Annex I Tourism Sector in Yemen: Problems and Prospects
The tourism sector is widely seen as a potential source of growth in the non-oil sector. It is also widely recognized that a number of structural impediments— such as security concerns, first and foremost, and lack of infrastructure— constrain this potential and would need to be fundamentally addressed before the tourism industry could start making a major contribution to future economic growth and employment.
Sector Potential
Yemen has abundant tourism resources and potential for further growth and development. Yemen’s long history, reflected in its rich and unique culture, has left a wealth of significant archaeological sites and a unique vernacular architecture. Yemen has a mixture of scenery—ranging from desert through verdant valleys to mountain ranges—some 2,000 kilometers of coastline, fringing the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, and more than hundred islands. Finally, after centuries of isolation from the rest of the world, Yemen remains one of the last unknown destinations.
In addition to the traditional tourism potential of its existing historic and scenic attractions, Yemen has significant opportunities for the development of other forms of tourism that are still largely unknown there, but which possess increasing market potential. These include trekking and mountain hiking, mountain biking, beach resort tourism, scuba diving, and eco-tourism, both terrestrial and marine.
Size and Trends
In general, since unification in 1990, international tourism in Yemen has been on an upward, trend, with visitor arrivals growing on average by about 5 percent a year (Table 17 and Figure 24). The tourism sector suffered major setbacks in 1991, after the Gulf crisis erupted; in 1994, the year of the civil war in Yemen; and in 1999. after a fatal kidnapping incident in December 1998.
Visitor Arrivals and Tourism Revenues
Visitor Arrivals and Tourism Revenues
1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Visitor arrivals, thousands | 51.8 | 27.3 | 72.2 | 69.8 | 39.9 | 61.4 | 74.5 | 80.5 | 87.6 | 57.8 |
Revenue, US$ million | 40.0 | 21.0 | 46.9 | 54.0 | 35.0 | 50.0 | 55.0 | 69.0 | 84.0 | 48.4 |
Visitor Arrivals and Tourism Revenues
1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Visitor arrivals, thousands | 51.8 | 27.3 | 72.2 | 69.8 | 39.9 | 61.4 | 74.5 | 80.5 | 87.6 | 57.8 |
Revenue, US$ million | 40.0 | 21.0 | 46.9 | 54.0 | 35.0 | 50.0 | 55.0 | 69.0 | 84.0 | 48.4 |
Visitor Arrivals
(In thousands)
Source: Data provided by the Yemeni authorities.Yemen’s principal tourism source market is Western Europe (Table 18), in particular, Germany, France, Italy, and Britain, which to a large extent reflects the contacts established by the existing tour operators. The peak tourist season in Yemen is between October and March. International tourism is mainly concentrated in the governorates of Sana’a, Hadhra-mout, Al-Jouf, Al-Hodeidah, Marib, and Shabwa.
Average Tourism Statistics Since Unification
Average Tourism Statistics Since Unification
Yearly Arrivals, Thousands |
Duration of Stay, Nights |
Revenue per Stay, US dollars |
|
---|---|---|---|
63.9 | 5.4 | 805 | |
(Of which: By Region) | |||
Percent Share |
Nights | ||
Europe | 65.2 | 6.1 | … |
Middle East | 17.4 | 5.4 | … |
Asia | 7.2 | 5.6 | … |
The Americas | 6.7 | 6.4 | … |
Africa | 2.4 | 7.7 | … |
Australia | 1.1 | 5.1 | … |
Average Tourism Statistics Since Unification
Yearly Arrivals, Thousands |
Duration of Stay, Nights |
Revenue per Stay, US dollars |
|
---|---|---|---|
63.9 | 5.4 | 805 | |
(Of which: By Region) | |||
Percent Share |
Nights | ||
Europe | 65.2 | 6.1 | … |
Middle East | 17.4 | 5.4 | … |
Asia | 7.2 | 5.6 | … |
The Americas | 6.7 | 6.4 | … |
Africa | 2.4 | 7.7 | … |
Australia | 1.1 | 5.1 | … |
In 1998, the tourism sector provided jobs, either directly or indirectly, to an estimated 23,000 workers, including those in the hotel industry and related sectors. As tourism extends to remote regions, it helps provide employment opportunities and increases incomes among the local population. Total foreign exchange revenues from tourism are still relatively small—at about 3 percent of total exports of goods and services, or 18 percent or non-oil exports in recent years—but have been growing on average by 8 percent a year.
