, and Philippe Szymczak, 1991, Ghana: Adjustment and Growth, 1983-91, IMF Occasional Paper No. 91/86 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Khan, Mahmood H., 2000, “Rural Poverty in Developing Countries—Issues and Policies, IMF Working Paper 00/78 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Khan, Mahmood H., 2002a, “When Is Economic Growth Pro-Poor? Experiences in Malaysia and Pakistan,” IMF Working Paper 02/85 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Khan, Mahmood H., 2002b, “Rural Poverty in Developing Countries: Implications for Public Policy,” Economic Issues, No. 26 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Khan, Mohsin S., and Manmohan S. Kumar, 1993, “Public and Private Investment and the Convergence of Per Capita Incomes in Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper 93/51 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Khan, Mohsin S., and Manmohan S. Kumar, 1997, “Public and Private Investment and the Growth Process in Developing Countries,” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 69–88.
Khan, Mohsin S., Peter Montiel, and Nadeem U. Haque, eds., 1991, Macroeconomic Models for Adjustment in Developing Countries (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Khan, Mohsin S., and Abdelhak S. Senhadji, 2000a, “Financial Development and Economic Growth: An Overview,” IMF Working Paper 00/209 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Khan, Mohsin S., and Abdelhak S. Senhadji, 2000b, “Threshold Effects in the Relationship Between Inflation and Growth,” IMF Working Paper 00/110 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Kim, Se-Jik, and Yon Jin Kim, 1999, “Growth Gains from Trade and Education,” IMF Working Paper 99/23 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Leite, Carlos, and Jens Weidmann, 1999, “Does Mother Nature Corrupt—Natural Resources, Corruption, and Economic Growth,” IMF Working Paper 99/85 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ley, Eduardox, and Mark Steel, 1999, “We Just Averaged Over Two Trillion Cross-Country Growth Regressions,” IMF Working Paper 99/101 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Lim, Ewe-Ghee, 2001, “Determinants of, and the Relation Between, Foreign Direct Investment and Growth: A Summary of the Recent Literature,” IMF Working Paper 01/175 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Lopes, Paulo S., and Emilio Sacerdoti, 1991, “Mozambique—Economic Rehabilitation and the Poor,” IMF Working Paper 91/101 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Loungani, Prakash N., and Phillip L. Swagel, 2001, “Sources of Inflation in Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper 01/198 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ma, Henry, 1998, “Inflation, Uncertainty, and Growth in Colombia,” IMF Working Paper 98/161 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
MacFarlan, Maitland, and Silvia Sgherri, 2001, “The Macroeconomic Impact of HIV/AIDS in Botswana,” IMF Working Paper 01/80 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Masson, Paul R., 2001, “Migration, Human Capital, and Poverty in a Dual-Economy of a Developing Country,” IMF Working Paper 01/28 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Masson, Paul R., Tamim Bayoumi, and Hossein Samiei, 1995, “International Evidence on the Determinants of Private Saving,” IMF Working Paper 95/51 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Mauro, Paolo, 2002, “The Persistence of Corruption and Slow Economic Growth,” IMF Working Paper 02/213 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
McDonald, Calvin, Christian Schiller, and Kenichi Ueda, 1999, “Income Distribution, Informal Safety Nets, and Social Expenditures in Uganda,” IMF Working Paper 99/163 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Mendoza, Enrique G., Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti, and Patrick K. Asea, 1995, “Do Taxes Matter for Long-Run Growth? Harberger’s Superneutrality Conjecture,” IMF Working Paper 95/79 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Mendoza, Enrique G., Gian Maria Milest-Ferretti, and Patrick K. Asea, 1997, “On the Ineffectiveness of Tax Policy in Promoting Long-Run Growth: Harberger’s Superneutrality Conjecture,” Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 66 (October), pp. 99–126.
Mengistae, Taye, and Catherine Pattillo, 2002, “Export Orientation and Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa,” IMF Working Paper 02/89 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Morales, Armando, 1998, “Determinants of Growth in an Error-Correction Model for El Salvador,” IMF Working Paper 98/104 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Moser, GaryG., and Toshihiro Ichida, 2001, “Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa,” IMF Working Paper 01/112 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Mühleisen, Martin, 1997, “Improving India’s Saving Performance,” IMF Working Paper 97/4 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Nord, Roger, Michael Mered, Nisha Agrawal, and Zafar Ahmed, 1993, “Structural Adjustment, Economic Performance, and Aid Dependency in Tanzania,” IMF Working Paper 93/66 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ogaki, Masao, Jonathan D. Ostry, and Carmen M. Reinhart, 1995, “Saving Behavior in Low- and Middle-Income Developing Countries: A Comparison,” IMF Working Paper 95/3 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ostry, Jonathan D., and Carmen M. Reinhart, 1992, “Private Saving and Terms of Trade Shocks: Evidence from Developing Countries,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 39 (September), pp. 495–517.
Pattillo, Catherine, 1998a, “Investment, Uncertainty, and Irreversibility in Ghana,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 45 (September), pp. 522–53.
Pattillo, Catherine, 1998b, “Economic Security, Private Investment, and Growth in Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper 98/4 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Pattillo, Catherine, 2000, “Risk, Financial Constraints, and Equipment Investment in Ghana: A Firm-Level Analysis,” ed. by P. Collier and C. Pattillo, in Investment and Risk in Africa (London: Macmillan Press, Ltd).
Pattillo, Catherine A., Hélène K. Poirson, and Luca Ricci, 2002, “External Debt and Growth,” IMF Working Paper 02/69 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Poirson, Hélène, 2000, “The Impact of Intersectoral Labor Reallocation on Economic Growth,” IMF Working Paper 00/104 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Robb, Caroline M. Kende, 2003, “Poverty and Social Impact Analysis—Linking Macroeconomic Policies to Poverty Outcomes: Summary of Early Experiences,” IMF Working Paper 03/43 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Rodlauer, M., P. Loungani, V. Arora, C. Christofides, E. G. de la Piedra, P. Kongsamut, K. Kostial, V. Summers, and A. Vamvakidis, 2000, Philippines: Toward Sustainable and Rapid Growth, IMF Occasional Paper No. 187 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Sacerdoti, Emilio, Sonia Brunschwig, and Jon Tang, 1998, “The Impact of Human Capital on Growth—Evidence from West Africa,” IMF Working Paper 98/162 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Sala-i-Martin, Xavier, 1996, “Transfers, Social Safety Nets, and Economic Growth,” IMF Working Paper 96/40 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Sakr, Khaled, 1993, “Determinants of Private Investment in Pakistan,” IMF Working Paper 93/30 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Sarel, Michael, 1994, “Demographic Dynamics and the Empirics of Economic Growth,” IMF Working Paper 94/143 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Sarel, Michael, 1995, “Nonlinear Effects of Inflation on Economic Growth,” IMF Working Paper 95/56 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Sarel, Michael, 1997, “How Macroeconomic Factors Affect Income Distribution—The Cross-Country Evidence,” IMF Working Paper 97/152 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Senhadji, Abdelhak, 1999, “Sources of Economic Growth—An Extensive Growth Accounting Exercise,” IMF Working Paper 99/77 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Senhadji, Abdelhak, 2002, “Sources of Economic Growth,” IMF Research Bulletin, Vol. 3 (September), pp. 1–4.
Sharer, Robert L., Hema R. De Zoysa, and Calvin A. McDonald, 1995, Uganda: Adjustment with Growth, 1987-94, IMF Occasional Paper No. 95/121 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Söderling, Ludvig, 2002, “Escaping the Curse of Oil? The Case of Gabon,” IMF Working Paper 02/93 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Staff of the IMF, 1995, Social Dimensions of the IMF’s Policy Dialogue, IMF Pamphlet Series, No. 47 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Staff of the World Bank, 2002, “Poverty and Human Development,” in Selected Issues for the 2002 Article IV Consultation Discussions with Pakistan (Washington: World Bank).
Staffs of the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, and International Monetary Fund, 2001, “Social Safety Nets in Response to Crisis: Lessons and Guidelines from Asia and Latin America,” IMF Board Paper SM/01/86 (March) (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Subramanian, Arvind, and Devesh Roy, 2001, “Who Can Explain the Mauritian Miracle: Meade, Romer, Sachs, or Rodrik?” IMF Working Paper 01/116 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Tanzi, Vito, 1998, “Fundamental Determinants of Inequality and the Role of Government,” IMF Working Paper 98/178 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Tanzi, Vito, and Ke-Young Chu, eds., 1998, Income Distribution and High-Quality Growth (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press).
Tanzi, Vito, and Ke-Young Chu, and Sanjeev Gupta, eds., 1999, Economic Policy and Equity (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Taube, Günther, and Jeromin Zettelmeyer, 1998, “Output Decline and Recovery in Uzbekistan—Past Performance and Future Prospects,” IMF Working Paper 98/132 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Thomas, Saji, and Sudharshan Canagarajah, 2002, “Poverty in a Wealthy Economy: The Case of Nigeria,” IMF Working Paper 02/114 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Zettelmeyer, Jeromin, 1998, “The Uzbek Growth Puzzle,” IMF Working Paper 98/133 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Fiscal Policy and Poverty Reduction (pp. 24–25)
Abed, George, Liam P. Ebrill, Sanjeev Gupta, Benedict Clements, Ronald McMorran, Anthony Pellechio, Jerald Schiff, and Marijn Verhoeven, 1998, Fiscal Reform in Low-Income Countries: Experience Under IMF-Supported Programs, IMF Occasional Paper No. 160 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Abed, George, and Sanjeev Gupta, 2002, Governance, Corruption, and Economic Performance (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ahmad, S. Ehtisham, 1993, “Poverty, Demographic Characteristics, and Public Policy in CIS Countries,” IMF Working Paper 93/9 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ahmad, S. Ehusham, and Nigel Chalk, 1993, “On Improving Public Expenditure Policies for the Poor—Major Informational Requirements,” IMF Working Paper 93/43 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ahmad, S. Ehtisham, and Luc Leruth, 2000, “Indonesia: Implementing National Policies in a Decentralized Context—Special Purpose Programs to Protect the Poor,” IMF Working Paper 00/102 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bakoup, Ferdinand, Abdelrahmi Bessaha, and Luca Errico, 1995, “Regional Integration in Eastern and Southern Africa: The Cross-Border Initiative and its Fiscal Implications,” IMF Working Paper 95/23 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Baldacci, Emanuele, Luiz de Mello Jr,, and Gabriela Inchauste, 2002, “Financial Crises, Poverty, and Income Distribution,” IMF Working Paper 02/4 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Baldacci, Emanuele, Maria Teresa Guin-Siu, and Luiz de Mello, 2003, “More on the Effectiveness of Public Spending on Health Care and Education: A Covariance Structure Model,” Journal of International Development, Vol. 15, pp. 709–25; also, 2002, IMF Working Paper 02/90 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bouley, Dominique, Jerome Fournel, and Luc E. Leruth, 2002, “How Do Treasury Systems Operate in Sub-Saharan Francophone Africa?” IMF Working Paper 02/58 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Cashin, Paul, Nadeem U. Haque, and Nilss Olekalns, 2002, “Tax Smoothing, Tax Tilting, and Fiscal Sustainability in Pakistan,” Economic Modeling, Vol. 20, pp. 47–67; also, 1999, IMF Working Paper 99/63 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Cashin, Paul, Nilss Olekalns, and Ratna Sahay, 2001, “Tax Smoothing, Financial Repression, and Fiscal Deficits in India,” in India at the Crossroads—Sustaining Growth and Reducing Poverty,” ed. by T. Callen, P. Reynolds, and C. Towe (Washington: International Monetary Fund), pp. 53–74; also, 1998, IMF Working Paper 98/122 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Chelliah, Raja J., 1991, “The Growth of Indian Public Debt—Dimensions of the Problem and Corrective Measures,” IMF Working Paper 91/72 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Chen, Duanjie, John Matovu, and Ritva Reinikka, 2001, “A Quest for Revenue and Tax Incidence in Uganda,” IMF Working Paper 01/24 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Chu, Ke-Young, Hamid Davoodi, and Sanjeev Gupta, 2000, “Income Distribution and Tax and Government Social Spending Policies in Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper 00/62 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Chu, Ke-Young, and Sanjeev Gupta, 1996, “Social Protection in Transition Countries: Emerging Issues,” MOCT—MOST, Economic Policy in Transitional Economies, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 107–23.
Chu, Ke-Young, and Sanjeev Gupta, 1998, Social Safety Nets: Issues and Recent Experiences (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Chu, Ke-Young, and Sanjeev Gupta, Benedict Clements, Daniel Hewitt, Sergio Lugaresi, Jerald Schiff, Ludger Schuknecht, and Gerd Schwartz, 1995, Unproductive Public Expenditures: A Pragmatic Approach to Policy Analysis, IMF Pamphlet Series, No. 48 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Chu, Ke-Young, and Richard Hemming, 1991, Public Expenditure Handbook: A Guide to Public Expenditure Policy Issues in Developing Countries (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Clements, Benedict, 1997a, “Income Distribution and Social Expenditure in Brazil,” IMF Working Paper 97/120 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Clements, Benedict, 1997b, “The Real Plan, Poverty, and Income Distribution in Brazil,” Finance & Development, Vol. 34 (September), pp. 44–46.
Corbacho, Ana, and Hamid R. Davoodi, 2002, “Expenditure Issues and Governance in Central America,” IMF Working Paper 02/187 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Corbacho, Ana, and Gerd J. Schwartz, 2002, “Mexico: Experiences with Pro-Poor Expenditure Policies,” IMF Working Paper 02/12 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Cordelia, Tito, and Giovanni Dell’Arccia, 2003, “Budget Support versus Project Aid,” IMF Working Paper 03/88 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Dabla-Norris, Era, and John M. Matovu, 2002, “Composition of Government Expenditures and Demand for Education in Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper 02/78 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Davoodi, Hamid, Erwin Tiongson, and Sawitree S. Asawanuchit, 2003, “How Useful Is Benefit Incidence Analysis of Social Spending?” IMF Working Paper (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
de Mello Jr., Luiz R,, and Erwin H. Tiongson, 2003, “Income Inequality and Redistributive Government Spending,” IMF Working Paper 03/14 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Doré, Ousmane, and Jean-Claude Nachega, 2000, “Budgetary Convergence in the WAEMU: Adjustment Through Revenue or Expenditure?” IMF Working Paper 00/109 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Eken, Sena, Thomas Helbling, and Adnan Mazarei, 1997, “Fiscal Policy and Growth in the Middle East and North Africa Region,” IMF Working Paper 97/101 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Federico, Giulio, James A. Daniel, and Benedict Bingham, 2001, “Domestic Petroleum Price Smoothing in Developing and Transition Countries,” IMF Working Paper 01/75 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gerson, Philip R., 1998, “Poverty, Income Distribution, and Economic Policy in the Philippines,” IMF Working Paper 98/20 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ghura, Dhaneshwar, 1998, “Tax Revenue in Sub-Saharan Africa—Effects of Economic Policies and Corruption,” IMF Working Paper 98/135 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gillingham, Robert, and Daniel Kanda, 2001, “Pension Reform in India,” IMF Working Paper 01/125 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gordon, James, 1997, “The Effect of Increasing Government Employment on Growth: Some Evidence from Africa,” IMF Working Paper 97/33 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, 1999, “Economic Transition and Social Protection: Issues and Agenda for Reform,” Reflets et Perspectives de la Vie Economique, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 139–45.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Benedict Clements, Emanuele Baldacci, and Carlos MulasGranados, 2002a, “Expenditure Composition, Fiscal Adjustment, and Growth in Low-Income Countries,” IMF Working Paper 02/77 (Washington: International Monetary Fund); also forthcoming in Journal of International Money and Finance.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Benedict Clements, Rina Bhattacharya, and Shamit Chakravarti, 2002b, “Fiscal Consequences of Armed Conflict and Terrorism in Low- and Middle-Income Countries,” IMF Working Paper 02/142 (Washington: International Monetary Fund). A shorter version appearing in The European Journal of Political Economy.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Benedict Clements, Rina Bhattacharya, and Shamit Chakravarti, 2002c, “The Elusive Peace Dividend,” Finance & Development, Vol. 39 (December), pp. 49–51.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Benedict Clements, Robert Gillingham, Christian Schiller, Marijn Verhoeven, Rosa Alonso-Terme, and Alexandros Mourmouras, 1999, “Should Equity Be a Goal of Economic Policy?” Economic Issues, No. 16 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, Benedict Clements, Maria Teresa Guin-Siu, and Luc Leruth, 2002d, “Debt Relief and Public Health Spending in Heavily Indebted Poor Countries,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 151–57.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Benedict Clements, Luc Leruth, and Maria Teresa Guin-Siu, 2001, “Debt Relief and Public Health Spending in Heavily Indebted Poor Countries,” Finance & Development, Vol. 38 (September), pp. 10–13.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Benedict Clements, Alexander Pivovarsky, and Erwin Tiongson, 2003, “Foreign Aid and Revenue Response: Does the Composition of Aid Matter?” IMF Working Paper 03/40 (Washington: International Monetary Fund); also forthcoming in Review of Development Economics.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Benedict Clements, and Erwin Tiongson, 1998, “Public Spending on Human Development,” Finance & Development, Vol. 35 (September), pp. 10–13.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Hamid Davoodi, and Erwin Tiongson, 2001, “Corruption and the Provision of Health Care and Educational Services,” in The Political Economy of Corruption, ed. by A. Jain (London: Routledge); also, 2000, IMF Working Paper 00/116 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, Luiz de Mello, and R. Sharan, 2001, “Corruption and Military Spending,” European Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 17 (November), pp. 749–77; also, 2000, IMF Working Paper 00/23 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, Louis Dicks-Mireaux, Ritha Khemani, Calvin McDonald, and Marijn Verhoeven, 2000a, Social Issues in IMF-Supported Programs, IMF Occasional Paper No. 191 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, Brian Hammond, Richard Leete, and Eric Swanson, 2000b, “Progress Toward the International Development Goals,” Finance & Development, Vol. 37 (December), pp. 14–17.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Calvin McDonald, Christian Schiller, Marinus Verhoeven, Zeljko Bogetic, and Gerd Schwartz, 1998a, “Mitigating the Costs of the Asian Crisis,” Finance & Development, Vol. 35 (September), pp. 18–21.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Calvin McDonald, Christian Schiller, Marinus Verhoeven, Zeljko Bogetic, and Gerd Schwartz, 1998b, “Mitigating the Social Costs of the Economic Crisis and the Reform Programs in Asia,” IMF Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment 98/7 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, Mark Plant, Benedict Clements, Thomas Dorsey, Emanuele Baldacci, Gabriela Inchauste, Shamsuddin Tareq, and Nita Thacker, 2002e, Is the PRGF Living Up to Expectations? An Assessment of Program Design, IMF Occasional Paper No. 216 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, and Marinus Verhoeven, 2001, “The Efficiency of Government Expenditure: Experiences from Africa,” Journal of Policy Modeling, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 433–67; also, 1997, IMF Working Paper 97/153 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, Marijn Verhoeven, Robert Gillingham, Christian Schiller, Ali Mansoor, and Juan Pablo Cordoba, 2000c, Equity and Efficiency in the Reform of Price Subsidies: A Guide for Policymakers (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, Marinus Verhoeven, and Erwin Tiongson, 2002a, “Does Higher Government Spending Buy Better Results in Education and Health Care?” European Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 18, No. 4 (November), pp. 717–37.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Marinus Verhoeven, and Erwin Tiongson, 2002b, “Public Spending on Health Care and the Poor,” in Health Economics; also, 2001, IMF Working Paper 01/127 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Haque, Nadeem U., and Peter Montiel, 1992, “Fiscal Policy in Pakistan Since 1970,” IMF Working Paper 92/97 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Heller, Peter S., and Christian Keller, 2001, “Social Sector Reform in Transition Countries,” IMF Working Paper 01/35 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hillman, Arye, 2000, “Poverty, Inequality, and Unethical Behavior of the Strong,” IMF Working Paper 00/187 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hillman, Arye, and Eva Jenkner, 2002, “User Payments for Basic Education in Low-Income Countries,” IMF Working Paper 02/182 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hossain, Shahabuddin M., 1994, “The Equity Impact of the Value-Added Tax in Bangladesh,” IMF Working Paper 94/125 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hossain, Shahabuddin M., 2003, “Poverty and Social Impact Analysis—A Suggested Framework” (Washington: International Monetary Fund), forthcoming.
Hsiao, William, 2000, “What Should Macroeconomists Know About Health Care Policy?—A Primer,” IMF Working Paper 00/136 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Inchauste, Gabriela, 2002, “Poverty and Social Impact Analysis in PRGF-Supported Programs,” IMF Policy Discussion Paper 02/11 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Jung, Hong-Sang, and Erik Thorbecke, 2001, “The Impact of Public Education Expenditure on Human Capital, Growth, and Poverty in Tanzania and Zambia: A General Equilibrium Approach,” IMF Working Paper 01/106 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Keane, Michael, and Eswar Prasad, 2000, “Inequality, Transfers and Growth—New Evidence from the Economic Transition in Poland,” IMF Working Paper 00/117 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Khan, Mahmood H., and Mohsin S. Khan, 1998, “Taxing Agriculture in Pakistan,” IMF Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment 98/3 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Lienert, Ian C., and Feridoun Sarraf, 2001, “Systemic Weaknesses of Budget Management in Anglophone Africa,” IMF Working Paper 01/211 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Lopes, Paulo S., 2002, “A Comparative Analysis of Government Social Spending Indicators and Their Correlation with Social Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa,” IMF Working Paper 02/176 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Masson, Paul R., and Ousmane Doré, 2002, “Experience with Budgetary Convergence in the WAEMU,” IMF Working Paper 02/108 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Masson, Paul R., and Catherine Pattillo, 2001, “Monetary Union in West Africa—An Agency of Restraint for Fiscal Policies?” IMF Working Paper 01/34 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
McDonald, Calvin, Christian Schiller, and Kenichi Ueda, 1999, “Income Distribution, Informal Safety Nets, and Social Expenditures in Uganda,” IMF Working Paper 99/163 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Nashashibi, Karim, Sanjeev Gupta, Claire Liuksila, Henri Lorie, and Walter Mahler, 1992, The Fiscal Dimensions of Adjustment in Low-Income Countries,” IMF Occasional Paper No. 95 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Parker, Karen, and Steffen Kastner, 1993, “A Framework for Assessing Fiscal Sustainability and External Viability, with an Application to India,” IMF Working Paper 93/78 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Paull, Gillian, 1991, “Poverty Alleviation and Social Safety Net Schemes for Economies in Transition.” IMF Working Paper 91/14 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Pellechio, Anthony, and Catharine B. Hall, 1996, “Equivalence of the Production and Consumption Methods of Calculating the Value-Added Tax Base: Applications in Zambia,” IMF Working Paper 96/67 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Pestieau, Pierre, 1999, “The Political Economy of Redistributive Social Security,” IMF Working Paper 99/180 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Prakash, Chander, 2001, “Subsidy Reforms and Poverty Alleviation,” IMF Working Paper 01/126 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Sahn, David, and Stephen Younger, 1999, “Dominance Testing of Social Sector Expenditures and Taxes in Africa,” IMF Working Paper 99/172 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Staffs of the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, and International Monetary Fund, 2001, “Social Safety Nets in Response to Crisis: Lessons and Guidelines from Asia and Latin America,” IMF Board Paper SM/01/86 (March) (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Stotsky, Janet G., and Asegedech Wolde Mariam, 1997, “Tax Effort in Sub-Saharan Africa,” IMF Working Paper 97/107 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Tanner, Evan C., and Alberto M. Ramos, 2002, “Fiscal Sustainability and Monetary Versus Fiscal Dominance: Evidence from Brazil, 1991-2000,” IMF Working Paper 02/05 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Tanzi, Vito, and Ke-Young Chu, eds., 1998, Income Distribution and High-Quality Growth (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press).
Tanzi, Vito, and Ke-Young Chu, and Sanjeev Gupta, eds., 1999, Economic Policy & Equity (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Tanzi, Vito, and Hamid Davoodi, 1998, “Corruption, Public Investment, and Growth,” in The Welfare State, Public Investment and Growth, ed. by H. Shibata and T. Ihori (Tokyo: Springer).
Taube, Gunther, and Helaway Tadesse, 1996, “Presumptive Taxation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Experiences and Prospects,” IMF Working Paper 96/5 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
External Sector Policies and Poverty Reduction (pp. 26–28)
Commodity Prices (pp. 26–27)
Borensztein, Eduardo, Mohsin Khan, Carmen Reinhart, and Peter Wickham, 1994, The Behavior of Non-Oil Commodity Prices, IMF Occasional Paper No. 112 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Borensztein, Eduardo, and Carmen Reinhart, 1994, “The Macroeconomic Determinants of Commodity Prices,” International Monetary Fund, Staff Papers, Vol. 41, pp. 236–61.
Brunner, Allan, 2002, “El Niño and World Primary Commodity Prices: Warm Water or Hot Air?” Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 84, No. 1, pp. 176–83.
Cashin, Paul, Luis Céspedes, and Ratna Sahay, 2002, “Keynes, Cocoa and Copper: In Search of Commodity Currencies,” IMF Working Paper 02/223 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Cashin, Paul, Luis Céspedes, and Rama Sahay, 2003, “Commodity Currencies,” Finance & Development, Vol. 40 (March), pp. 45–48.
Cashin, Paul, Luis Céspedes, and Rama Sahay, 2004, “Commodity Currencies and the Real Exchange Rate,” Journal of Development Economics, forthcoming.
Cashin, Paul, Hong Liang, and C. John McDermott, 1999a, “Do Commodity Price Shocks Last Too Long for Stabilization Schemes to Work?” Finance & Development, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Cashin, Paul, Hong Liang, and C. John McDermott, 1999b, “How Persistent Are Shocks to World Commodity Prices?” IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 47, pp. 177–217 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Cashin, Paul, C. John McDermott, and Alasdair Scott, 1999, “The Myth of Co-moving Commodity Prices,” IMF Working Paper 99/169 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Cashin, Paul, C. John McDermott, and Alasdair Scott, 2002a, “Booms and Slumps in World Commodity Prices,” Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 277–96.
Cashin, Paul, C. John McDermott, and Alasdair Scott, 2002b, “The Long-Run Behavior of Commodity Prices: Small Trends and Big Variability,” (International Monetary Fund) IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 49, pp. 175–99.
Chen, Yu-Chin, and Kenneth Rogoff, 2003, “Commodity Currencies,” Journal of International Economics, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 133–60.
Collier, Paul, and Jan Gunning, 1996, “Policy Toward Commodity Shocks in Low-Income Countries,” IMF Working Paper 96/84 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Cuddington, John, and Hong Liang, 2000, “Will the Emergence of the Euro Affect World Commodity Prices?” IMF Working Paper 00/208 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Dupont, Dominique, and V. Hugo Juan-Ramon, 1996, “Real Exchange Rates and Commodity Prices,” IMF Working Paper 96/27 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hunt, Benjamin, Peter Isard, and Douglas Laxton, 2001, “The Macroeconomic Effects of Higher Oil Prices,” IMF Working Paper 01/14 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Lele, Uma, J. Gockowski, and K. Adu-Nyako, 1994, “Economics, Politics, and Ethics of Primary Commodity Development: How Can Poor Countries in Africa Benefit the Most?” IMF Working Paper 94/23 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Liang, Hong, 1998, “The Volatility of the Relative Price of Commodities in Terms of Manufactures Across Exchange Regimes: A Theoretical Model,” IMF Working Paper 98/163 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Reinhart, Carmen, and Peter Wickham, 1994, “Commodity Prices: Cyclical Weakness or Secular Decline?” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 41 (June), pp. 175–213.
Rodriguez, Edgard, and Erwin Tiongson, 2001, “Temporary Migration Overseas and Household Labor Supply: Evidence from Urban Philippines,” International Migration Review, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 709–25.
Spilimbergo, Antonio, 1999, “Copper and the Chilean Economy, 1960-98,” IMF Working Paper 99/57 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Wickham, Peter, 1996, “The Volatility of Oil Prices,” IMF Working Paper 96/82 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Real Exchange Rates (pp. 26–27)
Agénor, Pierre-Richard, and A. Hoffmaister, 1996, “Capital Inflows and the Real Exchange Rate: Analytical Framework and Some Econometric Evidence,” IMF Working Paper 96/137 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Agénor, Pierre-Richard, and A. Hoffmaister, and Carlos Medeiros, 1997, “Cyclical Fluctuations in Brazil’s Real Exchange Rate: The Role of Domestic and External Factors,” IMF Working Paper 97/128 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Agénor, Pierre-Richard, C. John McDermott, and Eswar Prasad, 2001, “Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Developing Countries—Some Stylized Facts,” World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 14 (May), pp. 251–85.
Calvo, Guillermo, Leonardo Leiderman, and Carmen M. Reinhart, 1993, “Capital Inflows and Real Exchange Rate Appreciation in Latin America: The Role of External Factors,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 40, pp. 108–51.
Calvo, Guillermo, and Carmen Reinhart, 2002, “Fear of Floating,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 117, No. 2 (May), pp. 379–408.
Calvo, Guillermo, and Carmen Reinhart, and Carlos A. Végh, 1995, “Targeting the Real Exchange Rate: Theory and Evidence,” Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 47 (June), pp. 97–133.
Cashin, Paul, and C. John McDermott, 2003, “An Unbiased Appraisal of Purchasing Power Parity,” IMF Staff Papers, forthcoming; also, 2001, IMF Working Paper 01/196 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Clark, Peter B,, and Ronald MacDonald, 1999, “Exchange Rates and Economic Fundamentals: A Methodological Comparison of BEERs and FEERs, Equilibrium Exchange Rates (Norwell, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers).
Dabos, Marcelo, and V. Hugo Juan-Ramón, 2000, “Real Exchange Rate Response to Capital Flows in Mexico—An Empirical Analysis,” IMF Working Paper 00/108 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
De Gregorio, José, and Holger C. Wolf, 1994, “Terms of Trade, Productivity and the Real Exchange Rate,” NBER Working Paper No. 4807 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research).