The Yemeni government believes that developing tourism will help enhance long-term economic growth and improve the living standards of the Yemeni people, as well as protect and preserve Yemen’s cultural heritage and natural environment.
Structural Impediments
Concerns over peace and security, and inadequate infrastructure, are the two largest immediate obstacles to the successful development of the tourism industry in Yemen, while the danger of losing the historic and cultural heritage and environmental degradation are longer-term problems.
Security Concerns
At present, the image of Yemen in the Western world is relatively poor and, prompted by continuous security-related incidents, the country is often characterized in the Western media as “kidnapping and bombing prone.”93
Although Yemen was unified in 1990, civil unrest lasted and a 70-day civil war erupted in 1994. There are areas, especially in the North, which are still not under the full control of the central government. Reportedly, there are large numbers of Firearms in the country, almost four per head.94 Illicit weapons, including assault rifles, are openly carried. Politically motivated violence persists and security violations occasionally occur in rural areas.95 Tribal disputes, kidnappings, and shootouts between sheikhs’ armed entourages and government security forces are frequent, including in major cities and public places such as Sana’a International Airport.
More than 100 kidnappings have occurred throughout Yemen since 1991, mainly conducted by armed tribesmen with specific grievances against the government.96 These kidnappings are normally resolved peacefully, but tribesmen have held some foreigners for extended periods, and the December 1998 incident—when four tourists were executed by a group of Islamic militants—gave Yemen front page international news coverage and dealt a severe blow to the nascent tourism industry.
Since then, many countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan, have advised their nationals against traveling to Yemen;97 Germany has reduced the number of accredited Yemeni tourist agencies to two; and KLM Airlines has suspended its service to Yemen.98
Inadequate Infrastructure
Addressing security concerns is necessary, but not enough for the successful development of the tourism sector in Yemen. The lack of adequate infrastructure—such as hotels, roads, catering, and airport services— is another major factor constraining the growth of the tourism sector.
Only a third of roads in Yemen are paved. Poor roads and lack of easy access to tourist attractions entail long and uncomfortable journeys by four-wheel drive vehicles, which means that visits to places of interest have to be of relatively short duration.
Existing hotel stock is heavily concentrated in the urban areas of Sana’a, Aden, Hadhramout, and Taiz, with more than 50 percent of first class rooms located in Sana’a. Despite a significant increase in hotel construction since unification, the number of hotel rooms suitable for international tourists who prefer to stay in high-grade properties has remained unchanged and is currently only about 1,100, or less than 15 percent of the total room stock.99 Consequently, tour operators have reported problems getting enough rooms of a suitable standard during the high season and have often had to reject big tour group reservations because of accommodation and transportation constraints.100
The development of tourism is also constrained by the absence of basic services—such as eating and toilet facilities—and a shortage of potable water both at places of interest and at possible stopover points. Furthermore, there are no tourist information or interpretation centers outside Sana’a, while those available in Sana’a are not up to international standards, lacking appropriately trained or licensed tour guides.
The situation is compounded by the shortage of trained and experienced local personnel and the absence of facilities providing professional training in the services sector. As a result, expatriates often have to be hired, especially in the hotel industry, thus further hindering the development of a local tourism sector.
Finally, airport facilities have limited baggage and passenger handling capacity, partly reflecting Yemenia’s monopoly in this area, and could become congested if more than one aircraft is being served.
Threat to Historic Heritage and Natural Environment
At present, regulations to prevent the destruction of buildings of historic and cultural significance or protect the natural environment are limited and poorly enforced. As a result, there is a real threat to the historic heritage of Yemen, the very feature that constitutes the principal tourist attraction. According to anecdotal evidence, some 30 percent of “physical” heritage in the countryside has been lost in the past 10 years to unregulated commercial development, and parts of the coastline with significant beach resort potential are being lost to industrial development.101 Furthermore, the potential for eco-tourism, especially in the coastal areas, is being destroyed as various species—such as sea turtles—are driven to extinction because of poor enforcement of seasonal hunting and fishing restrictions.
Policy Implications
Given the undoubted potential of tourism in Yemen, the foregoing discussion suggests that the following are critical to the successful development of the tourism sector in Yemen:
Guaranteeing of security and maintaining a stable political and economic environment as preconditions for investment, both domestic and foreign, in the tourism sector, given the long-term, and hence high-risk, nature of such investment;
Investing in essential infrastructure and tourism-related services and facilities;
Providing training and licensing for both public and private sector tourism personnel to ensure that tourists receive a standard of service consistent with internationally accepted norms; and
Protecting and conserving the historic and cultural heritage and natural environment of the country.