Domaç, Ilker, and Ghiath Shabsigh, 1999, “Real Exchange Rate Behavior and Economic Growth—Evidence from Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Tunisia,” IMF Working Paper 99/40 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Dupont, Dominique, and V. Hugo Juan-Ramon, 1996, “Real Exchange Rates and Commodity Prices,” IMF Working Paper 96/27 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Dutta, Jayasri, 2002, “Dread of Depreciation: Measuring Real Exchange Rate Interventions,” IMF Working Paper 02/63 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Edwards, Sebastian, and Miguel Savastano, 2000, “Exchange Rates in Emerging Economies: What Do We Know? What Do We Need to Know?” in Economic Policy Reform: The Second Stage, ed. by Anne Krueger (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
Fanizza, Domenico, Nicole Laframboise, E. Martin, Randa Sab, and Isabela Karpowitz, 2002, “Tunisia’s Experience with Real Exchange Rate Targeting and the Transition to a Flexible Exchange Rate Regime,” IMF Working Paper 02/190 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gelbard, Enrique, and Jun Nagayasu, 1999, “Determinants of Angola’s Parallel Market Real Exchange Rate,” IMF Working Paper 99/90 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Guerguil, Martine, and Martin Kaufman, 1998, “Competitiveness and the Evolution of the Real Exchange Rate in Chile,” IMF Working Paper 98/58 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hoffmaister, Alexander, and Jorge Roldós, 2001, “The Sources of Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Developing Countries: Brazil and Korea,” Journal of Macroeconomics, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Spring), pp. 213–39.
Hoffmaister, Alexander, and Jorge Roldós, and Peter Wickham, 1998, “Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 45 (March), pp. 132–60.
Ito, Takatoshi, Peter Isard, Steven Symansky, and Tamim Bayoumi, 1996, Exchange Rate Movements and Their Impact on Trade and Investment in the APEC Region, IMF Occasional Paper No. 145 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Khan, Mohsin, and Jonathan D. Ostry, 1992, “Response of Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate to Real Disturbances in Developing Countries,” World Development, Vol. 20, No. 9 (September), pp. 1325–34.
Kletzer, Kenneth, and Renu Kohli, 2001, “Financial Repression and Exchange Rate Management in Developing Countries: Theory and Empirical Evidence for India,” IMF Working Paper 01/103 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Krichene, N., 1998, “Purchasing Power Parities in Five East African Countries—Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda,” IMF Working Paper 98/148 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Lane, Philip R., Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti, 2000, “The Transfer Problem Revisited: Net Foreign Assets and Real Exchange Rates,” IMF Working Paper 00/123 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Lane, Philip R., Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti, 2002, “External Wealth, the Trade Balance, and the Real Exchange Rate,” European Economic Review, Vol. 46 (June), pp. 1049–71.
Liang, Hong, 1998, “Real Exchange Rate Volatility—Does the Nominal Exchange Rate Regime Matter?” IMF Working Paper 98/147 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
MacDonald, Ronald, and Mark P. Taylor, 1992, “Exchange Rate Economics: A Survey,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 1–57.
Marsh, Ian W., and Stephen Tokarick, 1994, “Competitiveness Indicators—A Theoretical and Empirical Assessment,” IMF Working Paper 94/29 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Mongardini, Joannes, 1998, “Estimating Egypt’s Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate,” IMF Working Paper 98/5 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Montiel, Peter, 1997, “Exchange Rate Policy and Macroeconomic Management in ASEAN Countries,” in Macroeconomic Issues Facing ASEAN Countries, ed. by J. Hinklin, D. Robinson, and A. Singh (Washington: International Monetary Fund), pp. 253–98.
Montiel, Peter, and Jonathan D. Ostry, 1992a, “Real Exchange Rate Targeting Under Capital Controls: Can Money Provide a Nominal Anchor?” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 58–78.
Montiel, Peter, 1992b, “External Shocks and Inflation in Developing Countries Under a Real Exchange Rate Rule,” IMF Working Paper 92/75 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Montiel, Peter, 1994, “The Parallel Market Premium: Is It a Reliable Indicator of Real Exchange Rate Misalignment in Developing Countries?” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 41, pp. 55–75.
Nagayasu, Jun, 1998, “Does the Long-Run PPP Hypothesis Hold for Africa?: Evidence from Panel Co-Integration Study,” Bulletin of Economic Research, Vol. 54 (April), pp. 181–87.
Ostry, Jonathan D., and Peter Montiel, 1993, “Real Exchange Rate Targeting in Developing Countries,” IMF Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment 93/2 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Poirson, Hélène, 2001, “How Do Countries Choose Their Exchange Rate Regime?” IMF Working Paper 01/46 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Reinhart, Carmen, and Kenneth Rogoff, 2002, “The Modern History of Exchange Rate Arrangements: A Reinterpretation,” NBER Working Paper No. 8963 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research).
Sarno, Lucio, and Mark Taylor, 2002, “Purchasing Power Parity and the Real Exchange Rate,” IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 49 (April), pp. 65–105.
Sorsa, Piritta, 1999, “Algeria—The Real Exchange Rate, Export Diversification, and Trade Protection, IMF Working Paper 99/49 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Sundararajan, V., Michel Lazare, and Sherwyn Williams, 1999, “Exchange Rate Unification, the Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate, and Choice of Exchange Rate Regime—The Case of the Islamic Republic of Iran,” IMF Working Paper 99/15 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Tokarick, Stephen, 1995, “External Shocks, the Real Exchange Rate, and Tax Policy,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 42 (March), pp. 49–79.
Wickham, Peter, 2002, “Do ‘Flexible’ Exchange Rates of Developing Countries Behave Like Floating Exchange Rates of Industrialized Countries?” IMF Working Paper 02/82 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Terms of Trade (pp. 26–27)
Cashin, Paul, and C. John McDermott, 2002, “Terms of Trade Shocks and the Current Account,” Open Economics Review, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 219–36.
Cashin, Paul, and C. John McDermott, 2003, “Intertemporal Substitution and Terms of Trade Shocks,” Review of International Economics, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 604–18.
Cashin, Paul, and C. John McDermott, 2004, “Terms of Trade Shocks in Africa: Are They Short-Lived or Long-Lived?” Journal of Development Economics, forthcoming; also, 2000, IMF Working Paper 00/72 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Cashin, Paul, and C. John McDermott, and Catherine Pattillo, 2000, “The Duration of Terms of Trade Shocks in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Finance & Development, Vol. 37 (June), pp. 26–29.
Dodzin, Sergei, and Athanasios Vamvakidis, 1999, “Trade and Industrialization in Developing Agricultural Economies,” IMF Working Paper 99/145 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Kose, Ayhan M., and Raymond Riezman, 1992, “The Effects of Macroeconomic Shocks in a Basic Equilibrium Framework,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 39 (December), pp. 855–89.
Kose, Ayhan M., and Raymond Riezman, 1995, “The Terms of Trade, the Real Exchange Rate and Economic Fluctuations,” International Economic Review, Vol. 36, (February), pp. 101–37.
Kose, Ayhan M., and Raymond Riezman, 1997, “Terms of Trade Uncertainty and Economic Growth,” Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 54 (December), pp. 323–56.
Kose, Ayhan M., and Raymond Riezman, 2001, “Trade Shocks and Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Africa,” Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 55–8.
Ostry, Jonathan D., and Sebastian Edwards, 1992, “Terms of Trade Disturbances, Real Exchange Rates and Welfare: The Role of Capital Controls and Labor Market Distortions,” Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. 44 (January), pp. 20–34.
Ostry, Jonathan D., and Carmen Reinhart, 1994, “Private Saving and Terms of Trade Shocks: Evidence from Developing Countries,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 39 (September), pp. 495–517.
Senhadji, Abdelhak, 1998, “Dynamics of the Trade Balance and the Terms of Trade in LDCs: The S-Curve,” Journal of International Economics, Vol. 46 (October), pp. 105–31.
Spatafora, Nicola, and Andrew Warner, 1999, “Macroeconomic and Sectoral Effects of Terms-of-Trade Shocks—The Experience of the Oil-Exporting Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper 99/134 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Current Accounts (p. 27)
Adedeji, Olumuyiwa, 2001a, “The Size and Sustainability of the Nigerian Current Account,” IMF Working Paper 01/87 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Adedeji, Olumuyiwa, 2001b, “Consumption-Based Interest Rate and the Present-Value Model of the Current Account—Evidence from Nigeria,” IMF Working Paper 01/93 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Berg, Andrew, and Catherine Pattillo, 1999, “Are Currency Crises Predictable? A Test,” IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 46 (June), pp. 107–38.
Besanger, Serge, Ross S. Guest, and Ian McDonald, 2000, “Demographic Change in Asia—The Impact on Optimal National Saving, Investment, and the Current Account,” IMF Working Paper 00/115 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Calderón, César, Alberto Chong, and Luisa Zanforlin, 2001, “Are African Current Account Deficits Different? Stylized Facts, Transitory Shocks, and Decomposition Analysis,” IMF Working Paper 01/4 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Callen, Timothy, and Paul Cashin, 2002, “Capital Controls, Capital Flows and External Crises: Evidence from India,” Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, Vol. 11 (March), pp. 77–98.
Cerra, Valerie, and Sweta Chaman Saxena, 2002, “What Caused the 1991 Currency Crisis in India?” IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 49 (September), pp. 395–425.
Chinn, Menzie, and Eswar S. Prasad, 2003, “Medium-Term Determinants of Current Accounts in Developing and Industrial Countries: An Empirical Exploration, Journal of International Economics, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 47–76.
Debelle, Guy, and Hamid Faruqee, 1996, “What Determines the Current Account? A Cross-Sectional and Panel Approach,” IMF Working Paper 96/58 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ghosh, Atish R., and Jonathan D. Ostry, 1994, “Export Instability and the External Balance in Developing Countries,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 41, pp. 214–35.
Ghosh, Atish R., and Jonathan D. Ostry, 1997a, “The Current Account in Developing Countries: A Perspective from the Consumption-Smoothing Approach,” World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 301–33.
Ghosh, Atish R., and Jonathan D. Ostry, 1997b, “Macroeconomic Uncertainty, Precautionary Savings and the Current Account,” Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 121–39.
Isard, Peter, Hamid Faruqee, G. Russell Kincaid, and Martin J. Fetherston, 2001, Methodology for Current Account and Exchange Rate Assessments, IMF Occasional Paper No. 209 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Kandil, Magda, M. Bahmani-Oskooee, and S. Chomisisengphet, 2002, “Are Devaluations Contractionary in Asia?” Journal of Post-Keynesian Economics, Vol. 25 (Fall), pp. 69–82.
Knight, Malcolm, and F. Scacciavillani, 1998, “Current Accounts: What Is Their Relevance for Economic Policymaking?” IMF Working Paper 98/71 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Lane, Phillip, and Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti, 2001, “The External Wealth of Nations: Measures of Foreign Assets and Liabilities for Industrial and Developing Countries,” Journal of International Economics, Vol. 55 (December), pp. 263–94.
Milesi-Ferretti, Gian Maria, and Assaf Razin, 1996a, “Current Account Sustainability,” Princeton Studies in International Finance, No. 81 (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton, Department of Economics).
Milesi-Ferretti, Gian Maria, and Assaf Razin, 1996b, “Current Account Sustainability—Selected East Asian and Latin American Experiences,” IMF Working Paper 96/110 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Milesi-Ferretti, Gian Maria, and Assaf Razin, 1998, “Sharp Reductions in Current Account Deficits: An Empirical Analysis,” European Economic Review, Vol. 42, Nos. 3-5, pp. 897–908.
Milesi-Ferretti, Gian Maria, and Assaf Razin, 2000, “Current Account Reversals and Currency Crises: Empirical Regularities,” in Currency Crises, ed. by Paul Krugman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
Mussa, Michael, and Miguel Savastano, 2000, “The IMF Approach to Economic Stabilization,” NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1999, Vol. 14 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau for Economic Research), pp. 79–122.
Ostry, Jonathan, 1997, “Current Account Imbalances in ASEAN Countries: Are They a Problem?” IMF Working Paper 97/51 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
External Trade (pp. 27–28)
Agénor, Pierre-Richard, and Joshua Aizenmann, 1996, “Trade Liberalization and Unemployment,” Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, Vol. 5 (November), pp. 265–86.
Al-Atrash, Hassan M., and Tarik Yousef, 2000, “Intra-Arab Trade—Is It Too Little?” IMF Working Paper 00/10 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Alonso-Gamo, Patricia, Susan Fennell, and Khaled Sakr, 1997, “Adjusting to New Realities: MENA, The Uruguay Round, and the EU-Mediterranean Initiative,” IMF Working Paper 97/5 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Arora, Vivek B., and Manmohan Kumar, 1994, “Trade Reform and Inflation Stabilization,” IMF Working Paper 94/130 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Asilis, Carlos M., and Luis A. Rivera-Batiz, 1994, “Geography, Trade Patterns, and Economic Policy,” IMF Working Paper 94/16 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Baban, R., and J. Greene, 1992, “Export Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1970-90: A Survey,” IMF Working Paper 92/55 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bannister, Geoffrey J., and Kamau Thugge, 2001, “International Trade and Poverty Alleviation,” IMF Working Paper 01/54 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bayoumi, Tamim, and Jonathan D. Ostry, 1997, “Macroeconomic Shocks and Trade Flows Within Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Optimum Currency Arrangements,” Journal of African Economies, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 412–44.
Berezin, Peter, Ali Salehizadeh, and Elcior Santana, 2002, “The Challenge of Diversification in the Caribbean,” IMF Working Paper 02/196 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Berg, Andrew, and Anne O. Krueger, 2002a, “Trade, Growth and Poverty: A Selective Survey,” paper presented at the Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics, Washington (April).
Berg, Andrew, and Anne O. Krueger, 2002b, “Why Openness Helps Curb Poverty,” Finance & Development, Vol. 39 (September), pp. 16–19.
Bevan, D., 1995, “Fiscal Implications of Trade Liberalization,” IMF Working Paper 95/50 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bhattacharya, Rina, 1999, “Political Economy Aspects of Trade and Financial Liberalization—Implications for Sequencing,” IMF Working Paper 99/159 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Blavy, Rodolphe, 2001, “Trade in the Mashreq: An Empirical Examination,” IMF Working Paper 01/163 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Blejer, Mario I., Mohsin Khan, and Paul Masson, 1995, “Early Contributions of Staff Papers to International Economics,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 42 (December), pp. 707–33.
Brender, Adi, 1992, “China’s Foreign Trade Behavior in the 1980s—An Empirical Analysis,” IMF Working Paper 92/5 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Calvo, Guillermo, and Enrique G. Mendoza, 1994, “Trade Reforms of Uncertain Duration and Real Uncertainty: A First Approximation,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 41 (December), pp. 555–86.
Caramazza, Francesco, and Luca A. Ricci, 2000, “Trade and Financial Contagion in Currency Crises,” IMF Working Paper 00/55 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Catão, Luis, and Elisabetta Falcetti, 2002, “Determinants of Argentina’s External Trade,” Journal of Applied Economics, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 19–57.
Cerra, Valerie, and Chaman Saxena Sweta, 2002, “An Empirical Analysis of China’s Export Behavior,” IMF Working Paper 02/200 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Choudhri, Ehsan U., and Dalia S. Hakura, 2000, “International Trade and Productivity Growth: Exploring the Sectoral Effects for Developing Countries,” IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 30–53.
Coe, David T., and A. Hoffmaister, 1999, “North-South Trade: Is Africa Unusual?” Journal of African Economies, Vol. 8 (July), pp. 228–56.
de Mello, Luiz, and Kiichiro Fukasaku, 2000, “Trade and Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America and Southeast Asia: Temporal Causality Analysis,” Journal of International Development, Vol. 12, No. 7, pp. 903–24.
Ebrill, Liam, Janet Stotsky, and Reint Gropp, 1999, Revenue Implications of Trade Liberalization, IMF Occasional Paper No. 180 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Egoumé-Bossogo, Philippe, and Chandima Mendis, 2002, “Trade and Integration in the Caribbean,” IMF Working Paper 02/148 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Eiteljorge, U., and C. Shiells, 1995, “The Uruguay Round and Net Food Importers,” IMF Working Paper 95/143 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
El-Naggar, Said, ed., 1996, The Uruguay Round and the Arab Countries (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Faini, Riccardo, Jean-Marie Grether, and Jaime de Mello, 1999, “Globálization and Migratory Pressures from Developing Countries: A Simulation Analysis,” in Trade and Labour Migration: The Controversies and the Evidence, ed. by Riccardo Faini, Jaime de Melo, and K. Zimmermann (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Giorgianni, Lorenzo, and Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti, 1997, “Determinants of Korean Trade Flows and Their Geographical Destination,” IMF Working Paper 97/54 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hakura, Dalia, and F. Jaumotte, 2001, “The Role of Trade in Technology Diffusion,” in Policies to Promote Competitiveness in Manufacturing in Sub-Saharan Africa, ed. by Saleh M. Nsouli, Augustin Kwasi Fosu, and Aristomene Varoudakis (Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development), pp. 73–95.
Havrylyshyn, Oleh, and Peter Kunzel, 1997, “Intra-Industry Trade of Arab Countries: An Indicator of Potential Competitiveness,” IMF Working Paper 97/47 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hoffmaister, Alexander, 1992, “The Cost of Export Subsidies: Evidence from Costa Rica,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 39, pp. 148–74.
Hoffmaister, Alexander, Mahmood Pradhan, and Hossein Samiei, 1998, “Have North-South Growth Linkages Changed?” World Development, Vol. 26 (May), pp. 791–808.
Hussain, Mumtaz, and Steven Radelet, 2000, “Export Competitiveness in Asia,” in Asian Financial Crisis: Lessons for a Resilient Asia, ed. by Jeffrey Sachs (Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: MIT Press).
Iqbal, Zubair, and Mohsin Khan, eds., 1998, Trade Reform and Regional Integration in Africa (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Jonsson, Gunnar, and Arvind Subramanian, 2001, “Dynamic Gains from Trade: Evidence from South Africa,” IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 48 (December), pp. 197–224.
Kanaan, Oussama, 2000, “Tanzania’s Experience with Trade Liberalization,” Finance & Development, Vol. 37 (June), pp. 30–33.
Khan, Mahmood Hasan, 2000, “Rural Poverty in Developing Countries: Issues and Policies,” IMF Working Paper 00/78 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Khan, Mahmood Hasan, and Mohsin S. Khan, 1995, “Agricultural Growth in Sub-Saharan African Countries and China,” Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 429–50.
Kim, Se-Jik, and Yong Jin Kim, 1999, “Growth Gains from Trade and Education,” IMF Working Paper 99/23 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Kose, M. Ayhan, and Raymond Riezman, 2000, “Understanding the Welfare Implications of Preferential Trade Agreements,” Review of International Economics, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 619–33.
Kose, M. Ayhan, and Kei-Mu Yi, 2001, “International Trade and Business Cycles,” American Economic Review, Vol. 91, No. 2, pp. 371–75.
Lankes, Hans Peter, 2002, “Market Access for Developing Countries,” Finance & Development, Vol. 39, No. 3 (September), pp. 8–13.
Lee, Jong-Wha, 1992, “International Trade, Distortions, and Long-Run Economic Growth,” IMF Working Paper 92/90 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Lee, Jong-Wha, 1997, “Trade Barriers and Trade Flows Across Countries and Industries,” Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 372–82.
Loungani, Prakash, 2000, “Comrades or Competitors? Trade Links Between China and Other East Asian Economies,” Finance & Development, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 34–36.
MacDonald, Ronald, and Luca Ricci, 2002, “Purchasing Power Parity and New Trade Theory,” IMF Working Paper 02/32 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Oliva, Maria-Angela, 2000, “Estimation of Trade Protection in Middle East and North African Countries,” IMF Working Paper 00/27 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Prasad, Eswar, 1999, “International Trade and the Business Cycle,” Economic Journal, Vol. 109, No. 458, pp. 588–606.
Prasad, Eswar, and Jeffery Gable, 1998, “International Evidence on the Determinants of Trade Dynamics,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 45 (September), pp. 401–39.
Ramcharan, Rodney, 2002, “Money, Meat, and Inflation: Using Price Data to Understand an Export Shock in Sudan,” IMF Working Paper 02/84 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Reinhart, Carmen M., 1995, “Devaluation, Relative Prices, and International Trade: Evidence from Developing Countries,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 290–312.
Rousslang, Donald J., and Stephen P. Tokarick, 1994, “The Trade and Welfare Consequences of U.S. Export-Enhancing Tax Provisions,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 555–86.
Senhadji, Abdelhak S., and Claudio E. Montenegro, 1999, “Time Series Analysis of Export Demand Equations: A Cross-Country Analysis,” IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 46 (September), pp. 259–73.
Sharer, Robert, 1999, “Issues for the New Millennium—Trade: An Engine of Growth for Africa,” Finance & Development, Vol. 36 (December), pp. 26–29.
Söderling, Ludvig, 2002, “Escaping the Curse of Oil? The Case of Gabon,” IMF Working Paper 02/93 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Sorsa, Piritta, 1995, “The Burden of Sub-Saharan African Own Commitments in the Uruguay Round: Myth or Reality?” IMF Working Paper 95/48 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Stotsky, Janet, Esther Suss, and Stephen Tokarick, 2000, “Trade Liberalization in the Carribean,” Finance & Development, Vol. 37 (June), pp. 22–25.
Subramanian, Arvind, and Trevor S. Alleyne, 2001, “What Does South Africa’s Pattern of Trade Say About Its Labor Markets?” IMF Working Paper 01/148 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Subramanian, Arvind, Enrique Gelbard, Richard Harmsen, Katrin Elborgh-Woytek, and Piroska Nagy, 2000, Trade and Trade Policies in Eastern and Southern Africa, IMF Occasional Paper No. 196 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Subramanian, Arvind, and Natalia Tamirisa, 2001, “Africa’s Trade Revisited,” IMF Working Paper 01/33 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Tamirisa, Natalia, 1999, “Exchange and Capital Controls as Barriers to Trade,” IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 46 (March), pp. 69–98.
Vamvakidis, Athanasios, 1999, “Regional Trade Agreements or Broad Liberalization: Which Path Leads to Faster Growth?” IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 46 (March), pp. 42–68.
Vamvakidis, Athanasios, 2002, “How Robust Is the Growth-Openness Connection? Historical Evidence,” Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 57–80.
Van Rijckeghem, Caroline, and Beatrice Weder, 2001, “Sources of Contagion: Is It Finance or Trade?” Journal of International Economics, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 293–308.
Wei, Shang-Jin, 2002, “Is Globalization Good for the Poor in China?” Finance & Development, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 26–29.
Yang, Yongzheng, 2002, “Export Competition in Asia and the Role of China,” in Developing Countries in the World Trading System: The Uruguay Round and Beyond, ed. by R. Adhikabi and P. Athukorala (Cheltenham, U. K.: Edward Elgar).
Yuan, M., and Kalpana Kochhar, 1994, “China’s Imports: An Empirical Analysis Using Johansen’s Coimegration Approach,” IMF Working Paper 94/145 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Monetary, Exchange Policy, and Financial Market Issues (pp. 28–30)
Adedeji, Olumuyiwa S., 2001, “Consumption-Based Interest Rate and the Present-Value Model of the Current Account—Evidence from Nigeria,” IMF Working Paper 01/93 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Agénor, Pierre-Richard, 1991, “Credibility and Exchange Rate Management in Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper 91/87 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Agénor, Pierre-Richard, and Mohsin S. Khan, 1992, “Foreign Currency Deposits and the Demand for Money in Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper 92/01 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Aghevli, Bijan B., Mohsin S. Khan, and Peter J. Montiel, 1991, Exchange Rate Policy in Developing Countries: Some Analytical Issues, IMF Occasional Paper No. 78 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ball, Sheryl, and Andrew Feltenstein, 2001, “Bank Failures and Fiscal Austerity: Policy Prescriptions for a Developing Country,” Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 82 (November), pp. 247–70.
Barajas Estrada Adolfo, and Roberto Steiner, 2002, “Credit Stagnation in Latin America,” IMF Working Paper 02/53 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bayoumi, Tamim, and Ronald MacDonald, 1998, “Deviations of Exchange Rates from Purchasing Power Parity—A Story Featuring Two Monetary Unions,” IMF Working Paper 98/69 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bayoumi, Tamim, and Jonathan D. Ostry, 1995, “Macroeconomic Shocks and Trade Flows Within Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Optimum Currency Arrangements,” IMF Working Paper 95/142 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Beaugrand, Philippe, 1997, “Zaire’s Hyperinflation, 1990-96,” IMF Working Paper 97/50 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bhattacharya, Rina, 2000, “Trade and Domestic Financial Market Reform Under Political Uncertainty—Implications for Investment, Savings, and the Real Exchange Rate,” IMF Working Paper 00/175 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Boughton, James M., 1991, “The CFA Franc Zone: Currency Union and Monetary Standard,” IMF Working Paper 91/133 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bouley, Dominique, Jerome Fournel, and Luc E. Leruth, 2002, “How Do Treasury Systems Operate in Sub-Saharan Francophone Africa?” IMF Working Paper 02/58 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Cady, John, 2003, “The Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate of the Malagasy Franc: Estimation and Assessment,” IMF Working Paper 03/28 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Calvo, Guillermo, and Manmohan S. Kumar, 1994, “Money Demand, Bank Credit, and Economic Performance in Former Socialist Economies,” IMF Working Paper 94/03 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Canetti, Elie, and Joshua Greene, 1991, “Monetary Growth and Exchange Rate Depreciation as Causes of Inflation in African Countries: An Empirical Analysis,” IMF Working Paper 91/67 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Celasun, Oya, and Mangal Goswami, 2002, “An Analysis of Money Demand and Inflation in the Islamic Republic of Iran,” IMF Working Paper 02/205 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Cerra, Valerie, and Sweta Chaman Saxena, 2000, “What Caused the 1991 Currency Crisis in India?” IMF Working Paper 00/157 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Clement, Jean A. P., Johannes Mueller, Stephane Cosse, and Jean Le Dem, 1996, Aftermath of the CFA Franc Devaluation, IMF Occasional Paper No. 138 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Creane, Susan, Rishi Goyal, A. Mushfiq Mobarak, and Randa Sab, 2003, “Banking on Development: Further Reform of Financial Sectors Holds Promise for MENA Countries,” Finance & Development, Vol. 40 (March), pp. 26–29.
De Gregorio, José, and Pablo E. Guidotti, 1992, “Financial Development and Economic Growth,” IMF Working Paper 92/101 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Di Calogero, Robert, Wilhem K. Nahr, and John B. McLenaghan, 1992, “Money and Banking Statistics in Former Soviet Union (FSU) Economies,” IMF Working Paper 92/103 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Dodsworth, John, Ajai Chopra, Chi D. Pham, and Hisanobu Shishido, 1996, “Macroeconomic Experiences of the Transition Economies in Indochina,” IMF Working Paper 96/112 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Egoumé-Bossogo, Philippe, 2000, “Money Demand in Guyana,” IMF Working Paper 00/119 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Eichengreen, Barry, Paul Masson, Hugh Bredenkamp, Barry Johnston, Javier Hamann, Esteban Jadresic, and Inci Otker, 1998, Exit Strategies: Policy Options for Countries Seeking Exchange Rate Flexibility, IMF Occasional Paper No. 168 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Erbas, Nuri S., 2002, “The Role of Affordable Mortgages in Improving Living Standards and Stimulating Growth: A Survey of Selected MENA Countries,” IMF Working Paper 02/17 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Guillaume, Dominique, and D. Stasavage, 2000, “Improving Policy Credibility: The Case for African Monetary Unions, World Development, Vol. 28, No. 8, pp. 1391–1407.
Gulde, Anne-Marie, 1991, “Sri Lanka—Price Changes and the Poor,” IMF Working Paper 91/46 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hadjimichael, Michael T., and Michel Galy, 1997, “The CFA Franc Zone and the EMU,” IMF Working Paper 97/156 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hansen, Leif, Robert Christiansen, Yan Sun, Vassili Prokopenko, Tatsiya Karai, and Christoph Rosenberg, 2000, Republic of Uzbekistan Recent Economic Developments, IMF Staff Country Report No. 00/36 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hartmann, Philipp, 1994, “Foreign Exchange Risk Regulation: Issues for Industrial and Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper 94/141 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Henstridge, Mark N., 1999, “Demonetization, Inflation and Coffee: The Demand for Money in Uganda,” Journal of African Economies, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 345–85.
Hernández-Cata, Ernesto, and Staff Team, 1998, The West African Economic and Monetary Union: Recent Developments and Policy Issues, IMF Occasional Paper No. 170 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Holden, Paul, and Vassili Prokopenko, 2001, “Financial Development and Poverty Alleviation: Issues and Policy Implications for Developing and Transition Countries,” IMF Working Paper 01/160 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Honohan, Patrick, and Stephen A. O’Connell, 1997, “Contrasting Monetary Regimes in Africa,” IMF Working Paper 97/64 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hossain, Akhtar, 2002, “Exchange Rate Responses to Inflation in Bangladesh,” IMF Working Paper 02/166 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
International Monetary Fund, Middle East Department, 2002, “Financial Sector Reforms in Pakistan,” Selected Issues for the 2002 Article IV Consultation Discussions with Pakistan (Washington).
Ize, Alain, 1996, “Capital Inflows in the Baltic Countries, Russia, and Other Countries of the Former Soviet Union: Monetary and Prudential Issues,” IMF Working Paper 96/22 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Jahjah, Samir, 2001, “Financial Stability and Fiscal Crises in a Monetary Union,” IMF Working Paper 01/201 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Jbili, Abdelali, and Vitali Kramarenko, 2003, “Should MENA Countries Float or Peg?” Finance & Development, Vol. 40 (March).
Jenkins, Carolyn, 1999, “Money Demand and Stabilisation in Zimbabwe,” Journal of African Economies, Vol. 8 (October), pp. 386–421.