The formation of a public sector institutional structure, with well-defined functional responsibilities that would readily facilitate planning, development, marketing, and regulation, is critical to the attainment of policy objectives for the tourism sector in Yemen. This would require structural changes and training initiatives in order to make the public sector more effective in carrying out its statutory functions, and would include collaboration with the private sector.
Government Efforts to Date
After the kidnapping incident in December 1998, the government stepped up its effort to address the security problem and shore up the tourism industry. Special courts were set up to try kidnappers, and the death penalty was introduced for the offence.102 Weapons were banned in the capital, and a Special Forces unit was formed in November 1999 to combat terrorism.
A new Tourism Law was issued in August 1999, and three new government entities were established—the Tourism Promotion Board, the High Council on Tourism, and the Environmental Council—in addition to the existing government structures in charge of tourism affairs, such as the Ministry of Tourism and Culture and the General Tourism Authority.103
The Tourism Promotion Board was set up under the umbrella of the Ministry of Tourism and Culture and consists of representatives of the government, the private sector, and the media. It is charged with improving the image of Yemen in the Western media as well as increasing the general awareness abroad and at home of tourism in Yemen. It is chaired by the Minister of Tourism and holds weekly meetings to discuss the sector’s promotion and development strategy, hut has no decision-making authority. In addition, the Board has undertaken to study the experience of Egypt in limiting the fall-out from terrorism on the tourism industry.
The High Council on Tourism is chaired by the Prime Minister and comprises seven other ministers, including the Ministers of Tourism, Information, Industry, Planning, Interior, and Defense. It meets to discuss key policy, investment, and security issues in the area of tourism and has decision-making powers.
The authorities, led in their efforts by the General Tourism Authority, have recently been actively seeking technical assistance and external Financing for project implementation, including updating the Master Plan for Tourism Development in Yemen which was sponsored in 1991 by the European Community.
Annex II Summary of the Tax System as of End-June 2000
Summary of the Tax System as of End-June 2000
Summary of the Tax System as of End-June 2000
Tax | Nature of Tax | Exemptions and Deductions | Rates | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Taxes on business income | |||||||||||||||||||||
1.1 Domestic corporations | Levied on net profits. Assessment base encompasses most forms of income, including interest, dividends, and foreign income | Deductions: Operating costs; depreciation allowance; charitable contributions up to 5 percent of net in come; and Zakat. Exemptions: Income of cooperatives, and agricultural and humanitarian societies, provided trade is limited to members; and income from agriculture, livestock, poultry, fishing, and beekeeping, subject to regulations. Corporations may be granted an exemption if they qualify under the Investment Law (IL); this entails a five-year exemption, but Council of Ministers may grant an additional five years |
35 percent flat rate Penalties are levied for late payment | ||||||||||||||||||
1.2 Foreign corporations | Same as above | Same as above | 35 percent flat rate | ||||||||||||||||||
1.3 Proprietorships | Same as above | Deductions: Same as above Exemption: YR1s 36,000 | Personal tax rates, 10 percent-35 percent | ||||||||||||||||||
2. Taxes on personal income | |||||||||||||||||||||
2.1 Tax on wages and salaries | Levied on total wage income (wages, salaries, bonuses, etc.,) including gratuities in cash or kind. Monthly withholding by the employer from wages of both residents and nonresidents and paid to tax authorities during the first 10 days of the following month. Companies with eight or more workers must keep tax records for their employees |
Deductions: Pension contributions, and work-related costs Exemptions: Monthly exemption: YR1s 3,000. Exemption not granted for nonresidents Fully exempted: diplomats: UN experts; pension and severance payments; wages paid to Yemeni agricultural and fishing workers: domestic servants; and income of day laborers |
Personal tax rates with a ceiling of 20 percent. | ||||||||||||||||||
2.2 Tax on professional income | Levied on noncommercial and nonindustrial income. | Deductions: Costs deducted according to specified list | Personal tax rates, 10 percent 35 percent | ||||||||||||||||||
3. Social security and retirement contributions | |||||||||||||||||||||