Juan-Ramón, V. Hugo, Ruby E. Randall, and Oral Williams, 2001, “A Statistical Analysis of Banking Performance in the Caribbean Currency Union in the 1990s,” IMF Working Paper 01/105 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Keller, Peter, and Thomas Richardson, 2003, “Nominal Anchors in the CIS,” IMF Working Paper 03/179 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Khan, Mohsin S., and Jonathan D. Ostry, 1991, “Response of the Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate to Real Disturbances in Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper 91/03 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Kletzer, Kenneth, and Renu Kohli, 2001, “Financial Repression and Exchange Rate Management in Developing Countries: Theory and Empirical Evidence for India,” IMF Working Paper 01/103 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Knight, Malcolm, 1998, “Developing Countries and Globalization of Financial Markets,” IMF Working Paper 98/105 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Kocherlakota, Narayana, and Thomas Krueger, 1998, “Why Do Different Countries Use Different Currencies?” IMF Working Paper 98/17 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Kohli, Renu, 2001, “Capital Flows and Their Macroeconomic Effects in India,” IMF Working Paper 01/192 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Krichene, Noureddine, 1998, “Purchasing Power Parities in Five East African Countries—Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda,” IMF Working Paper 98/148 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Loungani, Prakash N., and Phillip L. Swagel, 2001, “Sources of Inflation in Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper 01/198 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Marston, David, 1995, “Financial Sector Reform in Jamaica during 1985-92: Possible Lessons for the Caribbean,” IMF Working Paper 95/90 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Masson, Paul R., and Catherine Pattillo, 2001a, “Monetary Union in West Africa—An Agency of Restraint for Fiscal Policies?” IMF Working Paper 01/34 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Masson, Paul R., and Catherine Pattillo, 2001b, Monetary Union in West Africa (ECOWAS), IMF Occasional Paper No. 204 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Mlachila, Montfort P., and Ephraim W. Chirwa, 2002, “Financial Reforms and Interest Rate Spreads in the Commercial Banking System in Malawi,” IMF Working Paper 02/06 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Mongardini, Joannes, and Johannes Mueller, 1999, “Rachet Effects in Currency Substitution—An Application to the Kyrgyz Republic,” IMF Working Paper 99/102 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Montiel, Peter, 1990, “The Transmission Mechanism for Monetary Policy in Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper 90/47 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Moser, Gary G., 1994, “The Main Determinants of Inflation in Nigeria,” IMF Working Paper 94/76 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Nachega, Jean-Claude, 2001a, “A Co-integration Analysis of Broad Money Demand in Cameroon,” IMF Working Paper 01/26 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Nachega, Jean-Claude, 2001b, “Financial Liberalization, Money Demand, and Inflation in Uganda,” IMF Working Paper 01/118 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Nashashibi, Karim, and Stefania Bazzoni, 1993, “Alternative Exchange Rate Strategies and Fiscal Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa,” IMF Working Paper 93/68 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Piñón-Farah, Marco, 1998, “Demand for Money in Mozambique—Was There a Structural Break?” IMF Working Paper 98/157 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Poirson, Hélène, 2001, “How Do Countries Choose Their Exchange Rate Regime?” IMF Working Paper 01/46 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Randall, Ruby, 1998, “Interest Rate Spreads in the Eastern Caribbean,” IMF Working Paper 98/59 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Riechel, Klaus-Walter, 2001, “Financial Sector Regulation and Supervision: The Case of Small Pacific Island Countries,” IMF Policy Discussion Paper 01/6 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Riechel, Klaus-Walter, 2002, “Public Financial Management: Principal Issues in Small Pacific Island Countries,” IMF Policy Discussion Paper 02/1 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Rosenberg, Christoph B., and Maarten de Zeeuw, 2000, “Welfare Effects of Uzbekistan’s Foreign Exchange Regime,” IMF Working Paper 00/61 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ross, Kevin, 1998, “Post-Stabilization Inflation Dynamics in Slovenia,” IMF Working Paper 98/27 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Rother, Philipp, 1998, “Money Demand and Regional Monetary Policy in the West African Economic and Monetary Union,” IMF Working Paper 98/57 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Rother, Philipp, 1999, “Money Demand in the West African Economic and Monetary Union: The Problems of Aggregation,” Journal of African Economies, Vol. 8, No. 3.
Sundararajan, V., Michel Lazare, and Sherwyn Williams, 1999, “Exchange Rate Unification, the Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate, and Choice of Exchange Rate Regime—The Case of the Islamic Republic of Iran,” IMF Working Paper 99/15 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Williams, Oral, Tracy Polius-Mounsey, and Selvon Hazel, 2001, “Reserve Pooling in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union and the CFA Franc Zone: A Comparative Analysis,” IMF Working Paper 01/104 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Yossifov, Plamen, 2002, “The Use of Credit Ceilings in the Presence of Indirect Monetary Instruments: An Analytical Framework,” IMF Working Paper 02/206 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Structural Reforms and Poverty Reduction (pp. 30-34)
Abed, George T., and Hamid Davoodi, 2000, “Corruption, Structural Reforms, and Economic Performance in Transition Economies,” IMF Working Paper 00/132 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Abed, George T., and Sanjeev Gupta, eds., 2002, Governance, Corruption, and Economic Performance (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ahmad, S. Ehtisham, and Nigel Chalk, 1993, “On Improving Public Expenditure Policies for the Poor—Major Informational Requirements,” IMF Working Paper 93/43 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Alleyne, Trevor, and Arvind Subramanian, 2001, “What Does South Africa’s Pattern of Trade Say About Its Labor Market?” IMF Working Paper 01/148 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Badiane, Ousmane, Dhaneshwar Ghura, Louis Goreux, and Paul Masson, 2002, “Cotton Sector Strategies in West and Central Africa,” IMF Working Paper 02/173 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Barba Navaretti, Giorgio, Riccardo Faini, and Giovanni Zanaldo, 1998, Labour Markets, Poverty and Development (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Barnett, Steven, 2000, “Evidence on the Fiscal and Macroeconomic Impact of Privatization,” IMF Working Paper 00/130 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Barth, Richard C, Alan R. Roe, and Chong-Huey Wong, 1994, “Coordinating Stabilization and Structural Reform,” Proceedings of the Seminar on Coordination of Structural Reform and Macroeconomic Stabilization, Washington, June 17–26, 1993.
Bennett, Adam, 2003, “Failed Legacies: Escaping the Ghosts of Central Planning,” Finance & Development, Vol. 40 (March).
Bhattacharya, Rina, 2000, “External Sector Reform and Public Enterprise Restructuring,” IMF Working Paper 00/120 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bigsten, A., P. Collier, S. Dercon, M. Fafchamps, B. Gauthier, J. Gunning, R. Oostendorp, C. Pattillo, M. Soderbom, F. Teal, and A. Zeufack, 2000, “Rates of Return on Physical and Human Capital in Africa’s Manufacturing Sector,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 801–27.
Bodart, Vincent, and Jean Le Dem, 1995, “Labor Market Representation in Quantitative Macroeconomic Models for Developing Countries: An Application to Côte d’lvoire,” IMF Working Paper 95/87 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Brixiová, Zuzana, Aleš Bulíř, and Joshua Comenetz, 2001, “The Gender Gap in Education in Eritrea in 1991-98: A Missed Opportunity?” IMF Working Paper 01/94 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Brooks, Ray, 2002, “Why Is Unemployment High in the Philippines?” IMF Working Paper 02/23 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bulíř, Aleš, 1998, “The Price Incentive to Smuggle and the Cocoa Supply in Ghana, 1950-96,” IMF Working Paper 98/88 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Chadha, Bankim, 1994, “Disequilibrium in the Labor Market in South Africa,” IMF Working Paper 94/108 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Chand, Sheetal K., and Karl O. Moene, 1997, “Controlling Fiscal Corruption,” IMF Working Paper 97/100 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Chander, Prakash, 2001, “Subsidy Reforms and Poverty Alleviation,” IMF Working Paper 01/126 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Charap, Joshua, and Christian Harm, 1999, “Institutionalized Corruption and the Kleptocratic State,” IMF Working Paper 99/91 (Washington: International Monetary Fund.
Chopra, Ajai, Charles Collyns, Richard Hemming, Karen Parker, Woosik Chu, and Oliver Fratzscher, 1995, India: Economic Reform and Growth, IMF Occasional Paper No. 134 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Dabla-Norris, Era, 2000, “A Game-Theoretic Analysis of Corruption in Bureaucracies,” IMF Working Paper 00/106 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Dabla-Norris, Era, and Andrew Feltenstein, 2003, “An Analysis of the Underground Economy and Its Macroeconomic Consequences,” IMF Working Paper 03/23 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Davis, Jeffrey, Rolando Ossowski, Thomas Richardson, and Steven Barnett, 2000, Fiscal and Macroeconomic Impact of Privatization, IMF Occasional Paper No. 194 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
de Mello, Luiz, 2000, “Privatization and Corporate Governance in Brazil,” in Privatization in Brazil: The Case of Public Utilities, ed. by A. C. Pinheiro and K Fukasaku (Rio de Janeiro: OECD Development Center).
de Mello, Luiz, and Matias Barenstein, 2001, “Fiscal Decentralization and Governance: A Cross-Country Analysis,” IMF Working Paper 01/71 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
de Mello, Luiz, and Randa Sab, 2000, “Government Spending, Rights, and Civil Liberties,” IMF Working Paper 00/205 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
El-Erian, Mohamed A., and Shamsuddin Tareq, 1993, “Economic Reform in Arab Countries—A Review of Structural Issues for the Remainder of the 1990s,” IMF Working Paper 93/39 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
El-Naggar, Said, 1988, “Privatization and Structural Adjustment in the Arab Countries,” papers presented at a seminar held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, December 5–7.
Faini, Riccardo, Jaime de Melo, and Klaus Zimmermann, 1999, “Globalization and Migratory Pressures from Developing Countries: A Simulation Analysis,” in Migration: The Controversies and the Evidence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Feltenstein, Andrew, and Saleh M. Nsouli, 2001, “‘Big Bang’ Versus Gradualism in Economic Reforms: An Intertemporal Analysis with an Application to China,” IMF Working Paper 01/98 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gardner, Edward, 2003, “Wanted: More Jobs,” Finance & Development, Vol. 40 (March), pp. 18–21.
Ghura, Dhaneshwar, 1998, “Tax Revenue in Sub-Saharan Africa—Effects of Economic Policies and Corruption,” IMF Working Paper 98/135 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, Hamid Davoodi, and Rosa Alonso-Terme, 2002, “Does Corruption Affect Income Inequality and Poverty,” Economics of Governance, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 23–45.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Hamid Davoodi, and Erwin Tiongson, 2000, “Corruption and the Provision of Health Care and Education Services,” IMF Working Paper 00/116 (Washington: International Monetary Fund); and The Political Economy of Corruption, ed. by A. Jain (London: Routledge).
Gupta, Sanjeev, Luiz de Mello, and Raja Sharan, 2001, “Corruption and Military Spending,” European journal of Political Economy, Vol. 17 (November), pp. 749–77.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Christian Schiller, Henry Ma, and Erwin Tiongson, 2001, “Privatization, Labor, and Social Safety Nets,” Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 15 (December), pp. 647–69.
Haque, Nadeem U., and Jahangir Aziz, 1998, “The Quality of Governance: ‘Second-Generation’ Civil Service Reform in Africa,” IMF Working Paper 98/164 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Haque, Nadeem U., and Ratna Sahay, 1996, “Do Government Wage Cuts Close Budget Deficits?—A Conceptual Framework for Developing Countries and Transition Economies,” IMF Working Paper 96/19 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Havrylyshyn, Oleh, and Donal McGettigan, 1999, “Privatization in Transition Countries: Lessons from the First Decade,” Economic Issues, No. 18 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Havrylyshyn, Oleh, and Ron van Rooden, 2000, “Institutions Matter in Transition, But So Do Policies,” IMF Working Paper 00/70 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hemming, Richard, and Ali M. Mansoor, 1988, Privatization and Public Enterprises, IMF Occasional Paper No. 56 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Henstridge, Mark I., and Louis A. Kasekende, 2001, “Exchange Reforms, Stabilization, and Fiscal Management,” in Uganda’s Recovery—The Role of Farms, Firms, and Government, ed. by Ritva Reinikka and Paul Collier (Washington: World Bank), pp. 49–79.
Husain, Aasim M., and Ratna Sahay, 1992, “Does Sequencing of Privatization Matter in Reforming Planned Economies?” IMF Working Paper 92/13 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
IMF and World Bank, 2001, Civil Service Reform: Strengthening World Bank and IMF Collaboration (Washington: World Bank).
Lele, Uma, James Gockowski, and Kofi Adu-Nyako, 1994, “Economics, Politics, and Ethics of Primary Commodity Development: How Can Poor Countries in Africa Benefit the Most?” IMF Working Paper 94/23 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Leruth, Luc, Jean-Marie Baland, and Jean Dreze, 1999, “Daily Wages and Piece Rates in Agrarian Economies,” journal of Development Economics, Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 445–61.
Lian, P., and Shang-Jin Wei, 1998, “To Shock or Not to Shock: Economics and Political Economy of Large-Scale Reforms,” Economics and Politics, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 161–83.
Lienert, Ian, and Jitendra R. Modi, 1997, “A Decade of Civil Service Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa,” IMF Working Paper 97/179 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Mackenzie, George A., 1997, “The Macroeconomic Impact of Privatization,” IMF Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment 97/9 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Mauro, Paolo, 1996, “The Effects of Corruption on Growth, Investment, and Government Expenditure,” IMF Working Paper 96/98 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Mauro, Paolo, 1997, “Why Worry About Corruption?” Economic Issues, No. 6 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Odedokun, Matthew, 1992, “Multi-Country Evidence on the Effects of Macroeconomic, Financial, and Trade Policies on Efficiency of Resource Utilization in the Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper 92/53 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Pastor, Gonzalo, and Ron van Rooden, 2000, “Turkmenistan—The Burden of Current Agricultural Policies,” IMF Working Paper 00/98 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Poirson, Hélène, 2001, “The Impact of Intersectoral Labor Reallocation on Growth in Developing Countries,” Journal of African Economies, (March), pp. 37–63.
Ramcharan, Rodney, 2002, “How Does Conditional Aid (Not) Work?” IMF Working Paper 02/183 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Slaughter, Matthew, and Phillip R. Swagel, 1997, “Does Globalization Lower Wages and Export Jobs?” Economic Issues, No. 11 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Tanzi, Vito, 1998, “Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 45 (December), pp. 559–94.
Tanzi, Vito, and Hamid Davoodi, 1998a, “Corruption, Public Investment, and Growth,” in The Welfare State, Public Investment and Growth, ed. by H. Sgibata and T. Ihori (Tokyo: Springer).
Tanzi, Vito, 1998b, “Roads to Nowhere: How Corruption in Public Investment Hurts Growth,” Economic Issues, No. 12 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Tanzi, Vito, 2001, “Corruption, Growth, and Public Finances,” in Political Economy of Corruption, ed. by Arvind K. Jain (London: Routledge Publishing Co.).
Van der Heeden, Koenraad, 1994, “The Pay-As-You-Earn Tax on Wages—Options for Developing Countries and Countries in Transition,” IMF Working Paper 94/105 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Van Rijckeghem, Caroline, and Beatrice S., Weder, 2001, “Bureaucratic Corruption and the Rate of Temptation: Do Wages in the Civil Service Affect Corruption, and By How Much?” journal of Development Economics, Vol. 65 (August), pp. 307–31.
Wang, Jian-Ye, 1994, “Macroeconomic Policies and Smuggling: An Analysis of Illegal Oil Trade in Nigeria,” IMF Working Paper 94/115 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Weder, Beatrice, 2001, “Institutional Reform in Transition Economies: How Far Have They Come?” IMF Working Paper 01/114 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Accessing Private Capital Markets (pp. 34–36)
Basu, Anupam, and Krishna Srinivasan, 2002, “Foreign Direct Investment in Africa—Some Case Studies,” IMF Working Paper 02/61 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bhattacharya, Amar, Peter J. Montiel, and Sunil Sharma, 1997, “How Can Sub-Saharan Africa Attract More Private Capital Flows?” Finance & Development, Vol. 34 (June), pp. 3–6.
Bhattacharya, Rina, 1999, “Political Economy Aspects of Trade and Financial Liberalization—Implications for Sequencing,” IMF Working Paper 99/159 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Callen, Timothy, and Paul Cashin, 2002, “Capital Controls, Capital Flows and External Crises: Evidence from India,” journal of International Trade and Economic Development, Vol. 11, pp. 77–98.
Calvo, Guillermo, and Carmen M. Reinhart, 1998, “The Consequences and Management of Capital Inflows: Lessons for Sub-Saharan Africa,” Expert Group on Development Issues (Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International).
Carlson, Mark, and Leonardo Hernández, 2002, “Determinants and Repercussions of the Composition of Capital Flows,” International Finance Discussion Paper No. 717 (New York: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System).
Cerra, Valerie, and Chaman Sweta Saxena, 2000, “Contagion, Monsoons, and Domestic Turmoil in Indonesia—A Case Study in the Asian Currency Crisis,” IMF Working Paper 00/60 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Collier, Paul, Akne Hoeffler, and Catherine Pattillo, 2001, “Flight Capital as a Portfolio Choice,” World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 55–80.
Collier, Paul, Akne Hoefller, and Catherine Pattillo, 2002, “Africa’s Exodus: Capital Flight and the Brain Drain as Portfolio Decisions” (unpublished; Washington: International Monetary Fund).
de Mello, Luiz, and Khaled Hussein, 1999, “International Capital Mobility in Developing Countries: Theory and Evidence”, Journal of International Money and Finance, Vol. 18 (June), pp. 367–81.
Dooley, Michael P., Donald J. Mathieson, and Liliana Rojas-Suárez, 1996, “Capital Mobility and Exchange Market Intervention in Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper 96/131 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Fuchs-Schündeln, Nicola, and Norbert Funke, 2001, “Stock Market Liberalizations: Financial and Macroeconomic Implications,” IMF Working Paper 01/193 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Garibaldi, Pietro, Nada Mora, Ratna Sahay, and Jeromin Zettelmeyer, 2002, “What Moves Capital to Transition Economies?” IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 48 (May, Special Issue), pp. 109–145.
Gelbard, Enrique, and Sergio Pereira Leite, 1999, “Measuring Financial Development in Sub-Saharan Africa,” IMF Working Paper 99/105 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ghosh, Atish R., and Jonathan D. Ostry, 1993, “Do Capital Flows Reflect Economic Fundamentals in Developing Countries?” IMF Working Paper 93/34 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Grilli, Vittorio, and Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti, 1995, “Economic Effects and Structural Determinants of Capital Controls,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 42 (September), pp. 54–88.
Habermeier, Karl, 2000, “India’s Experience with the Liberalization of Capital Flows Since 1991,” in Capital Controls: Country Experiences With Their Use and Liberalization, IMF Occasional Paper No. 190 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hernández, Leonardo F., Pamela Mellado, and Rodrigo O. Valdes, 2001, “Determinants of Private Capital Flows in the 1970s and 1990s—Is There Evidence of Contagion?” IMF Working Paper 01/64 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Holden, Paul, and Vassili Prokopenko, 2001, “Financial Development and Poverty Alleviation: Issues and Policy Implications for Developing and Transition Countries,” IMF Working Paper 01/160 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
International Monetary Fund, 1995, “Private Market Financing for Developing Countries” (Washington).
International Monetary Fund, International Capital Markets—Developments, Prospects, and Key Policy Issues (Washington, various issues).
International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (Washington, various issues).
Johnston, R. Barry, Salim M. Darbar, and Claudia Echeverria, 1997, “Sequencing Capital Account Liberalization—Lessons from the Experiences in Chile, Indonesia, Korea, and Thailand,” IMF Working Paper 97/157 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Johnston, R. Barry, and V. Sundararajan, 1992, “Issues in Managing and Sequencing Financial Sector Reforms: Lessons from Experiences in Five Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper 92/82 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Johnston, R. Barry, and V. Sundararajan, and Chris Ryan, 1994, ‘The Impact of Controls on Capital Movements on the Private Capital Accounts of Countries’ Balance of Payments: Empirical Estimates and Policy Implications,” IMF Working Paper 94/78 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Johnston, R. Barry, and Natalia Tamirisa, 1998, “Why Do Countries Use Capital Controls?” IMF Working Paper 98/181 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Khan, Mohsin S., and Carmen M. Reinhart, 1995, “Macroeconomics Management in APEC Economies: The Response to Capital Inflows,” in Capital Flows in the APEC Region, IMF Occasional Paper No. 122 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Knight, Malcolm, 1998, “Developing Countries and the Globalization of Financial Markets,” IMF Working Paper 98/105 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Koenig, Linda M., 1996, “Capital Inflows and Policy Responses in the ASEAN Region,” IMF Working Paper 96/25 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Kohli, Renu, 2001, “Capital Flows and Their Macroeconomic Effects in India,” IMF Working Paper 01/192 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Lane, Philip R., and Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti, 2002, “Long-Term Capital Movements,” NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2001 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research), pp. 73–196.
Le Gall, Fraucoise, and Saleh M., Nosouli, 2001, “The New International Financial Architecture and Africa,” IMF Working Paper 01/130 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Lybek, Tonny, 1999, “Central Bank Autonomy, and Inflation and Output Performance in the Baltic States, Russia, and Other Countries of the Former Soviet Union, 1995-1997,” Russian and East European Finance and Trade, Vol. 35, No. 6.
McHugh, Jimmy, 1999, “Capital Flows and External Debt,” in Economic Reforms in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, IMF Occasional Paper No. 183 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Mody, Ashoka, and Antu Murshid, 2002, “Growing Up With Capital Flows,” IMF Working Paper 02/75 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Montiel, Peter, and Carmen M. Reinhart, 1999, “Do Capital Controls Influence the Volume and Composition of Capital Flows? Evidence from the 1990s,” journal of International Money and Finance, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 619–35.
Pill, Huw, and Mahmood Pradhan, 1995, “Financial Indicators and Financial Change in Africa and Asia,” IMF Working Paper 95/123 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Quirk, Peter, 1994, “Capital Account Convertibility: A New Model for Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper 94/81 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Rossi, Marco, 1999, “Financial Fragility and Economic Performance in Developing Economies: Do Capital Controls, Prudential Regulation, and Supervision Matter?” IMF Working Paper 99/66 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Tamirisa, Natalia, 1998, “Exchange and Capital Controls as Barriers to Trade,” IMF Working Paper 98/81 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Vamvakidis, Athanasios, and Romain Wcziarg, 1998, “Developing Countries and the Feldstein-Horioka Puzzle,” IMF Working Paper 98/2 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Wallace, Laura, 2000, Africa: Adjustment to the Challenges of Globalization (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Wei, Shang-jin, 2000, “Local Corruption and Global Capital Flows,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: 2, No. 2, Brookings Institution, pp. 303–54.
Wei, Shang-Jin, 2001, “Domestic Crony Capitalism and International Fickle Capital: Is There a Connection?” International Finance, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 15–45.
Wei, Shangjin, and Yi Wu, Forthcoming, “Negative Alchemy? Corruption, Composition of Capital Flows, and Currency Crises,” in Preventing Currency Crises, ed. by Sebastian Edwards and Jeffrey Frankel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
Zebregs, Harm, 1998, “Can the Neoclassical Model Explain the Distribution of Foreign Direct Investment Across Developing Countries?” IMF Working Paper 98/139 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Other Issues (pp. 37–45)
Conditionality, Program Design, and Evaluation (pp. 37–38)
Abed, George, Liam P. Ebrill, Sanjeev Gupta, Benedict Clements, Ronald McMorran, Anthony Pellechio, Jerald Schiff, and Marijn Verhoeven, 1998, Fiscal Reform in Low-Income Countries: Experience Under IMF-Supported Programs, IMF Occasional Paper No. 160 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ames, Brian W., Ward Brown, Shanta Devarajan, and Alejandro Izquierdo, 2001, “Macroeconomic Policy and Poverty Reduction” (Washington: IMF-World Bank).
Bannister, Geoffrey, and Kamau Thugge, 2001, “International Trade and Poverty Alleviation,” IMF Working Paper 01/54 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bigman, D., S. Dercon, Dominique Guillaume, and M. Lambotte, 2000, “Community Targeting for Poverty Reduction in Burkina Faso,” World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 167–93.
Boughton, James M., and Boris Bernstein, 1993, “Adjusting to Development: The IMF and the Poor,” IMF Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment 93/4 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Boughton, James M., and Alex Mourmouras, 2002, “Is Policy Ownership an Operational Concept?” IMF Working Paper 02/72 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bredenkamp, Hugh, and Susan Schadler, 1998, “Economic Adjustment and Reform in Low-Income Countries,” ESAF Review Background Papers (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Cordelia, Tito, and Giovanni Dell’Ariccia, 2002, “Limits of Conditionality in Poverty Reduction Programs,” IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 49, Special IARC Issue, pp. 68–86.
Cordelia, Tito, and Giovanni Dell’Ariccia, 2003, “Budget Support versus Project Aid,” IMF Working Paper 03/88 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Davoodi, Hamid, Benedict Clements, Jerald Schiff, and Peter Debaere, 2001, “Military Spending, the Peace Dividend, and Fiscal Adjustment,” IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 290–316.
Dhonte, Pierre, 1997, “Conditionality as an Instrument of Borrower Credibility,” IMF Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment 97/2 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Dicks-Mireaux, Louis, Mauro Mecagni, and Susan Schadler, 1995, “The Macroeconomic Effects of ESAF-Supported Programs—Revisiting Some Methodological Issues,” IMF Working Paper 95/92 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Dicks-Mireaux, Louis, Mauro Mecagni, and Susan Schadler, 2000, “Evaluating the Effect of IMF Lending to Low-Income Countries,” journal of Development Economics, Vol. 61 (April), pp. 495–526.
Fischer, Stanley, Ernesto Hernández-Catá, and Mohsin S. Khan, 1998, “Africa—Is This the Turning Point?” IMF Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment 98/6 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, Benedict Clements, Calvin McDonald, and Christian Schiller, 1998, The IMF and the Poor, IMF Pamphlet Series, No. 52 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, Louis Dicks-Mireaux, Ritha Khemani, Calvin McDonald, and Marijn Verhoeven, 2000, Social Issues in IMF-Supported programs, IMF Occasional Paper No. 191 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, Michael Keen, Benedict Clements, Kevin Fletcher, Luiz de Mello, and Muthukumara Mani, 2002a, Fiscal Dimensions of Sustainable Development, IMF Pamphlet Series, No. 54 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, Mark Plant, Benedict Clements, Thomas Dorsey, Emanuele Baldacci, Gabriela Inchauste, Shamsuddin Tareq, and Nita Thacker, 2002b, Is the PRGF Living Up to Expectations? An Assessment of Program Design, IMF Occasional Paper No. 216 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Haque, Nadeem U., and Mohsin S. Khan, 1998, “Do IMF-Supported Programs Work? A Survey of the Cross-Country Empirical Evidence,” IMF Working Paper 98/169 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Heller, Peter, Lans Bovenberg, Thanos Catsambas, Ke-Young Chu, and Parthasarati Shome, 1988, The Implications of Fund-Supported Adjustment Programs for Poverty: Experiences in Selected Countries, IMF Occasional Paper No. 58 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hicks, Ronald, and Odd Per Brekk, 1991, “Assessing the Impact of Structural Adjustment on the Poor: The Case of Malawi,” IMF Working Paper 91/112 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hossain, Shahabuddin M., 2003, “Taxation and Pricing of Petroleum Products in Developing Countries: A Framework for Analysis with Application to Nigeria,” IMF Working Paper 03/42 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
International Monetary Fund, 1986, Fund-Supported Programs, Fiscal Policy, and Income Distribution, IMF Occasional Paper No. 46 (International Monetary Fund: Washington).
Khan, Mahmood H., 2002, “Rural Poverty in Developing Countries: Implications for Public Policy,” Economic Issues, No. 26 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Khan, Mohsin S., and Sunil Sharma, 2001, “IMF Conditionality and Country Ownership of Programs,” IMF Working Paper 01/142 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Killick, Tony, 1982, Adjustment and Financing in the Developing World: The Role of the International Monetary Fund (Washington; London: IMF, in association with the Overseas Development Institute).
Landell-Mills, Joslin, 1998, Helping the Poor: The IMF’s New Facilities for Structural Adjustment (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Lopes, Paulo S., and Emilio Sacerdoti, 1991, “Mozambique—Economic Rehabilitation and the Poor,” IMF Working Paper 91/101 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Mayer, Wolfgang, and Alex Mourmouras, 2002, “Vested Interests in a Positive Theory of IFI Conditionality,” IMF Working Paper 02/73 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Moser, Gary G., 1997, Nigeria: Experience with Structural Adjustment, IMF Occasional Paper No. 148 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Nashashibi, Karim, Sanjeev Gupta, Claire Liuksila, Henri Lorie, and Walter Mahler, 1992, The Fiscal Dimensions of Adjustment in Low-Income Countries, IMF Occasional Paper No. 95 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ramcharan, Rodney, 2002, “How Does Conditional Aid (Not) Work?” IMF Working Paper 02/183 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ramcharan, Rodney, 2003, “Reputation, Debt, and Policy Conditionality,” IMF Working Paper (Washington: International Monetary Fund), forthcoming.
Robb, Caroline M., 2002, Can the Poor Influence Policy? Participatory Poverty Assessments in the Developing Worldx (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Robb, Caroline M., and Alison M. Scott, 2001, “Reviewing Some Early Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers in Africa,” IMF Policy Discussion Paper 01/5 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Sacerdoti, Emilio, and Yuan Xiao, 2001, “Inflation Dynamics in Madagascar,” IMF Working Paper 01/168 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Schadler, Susan, Adam Bennett, Maroa Carkovic, Louis Dicks-Mireaux, Mauro Mecagni, James H. J. Morsink, and Miguel A. Savastano, 1995, IMF Conditionality: Experience Under Stand-By and Extended Arrangements, “Part II: Background Papers,” IMF Occasional Paper, No. 129 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Schadler, Susan, and Hugh Bredenkamp, 1997, The ESAF at Ten Years: Economic Adjustment and Reform in Low-Income Countries, IMF Occasional Paper No. 156 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Schadler, Susan, Frankel Rozwadowski, Siddharth Tiwari, and David O. Robinson, 1993, Economic Adjustment in Low-Income Countries: Experience Under the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility, IMF Occasional Paper No. 106 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Staff of the International Monetary Fund, 1995, Social Dimensions of the IMF’s Policy Dialogue, IMF Pamphlet Series, No. 47 (Washington).