3.1 Civil service and public enterprise employees | Paid to General Authority for Insurance and Pensions (GAIP) | 12 percent with equal contributions from employees and Government; Government also pays 1 percent for accident insurance. | |||||||||||||||||||
3.2 Police employees | Paid to separate pension fund | 12 percent with equal contributions from employees and Government | |||||||||||||||||||
3.3 Defense employees | Paid to separate pension fund | 12 percent with equal contributions from employees and Government | |||||||||||||||||||
3.4 Private sector employees | Paid to separate pension fund | 6 percent employee, 9 percent employer | |||||||||||||||||||
4. Taxes on property | |||||||||||||||||||||
4.1 Real estate income tax | Levied on all net income from leased buildings and land | Exemptions: Government; religious organizations; local councils; diplomatic housing; and hospitals | One month’s rent (8.33 percent) | ||||||||||||||||||
4.2 Real estate sales tax | Levied on sales proceeds From land and buildings | Deductions: None allowed. Exemptions: Transfers through inheritance; donations to religious or charitable organizations; religious organizations; and agricultural land | 3 percent of sales value | ||||||||||||||||||
5. Taxes on goods and services | |||||||||||||||||||||
5.1 General excise taxes | Harmonized taxes are levied on certain domestic and imported goods. The tax applies to the import costs (before the tariff) or at the domestic manufacturer level. For mineral water and soft drinks, tax applies to retail price paid by consumer | 5, 7, 11, 15 percent, 25 percent applies to certain specified transportation vehicles and luxury items | |||||||||||||||||||
5.2 Selected excise taxes | Items taxable at manufacture level | ||||||||||||||||||||
5.2.2 Tobacco | Levied on domestically produced and domestically trademarked or foreign trademarked cigarettes; imported tobacco, and tobacco products | For domestically produced cigarettes: 80 percent on domestically trade marked and 65 percent on foreign trademarked; 80 percent on imported cigarettes; 60 percent for cigars; 25 percent for imported tobacco | |||||||||||||||||||
5.2.3 Taxes on petroleum products | Levied on retail sales price |
|
|||||||||||||||||||
5.3 Qat tax | Levied on assessed market value | 25 percent | |||||||||||||||||||
6. Customs tariff | Applied to all imports not specifically exempted | Exemptions may be provided to corporations that qualify under the IL | Four-band structure with rates of 5, 10, 15, and 30 percent, A single exemption of 70 percent applied to cigarettes and other tobacco products | ||||||||||||||||||
7. Other taxes | |||||||||||||||||||||
7.1 Motor vehicle taxes | Levied on all motorized vehicles operating in Yemen with gasoline or diesel powered engines: levied on purchases of fuel (domestic or imported) | Exemptions: Government vehicles, diplomatic and embassy cars, and emergency vehicles. | YR1s 0.25 per liter of gasoline: YR1s 0.15 per litre of diesel | ||||||||||||||||||
7.3 Counselor fees | For Yemeni visas | According to a specific schedule | |||||||||||||||||||
7.4 Passport fee | Fee varies with the type of passport | ||||||||||||||||||||
7.5 Compulsory military service fee | Levied on Yemenis for exemption from or postponement of compulsory national military service | Yr1s 86,000 for exemption |
Summary of the Tax System as of End-June 2000
Tax | Nature of Tax | Exemptions and Deductions | Rates | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Taxes on business income | |||||||||||||||||||||
1.1 Domestic corporations | Levied on net profits. Assessment base encompasses most forms of income, including interest, dividends, and foreign income | Deductions: Operating costs; depreciation allowance; charitable contributions up to 5 percent of net in come; and Zakat. Exemptions: Income of cooperatives, and agricultural and humanitarian societies, provided trade is limited to members; and income from agriculture, livestock, poultry, fishing, and beekeeping, subject to regulations. Corporations may be granted an exemption if they qualify under the Investment Law (IL); this entails a five-year exemption, but Council of Ministers may grant an additional five years |
35 percent flat rate Penalties are levied for late payment | ||||||||||||||||||
1.2 Foreign corporations | Same as above | Same as above | 35 percent flat rate | ||||||||||||||||||
1.3 Proprietorships | Same as above | Deductions: Same as above Exemption: YR1s 36,000 | Personal tax rates, 10 percent-35 percent | ||||||||||||||||||
2. Taxes on personal income | |||||||||||||||||||||
2.1 Tax on wages and salaries | Levied on total wage income (wages, salaries, bonuses, etc.,) including gratuities in cash or kind. Monthly withholding by the employer from wages of both residents and nonresidents and paid to tax authorities during the first 10 days of the following month. Companies with eight or more workers must keep tax records for their employees |