External Debt and Aid (pp. 38-40)
Ajayi, S. Ibi, 1997, “An Analysis of External Debt and Capital Flight in the Severely Indebted Low-Income Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa,” IMF Working Paper 97/68 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ajayi, S. Ibi, and Mohsin S. Khan, eds., 2000, External Debt and Capital Flightin Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bangura, Sheku, Damoni Kitabire, and Robert Powell, 2000, “External Debt Management in Low-Income Countries,” IMF Working Paper 00/196 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Beaugrand, Philippe, Boileau Loko, and Montfort P. Mlachila, 2002, “The Choice Between External and Domestic Debt in Financing Budget Deficits: The Case of Central and West African Countries,” IMF Working Paper 02/79 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Boote, Anthony R., and Kamau Thugge, 1997, “Debt Relief for Low-Income Countries and the HIPC Initiative,” IMF Working Paper 97/24 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bove, Jan, 1992, “Linkages Between External Debt Data and Balance of Payments, Government Finance and Monetary Statistics,” IMF Working Paper 92/93 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Brooks, Ray, Mariano Cortes, Francesca Fornasari, Benoit Ketchekmen, and Ydahlia Metzgen, 1998, “External Debt Histories of Ten Low-lncome Developing Countries—Lessons from Their Experience,” IMF Working Paper 98/72 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Callen, Tim, and Paul Cashin, 1999, “Assessing External Sustainability in India,” IMF Working Paper 99/181 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Carlson, John A., Aasim Husain, and Jeffrey A. Zimmerman, 1997, “Debt Reduction and New Loans: A Contracting Perspective,” IMF Working Paper 97/95 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Claessens, S., Enrica Detragiache, Ravi Kanbur, and Peter Wickham, 1997, “HIPC Debt: A Review of the Issues,” Journal of African Economies, Vol. 2 (July), pp. 231– 54.
Cordella, Tito, Giovanni Dell’Ariccia, and Kenneth Kletzer, 2003, “Conditional Aid, Sovereign Debt, and Debt Relief,” paper presented at the American Economics Association Meeting, Washington, January.
Daseking, Christina, and Robert Powell, 1999, “From Toronto Terms to the HIPC Initiative—A Brief History of Debt Relief for Low-Income Countries,” IMF Working Paper 99/142 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Dooley, Michael P., and Mark Stone, 1992, “Endogenous Creditor Seniority and External Debt Values,” IMF Working Paper 92/57 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Greene, Joshua, 1992, “The Sub-Saharan African Debt Problem: An Update,” IMF Working Paper 92/52 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, Benedict Clements, and Erwin Tiongson, 2003a, “Foreign Aid and Consumption Smoothing: Evidence from Global Food Aid,” IMF Working Paper 03/40 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, Benedict Clements, Alexander Pivovarsky, and Erwin Tiongson, 2003b, “Foreign Aid and Revenue Response: Does the Composition of Aid Matter?” IMF Working Paper 03/40 (Washington: International Monetary Fund); also forthcoming in Revieiw of Development Economics.
Heller, Peter S., and Sanjeev Gupta, 2002a, “Challenges in Expanding Development Assistance,” IMF Policy Discussion Paper 02/5 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Heller, PeterS., and Sanjeev Gupta, 2002b, “More Aid—Making It Work for the Poor,” World Economics, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 131—46.
International Monetary Fund and World Bank, 2001, “Debt Relief for Poverty Reduction: The Role of the Enhanced HIPC Initiative” (Washington).
Kapur, Ishan, and Emmanuel van der Mensbrugghe, 1997, “External Borrowing by the Baltics, Russia, and Other Countries of the Former Soviet Union,” IMF Working Paper 97/72 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Nord, Roger, Michael Mered, Nisha Agrawal, and Zafar Ahmed, 1993, “Structural Adjustment, Economic Performance, and Aid Dependency in Tanzania,” IMF Working Paper 93/66 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Pattillo, Catherine A., Hélène K. Poirson, and Luca Ricci, 2002, “External Debt and Growth,” IMF Working Paper 02/69 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ross, Doris C, and Lisandro Abrego, 2001, “Debt Relief Under the HIPC Initiative: Context and Outlook for Debt Sustainability and Resource Flow,” IMF Working Paper 01/144 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Tsikata, Tsidi, 1998, “Aid Effectiveness—A Survey of the Recent Empirical Literature,” IMF Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment 98/1 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Fiscal Decentralization (pp. 40-41)
Ahmad, Ehtisham, 1997, ed., Financing Decentralized Expenditures: An International Comparison of Grants (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar).
Ahmad, Ehtisham, Li Keping, Thomas Richardson, and Raju Singh, 2002a, “Recentralization in China?” IMF Working Paper 02/168 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ahmad, Ehtisham, Jun Ma, Bob Searle, and Stefano Piperno, 2002b, “Intergovernmental Grants Systems and Management: Applications of a General Framework to Indonesia,” IMF Working Paper 02/128 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ahmad, Ehtisham, and Ali Mansoor, 2002, “Indonesia: Managing Decentralization,” IMF Working Paper 02/136 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ahmad, Ehtisham, Gao Qiang, Vito Tanzi, eds., 1995, Reforming China’s Public Finance (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ahmad, Ehtisham, and Vito Tanzi, eds., 2002, Managing Fiscal Decentralization (London: Routledge).
Alfonso, José, and Luiz de Mello, 2002, “Brazil: An Evolving Federation,” in Managing Fiscal Decentralization, ed. by Ehtisham Ahmad and Vito Tanzi (London and New York: Routledge).
Baqir, Reza, 2001, “Districting and Government Overspending,” IMF Working Paper (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bogetic, Carri Zeljko, and Janet Stotsky, 2000, Fiscal Federalism and Its Relevance in the Caribbean, Vol. 49, No. 2 (Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies).
Cuevas, Alfredo, 2003, “Reforming Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Argentina,” IMF Working Paper 03/90 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Dabla-Norris, Era, and Paul Wade, 2002, “The Challenge of Fiscal Decentralization in Transition Economies,” IMF Working Paper 02/103 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Davoodi, Hamid R., and Heng-Fu Zou, 1998, “Fiscal Decentralization and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis,” Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 43, pp. 244–57.
de Mello, Luiz, 1999a, “Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations: Coordination Failures and Fiscal Outcomes,” Public Budgeting and Finance, Vol. 19 (Spring), pp. 3–25.
de Mello, Luiz, 1999b, “Fiscal Federalism and Government Size in Transition Economies: The Case of Moldova,” IMF Working Paper 99/176 (Washington: International Monetary Fund); also, 2001, Journal of International Development, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 255–68.
de Mello, Luiz, 2000a, “Fiscal Decentralization and Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations: A Cross-Country Analysis,” World Development, Vol. 28 (February), pp. 365–80.
de Mello, Luiz, 2000b, “Can Fiscal Decentralization Strengthen Social Capital?” IMF Working Paper 00/129 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
de Mello, Luiz, and Matias Barenstein, 2001, “Fiscal Decentralization and Governance: A Cross-Country Analysis,” IMF Working Paper 01/71 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Drummond, Paulo, Flavio Nacif, and Ali Mansoor, 2002, “Macroeconomic Management and the Devolution of Fiscal Powers,” IMF Working Paper 02/76 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Keen, Michael, 1998, “Vertical Tax Externalities in the Theory of Fiscal Federalism,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 454–85.
Keen, Michael, and Christos Kotsogiannis, 2002, “Does Federalism Lead to Excessively High Tax Rates?” American Economic Review, Vol. 92, No. 1, pp. 363–70.
Tanzi, Vito, 1995, “Fiscal Federalism and Decentralization: A Review of Some Efficiency and Macroeconomic Aspects,” paper presented at the Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, Washington.
Tanzi, Vito, 2002, “Pitfalls on the Road to Fiscal Decentralization,” in Managing Fiscal Decentralization, ed. by Ehtisham Ahmad and Vito Tanzi (London and New York: Routledge).
Ter-Minassian, Teresa, ed., 1997, Fiscal Federalism in Theory and Practice (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Economic Policy and the Environment (pp. 41-43)
Brett, Craig, and Michael Keen, 2000, “Political Uncertainty and the Earmarking of Environmental Taxes,” Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 75, No. 3, pp. 315–40.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Michael Keen, Benedict Clements, Kevin Fletcher, Luiz de Mello, and Muthukumara Mani, 2002, Fiscal Dimensions of Sustainable Development, IMF Pamphlet Series, No. 54 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, Kenneth Miranda, and Ian Parry, 1995, “Public Expenditure Policy and the Environment: A Review and Synthesis,” World Development, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 515–28.
Heller, Peter, and Muthukumara Mani, 2002, “Adapting to Climate Change,” Finance & Development, Vol. 39 (March), pp. 29–31.
Herber, Bernard, 1992, “International Environmental Taxation in the Absence of Sovereignty,” IMF Working Paper 92/104 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Kishor, Nalin, Muthukumara Mani, and Luis Constantino, 2001, “Economic and Environmental Benefits of Eliminating Log Export Bans—The Case of Costa Rica,” IMF Working Paper 01/153 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Leruth, Luc, Remi Paris, and Ivan Ruzicka, 2001, “The Complier Pays Principle—The Limits of Fiscal Approaches Toward Sustainable Forest Management,” IMF Working Paper 00/51 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Levin, Jonathan, 1991, “Valuation and Treatment of Depletable Resources in the National Accounts,” IMF Working Paper 91/73 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Levin, Jonathan, 1993, “An Analytical Framework of Environmental Issues,” IMF Working Paper 93/53 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ligthart, Jenny E., 1998a, “Optimal Fiscal Policy and the Environment,” IMF Working Paper 98/146 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ligthart, Jenny E, 1998b, “The Macroeconomic Effects of Environmental Taxes: A Closer Look at the Feasibility of ‘Win-Win’ Outcomes,” IMF Working Paper 98/75 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Mani, Muthukumara, 2001, “Greening the Tax System,” IMF Reaserch Bulletin, vol. 2 (December), p. 12.
Mani, Muthukumara, 2003, “Macroeconomic Aspects of Resource and Environmental Issues,” in Kyrgyz Republic: Selected Issues Paper, IMF Staff Country Report No. 03/53 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Mani, Muthukumara, and Per Frederiksson, 2001a, Trade Integration and Political Turbulence: Environmental Policy Consequences,” IMF Working Paper 01/150 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Mani, Muthukumara, 2001b, “Rule of Law and the Pattern of Environmental Protection,” IMF Working Paper 02/49 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
McMorran, Ronald T., and David C. L. Nellor, 1994, “Tax Policy and the Environment: Theory and Practice,” IMF Working Paper 94/106 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Norregaard, John, and Valerie Reppelin, 2000, “Taxes and Tradable Permits as Instruments for Controlling Pollution: Theory and Practice,” IMF Working Paper 00/13 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Sorsa, Piritta, 1995, “Environmental Protectionism, North-South Trade, and the Uruguay Round,” IMF Working Paper 95/6 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Transition in Low-Income Countries (pp. 43-45)
Bagratian, Hrant, and Emine Gürgen, 1997, “Payments Arrears in the Gas and Electric Power Sectors of the Russian Federation and Ukraine,” IMF Working Paper 97/162 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Berengaut, Julian, Erik De Vrijer, Katrin C. Elborgh-Woytek, Diane E. Fisher, Mark W. Lewis, and Bogdan Lissovolik, 2002, “An Interim Assessment of Ukrainian Output Developments, 2000-01,” IMF Working Paper 02/97 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Berengaut, Julian, James Haley, Ghiath Shabsigh, Perry Perone, and Joshua Charap, 1994, Moldova, IMF Economic Review No. 12 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Berg, Andrew, Eduardo R. Borensztein, Ratna Sahay, and Jeromin Zettelmeyer, 1999, “The Evolution of Output in Transition Economies—Explaining the Differences,” IMF Working Paper 99/73 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bisat, Amer, 1996, “Ukraine’s Gas Arrears: Issues and Recommendations,” IMF Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment 96/3 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Black, Stanley W., 2001, “Obstacles to Faster Growth in Transition Economies—The Mongolian Case,” IMF Working Paper 01/37 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Blejer, Mario I., Mauro Mecagni, Ratna Sahay, Richard Hides, Barry Johnston, Piroska Nagy, and Roy Pepper, 1992, Albania: From Isolation Toward Reform,” IMF Occasional Paper No. 98 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bloem, Adrian M., Paul Cotterell, and Terry Gigantes, 1996, “National Accounts in Transition Countries: Distortions and Biases,” IMF Working Paper 96/130 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Brown, Scott B., Caryl McNeilly, Paul Mathieu, Caroline Van Rijck-eghem, and Reva Kreiger, 1994, Albania, IMF Economic Review No. 5 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bruno, Michael, 1992, “Stabilization and Reform in Eastern Europe—A Preliminary Evaluation,” IMF Working Paper 92/30 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Buiter, Willem H., 1997, “Aspects of Fiscal Performance in Some Transition Economies Under Fund-Supported Programs,” IMF Working Paper 97/31 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Calvo, Guillermo A., and Fabrizio Coricelli, 1992, “Output Collapse in Eastern Europe—The Role of Credit,” IMF Working Paper 92/64 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Calvo, Guillermo A., and Jacob A. Frenkel, 1991a, “From Centrally Planned to Market Economies: The Road from CPE to PCPE,” IMF Working Paper 91/17 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Calvo, Guillermo A., and Jacob A. Frenkel, 1991b, “Obstacles to Transforming Centrally Planned Economies—The Role of Capital Markets,” IMF Working Paper 91/66 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Calvo, Guillermo A., and Manmohan S. Kumar, 1994, “Money Demand, Bank Credit, and Economic Performance in Former Socialist Economies,” IMF Working Paper 94/3 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Calvo, Guillermo A., and Manmohan S. Kumar, Eduardo Borensztein, and Paul R. Masson, 1993, Financial Sector Reforms and Exchange Arrangements in Eastern Europe, IMF Occasional Paper No. 102 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Calvo, Guillermo A., Ratna Sahay, and Carlos A. Vegh, 1995, “Capital Flows in Central and Eastern Europe: Evidence and Policy Options,” IMF Working Paper 95/57 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Chadha, Bankim, Fabrizio Coricelli, and Kornelia Krajnyák, 1993, “Economic Restructuring, Unemployment, and Growth in a Transition Economy,” IMF Working Paper 93/16 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Cheasty, Adrienne, and Jeffrey M. Davis, 1996, “Fiscal Transition in Countries of the Former Soviet Union—An Interim Assessment,” IMF Working Paper 96/61 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Chu, Ke-Young, and Sanjeev Gupta, 1996, “Social Protection in Transition Countries: Emerging Issues,” IMF Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment 96/5 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Coorey, Sharmini, Mauro Mecagni, and Erik Offerdal, 1997, “Designing Disinflation Programs in Transition Economies: The Implications of Relative Price Adjustment,” IMF Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment 97/1 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Cornelius, Peter K., and Patrick Lenain, eds., 1996, Ukraine: Accelerating the Transition to Market (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
De Broeck, Mark, and Torsten Sløk, 2001, “Interpreting Real Exchange Rate Movements in Transition Countries,” IMF Working Paper 01/56 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
de Mello, Luiz, 2001, “Fiscal Federalism and Government Size in Transition Economies: The Case of Moldova,” Journal of International Development, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 255–68.
Dodsworth, John R., Paul H. Mathieu, and Clinton R. Shiells, 2002, “Cross-Border Issues in Energy Trade in the CIS Countries,” Policy Discussion Paper 02/13 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Donovan, Donal, Mario de Zamaróczy, Pierre-Richard Agénor, Jeanine Braithwaite, James Daniel, Bruno de Schaetzen, David Hoelscher, and Pierre de Raet, 1993a, Georgia, IMF Economic Review No. 9 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Donovan, Donal, Richard Haas, Martin Gilman, Howell Zee, Gonzalo Pastor, Istvan Szalkai, and Regina Llana, 1992b, Armenia, IMF Economic Review No. 1 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Donovan, Donal, Abdessatar Ouanes, Kent Osband, Anne-Marie Guide, Ian McCarthy, Aida Merino, Michael Blackwell, and Shahabuddin Hossain, 1992a, Moldova, IMF Economic Review No. 2 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Donovan, Donal, Abdessatar Ouanes, Gonzalo Pastor, Martin Gilman, and Pierre-Richard Agénor, 1993c, Georgia, IMF Economic Review No. 9 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Donovan, Donal, Gonzalo Pastor, Amer Bisat, Ian McCarthy, George Khatchadourian, Michael Blackwell, Mark Lutz, and Dorothy Quelch, 1992b, Armenia, IMF Economic Review (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ebrill, Liam, and Oleh Havrylyshyn, 1999, Tax Reform in the Baltics, Russia, and Other Countries of the Former Soviet Union, IMF Occasional Paper No. 182 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Elborgh-Woytek, Katrin C, and Mark W. Lewis, 2002, “Privatization in Ukraine: Challenges of Assessment and Coverage in Fund Conditionality,” IMF Policy Discussion Paper 02/7 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Federico, Giulio, James Daniel, and Benedict Bingham, 2001, “Domestic Petroleum Price Smoothing in Developing and Transition Countries,” IMF Working Paper 01/75 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Feltenstein, Andrew, 1990, “Fiscal Policy During the Demise of Central Planning—The Transition to a Market Economy,” IMF Working Paper 90/92 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Fischer, Stanley, and Ratna Sahay, 2000, “The Transition Economies After Ten Years,” IMF Working Paper 00/30 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Fischer, Stanley, and Ratna Sahay, and Carlos A. Vegh, 1996a, “Stabilization and Growth in Transition Economies—The Early Experience, “Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 10 (Spring), pp. 45–66.
Fischer, Stanley, and Ratna Sahay, 1996b, “Economies in Transition: The Beginnings of Growth,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, Vol. 86, No. 2, pp. 229–33.
Fischer, Stanley, and Ratna Sahay, 1998, “From Transition to Market—Evidence and Growth Prospects,” IMF Working Paper 98/52 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Flickenschild, Hans M., Emine Gürgen, Mario de Zamaróczy, Marta Castello-Branco, Yuichi Ikeda, and Joslin Landell-Mills, 1992, Azerbaijan, IMF Economic Review (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Garibaldi, Pietro, and Zuzana Brixiová, 1998, “Labor Market Institutions and Unemployment Dynamics in Transition Economies,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 45 (June), pp. 269–308.
Garibaldi, Pietro, Nada Mora, Ratna Sahay, and Jeromin Zettelmeyer, 2002, “What Moves Capital to Transition Economies?” IMF Working Paper 02/64 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gerhard, Hans, Kenneth Warwick, Marc Quintyn, Koenraad van Der Heeden, Bruno de Schaetzen, Yuzuru Ozeki, and Thomas Walter, 1992, Tajikistan, IMF Economic Review (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ghosh, Atish R., 1996, “The Output-Inflation Nexus in Ukraine—Is There a Trade-Off?” IMF Working Paper 96/46 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ghosh, Alish R., 1997, “Inflation in Transition Economies: How Much? and Why?” IMF Working Paper 97/80 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Grigorian, David A., and Vlad Manole, 2002, “Determinants of Commercial Bank Performance in Transition: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis,” IMF Working Paper 02/146 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gupta, Sanjeev, Luc Leruth, Luiz de Mello, and Shamit Chakravarti, 2001x, “Transition Economies—How Appropriate Is the Size and Scope of Government?” IMF Working Paper 01/55 (Washington: International Monetary Fund); also forthcoming in Comparative Economic Studies.
Gupta, Sanjeev, Marijn Verhoeven, Erwin Tiongson, 2002, The Effectiveness of Government Spending on Education and Health Care in Developing and Transition Economies,” European Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 717–37.
Gürgen, Emine, Isaias Coelho, E. Murat Üçer, Josiin Landell-Mills, and Jon D. Craig, 1993, Azerbaijan, IMF Economic Review No. 3 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gürgen, Emine, Isaias Coelho, David Robinson, Rupert Thorne, and Mete Durdag, 1994, Azerbaijan, IMF Economic Review No. 9 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Gürgen, Emine, Harry Snoek, Jon Craig, Jimmy McHugh, Ivailo Izvorski, and Ron van Rooden, 1999, Economic Reforms in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, IMF Occasional Paper No. 183 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Haley, James, and Ghiath Shabsigh, 1994, “Monitoring Financial Stabilization in Moldova: The Role of Monetary Policy, Institutional Factors and Statistical Anomalies,” IMF Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment 94/25 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Halpern, Laszlo, and Charles Wyplosz, 1996, “Equilibrium Exchange Rates in Transition Economies,” IMF Working Paper 96/125 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Haque, Nadeem U., and Ratna Sahay, 1996, “Do Government Wage Cuts Close Budget Deficits? A Conceptual Framework for Developing Countries and Transition Economies,” IMF Working Paper 96/19 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Havrylshyn, Oleh, 1997, “Ukraine: Looking East, Looking West,” Harriman Review, Vol. 10, No. 3.
Havrylyshyn, Oleh, forthcoming, “What Makes Ukraine Not Grow?” in Political, Economic and Historical Factors That Hamper Economic Growth in Conference Proceedings, Problems of Development of Ukraine, ed. by Vsevolod Isajiw and Ovest Subtelny, forthcoming.
Havrylshyn, Oleh, Ivailo Izvorski, and Ron van Rooden, 1999, “Growth in Transition Economies 1990-97: An Econometric Analysis with Application to Ukraine,” in Ukraine at the Crossroads, ed. by Axel Siedenberg and Lutz Hoffmann (Heidelberg: Springer Verlag).
Havrylshyn, Oleh, and Donal McGettigan, 1999a, “Privatization in Transition Countries—A Sampling of the Literature,” IMF Working Paper 99/6 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Havrylshyn, Oleh, and Donal McGettigan, 1999b, “Privatization in Transition Countries: Lessons from the First Decade,” Economic Issues, No. 18 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Havrylshyn, Oleh, Marcus Miller, and William Perraudin, 1994, “Deficits, Inflation and the Political Economy of Ukraine,” Economic Policy (October) (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Havrylshyn, Oleh, and Saleh M. Nsouli, 2001, “A Decade of Transition: Achievements and Challenges,” Proceedings of a conference held in Washington, February, 1999 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Havrylshyn, Oleh, and Ron van Rooden, 2000, “Institutions Matter in Transition, But So Do Policies,” IMF Working Paper 00/70 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Havrylshyn, Oleh, Thomas Wolf, Julian Berengaut, Marta Castello-Branco, Ron van Rooden, and Valerie Mercer-Blackman, 2000, Growth Experience in Transition Countries, 1990—98, IMF Occasional Paper No. 184 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Heller, Peter S., and Christian Keller, 2001, “Social Sector Reform in Transition Countries,” IMF Working Paper 01/35 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hernández-Catá, Ernesto, 1997, “Liberalization and the Behavior of Output During the Transition from Plan to Market,” IMF Working Paper 97/53 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Holden, Paul, and Vassili Prokopenko, 2001, “Financial Development and Poverty Alleviation: Issues and Policy Implications for Developing and Transition Countries,” IMF Working Paper 01/160 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hole, Peter, Hugh Bredenkamp, Joshua Felman, Erik Offerdal, Rolando Ossowski, Holger Schmiedling, and Alexander Sundakov, 1993, Ukraine, IMF Economic Review (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hole, Peter, Adrienne Cheasty, Juan José Fernández-Ansola, Atish Ghosh, Patrick Lenain, Rolando Ossowski, and Alexander Sundakov, 1994, Ukraine, IMF Economic Review No. 17 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hole, Peter, Henri Lorie, Hugh Bredenkamp, Piero Ugolini, Jaime Jaramillo-Vallejo, Balazs Horvath, Juan Amieva, Anthony Richards, and Rocio Arévalo, 1992, Ukraine, IMF Economic Review No. 10 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Holzmann, Robert S., 1991, “Budgetary Subsidies in Centrally Planned Economies in Transition,” IMF Working Paper 91/11 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Horváth, Balázs, Juan Amieva, Anthony Richards, and Rocio Arévalo, 1992, Ukraine, IMF Economic Review (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Horváth, Balázs, Nita Thacker, and Ziming Ha, 1998, “Achieving Stabilization in Armenia,” IMF Working Paper 98/38 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Hougaard Jensen, Svend E,, Tobias N. Rasmussen, and Thomas F. Rutherford, 2002, “Economic Transition, Entrepreneurial Capacity, and Intergenerational Distribution,” IMF Working Paper 02/180 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Husain, Aasim M., and Ratna Sahay, 1992, “Does Sequencing of Privatization Matter in Reforming Planned Economies?” IMF Working Paper 92/13 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
International Monetary Fund, Fiscal Affairs Department, Expenditure Policy Division, 1995, “Social Safety Nets for Economic Transition—Options and Recent Experiences,” IMF Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment 95/3 (Washington).
Jarvis, Chris, 1999, “The Rise and Fall of the Pyramid Schemes in Albania,” IMF Working Paper 99/98 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Kapur, Ishan, Sami Geadah, Daniel Hewitt, Peter Allum, Marta Castello-Branco, and Phillip Israilevich, 1992a, Kyrghyzstan, IMF Economic Review, (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Kapur, Ishan, Sami Geadah, Yoshio Okubo, Walter R. Ahler, Ruth Lituma, and Subhash Thakur, 1992b, Uzbekistan, IMF Economic Review, (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Kapur, Ishan, Graeme Justice, Mark Horton, Istvan Szalkai, Nur Calika, and Edgardo Ruggerio, 1994, Uzbekistan, IMF Economic Review No. 4 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Keller, Peter M., Isaias Coelho, Jenaro Simpson, L. Effie Psalida, Susan Creane, and Alexander Bakastov, 1994, Tajikistan. IMF Economic Review No. 14 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Klyuev, Vladimir, 2001, “A Model of Exchange Rate Regime Choice in the Transitional Economies of Central and Eastern Europe,” IMF Working Paper 01/140 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Klyuev, Vladimir, 2002, “Exchange Rate Regime Choice in Central and Eastern European Transitional Economies,” Comparative Economic Studies, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 85–118.
Koen, Vincent, and Paula De Masi, 1997, “Prices in the Transition: Ten Stylized Facts,” Staff Studies for the World Economic Outlook, IMF World Economic and Financial Surveys (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Milne, Elizabeth, John Lemoine, Franek Rozwadowski, Padej Sukachevin, 1991, The Mongolian People’s Republic: Toward a Market Economy, IMF Occasional Paper No. 79 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Ouanes, Abdessatar, Michael Blackwell, Jeanine Braithwaite, Timothy Muzondo, Rakia Moalla-Fetini, and E. Murat Üçer, 1993, Moldova, IMF Economic Review No. 2 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Pastor, Gonzalo C, and Amer Bisat, 1993, “Armenia: Reform and Growth in Agriculture,” IMF Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment 93/3 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Pastor, Gonzalo C, and Tatiana Damjanovic, 2001, “The Russian Financial Crisis and Its Consequences for Central Asia,” IMF Working Paper 01/169 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Paull, Gillian, 1991, “Poverty Alleviation and Social Safety Net Schemes for Economies in Transition,” IMF Working Paper 91/14 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Petri, Martin, Gunther Taube, and Aleh Tsyvinski, 2002, “Energy Sector Quasi-Fiscal Activities in the Countries of the Former Soviet Union,” IMF Working Paper 02/60 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Pivovarsky, Alexander, 2003, “Ownership Concentration and Performance in Ukraine’s Privatized Enterprises,” IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 10–42.
Purfield, Catriona M., 2003, “Fiscal Adjustment in Transition Countries: Evidence from the 1990s,” IMF Working Paper 03/36 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Rosenberg, Christoph B., and Maarten de Zeeuw, 2000, “Welfare Effects of Uzbekistan’s Foreign Exchange Regime,” IMF Working Paper 00/61 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Rosenberg, Christoph, Anna Ruocco, and Wolfgang Wiegard, 2000, “Explicit and Implicit Taxation in Uzbekistan,” in Herausforderungen an die Wirtschaftspolitik zum 21. Jahrhundert, ed. by Irmgard Nübler, and Harald Trabold (Festschrift für Lutz Hoffman zum 65. Geburt-stag, Berlin: Duncker und Humboldt).
Rosenberg, Christoph B., and Tapio Saavalainen, 1998, “How to Deal with Azerbaijan’s Oil Boom? Policy Strategies in a Resource-Rich Transition Economy,” IMF Working Paper 98/6 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Rother, Philippx, 2000, “Inflation in Albania,” IMF Working Paper 00/207 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Sahay, Ratna, and Carlos A. Végh, 1995, “Dollarization in Transition Economies: Evidence and Policy Implications,” IMF Working Paper 95/96 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Sahay, Ratna, and Carlos A. Végh, 1996, “Inflation and Stabilization in Transition Economies: An Analytical Interpretation and Evidence,” journal of Policy Reform, Vol. 1, pp. 75–108.
Shadman-Valavi, Mohammad, David Andrews, Tsidi Tsikata, Mark O’Brien, Alejandro Santos, Nancy Wagner, and Geoffrey Walton, 1995, Georgia, IMF Economic Review No. 15 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Shadman-Valavi, Mohammad, Andrew Berg, Paul Ross, Bruno de Schaetzen, Francesco Mongelli, and Gonzalo Pastor, 1994a, Armenia, IMF Economic Review No. 19 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Shadman-Valavi, Mohammad, Thanos Catsambas, Gary Barinshtein, Carlos Piñerúa, Jeanine Braithwaite, Marina Primorac, Mohammed Tareem, and David Orsmond, 1994b, Turkmenistan, IMF Economic Review No. 3 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Shiells, Clinton R., 2002, “Imperfect Competition and the Design of VAT Regimes: The Case of Energy Trade between Russia and Ukraine,” IMF Working Paper 02/235 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Sløk, Torsten, 2000, “Monetary Policy in Transition—The Case of Mongolia,” IMF Working Paper 00/21 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Spencer, Michael Gz, and Hans J. Blommestein, 1993, “The Role of Financial Institutions in the Transition to a Market Economy,” IMF Working Paper 93/75 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Sundakov, Alexander, Rolando Ossowski, and Timothy D. Lane, 1994, “Shortages Under Free Prices: The Case of Ukraine in 1992,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 41.
Tanzi, Vito, ed., 1992, Fiscal Policies in Economies in Transition (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Tanzi, Vito, ed., 1993, Transition to Market: Studies in Fiscal Reform (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Taube, Gunther, and Jeromin Zettelmeyer, 1998, “Output Decline and Recovery in Uzbekistan—Past Performance and Future Prospects,” IMF Working Paper 98/132 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Van Rijckeghem, Caroline, 1994, “Albania—Income Distribution, Poverty and Social Safety Nets in the Transition, 1991-93,” IMF Working Paper 94 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).