Deductions: Pension contributions, and work-related costs Exemptions: Monthly exemption: YR1s 3,000. Exemption not granted for nonresidents Fully exempted: diplomats: UN experts; pension and severance payments; wages paid to Yemeni agricultural and fishing workers: domestic servants; and income of day laborers |
Personal tax rates with a ceiling of 20 percent. | ||||||||||||||||||
2.2 Tax on professional income | Levied on noncommercial and nonindustrial income. | Deductions: Costs deducted according to specified list | Personal tax rates, 10 percent 35 percent | ||||||||||||||||||
3. Social security and retirement contributions | |||||||||||||||||||||
3.1 Civil service and public enterprise employees | Paid to General Authority for Insurance and Pensions (GAIP) | 12 percent with equal contributions from employees and Government; Government also pays 1 percent for accident insurance. | |||||||||||||||||||
3.2 Police employees | Paid to separate pension fund | 12 percent with equal contributions from employees and Government | |||||||||||||||||||
3.3 Defense employees | Paid to separate pension fund | 12 percent with equal contributions from employees and Government | |||||||||||||||||||
3.4 Private sector employees | Paid to separate pension fund | 6 percent employee, 9 percent employer | |||||||||||||||||||
4. Taxes on property | |||||||||||||||||||||
4.1 Real estate income tax | Levied on all net income from leased buildings and land | Exemptions: Government; religious organizations; local councils; diplomatic housing; and hospitals | One month’s rent (8.33 percent) | ||||||||||||||||||
4.2 Real estate sales tax | Levied on sales proceeds From land and buildings | Deductions: None allowed. Exemptions: Transfers through inheritance; donations to religious or charitable organizations; religious organizations; and agricultural land | 3 percent of sales value | ||||||||||||||||||
5. Taxes on goods and services | |||||||||||||||||||||
5.1 General excise taxes | Harmonized taxes are levied on certain domestic and imported goods. The tax applies to the import costs (before the tariff) or at the domestic manufacturer level. For mineral water and soft drinks, tax applies to retail price paid by consumer | 5, 7, 11, 15 percent, 25 percent applies to certain specified transportation vehicles and luxury items | |||||||||||||||||||
5.2 Selected excise taxes | Items taxable at manufacture level | ||||||||||||||||||||
5.2.2 Tobacco | Levied on domestically produced and domestically trademarked or foreign trademarked cigarettes; imported tobacco, and tobacco products | For domestically produced cigarettes: 80 percent on domestically trade marked and 65 percent on foreign trademarked; 80 percent on imported cigarettes; 60 percent for cigars; 25 percent for imported tobacco | |||||||||||||||||||
5.2.3 Taxes on petroleum products | Levied on retail sales price |
|
|||||||||||||||||||
5.3 Qat tax | Levied on assessed market value | 25 percent | |||||||||||||||||||
6. Customs tariff | Applied to all imports not specifically exempted | Exemptions may be provided to corporations that qualify under the IL | Four-band structure with rates of 5, 10, 15, and 30 percent, A single exemption of 70 percent applied to cigarettes and other tobacco products | ||||||||||||||||||
7. Other taxes | |||||||||||||||||||||
7.1 Motor vehicle taxes | Levied on all motorized vehicles operating in Yemen with gasoline or diesel powered engines: levied on purchases of fuel (domestic or imported) | Exemptions: Government vehicles, diplomatic and embassy cars, and emergency vehicles. | YR1s 0.25 per liter of gasoline: YR1s 0.15 per litre of diesel | ||||||||||||||||||
7.3 Counselor fees | For Yemeni visas | According to a specific schedule | |||||||||||||||||||
7.4 Passport fee | Fee varies with the type of passport | ||||||||||||||||||||
7.5 Compulsory military service fee | Levied on Yemenis for exemption from or postponement of compulsory national military service | Yr1s 86,000 for exemption |
References
Alier, Max, and Martin Kaufman, “Nonrenewable Resources: A Case for Persistent Fiscal Surpluses,” IMF Working Paper 99/44 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Arab Oil and Gas Directory, 1999 (Beirut: Arab Petroleum Research Center).
Backus and Crucini, 2000, “Oil Prices and the Terms of Trade,” Journal of International Economics, Vol. 50, pp. 185–213.
Bassett, Sheila, Alejandro Garcia, and Claire Liuksila, “Fiscal-Policy Sustainability in Oil-Producing Countries,” IMF Working Paper 94/137 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Burrowes, Robert D., 1989, “Oil Strike and Leadership Struggle in South Yemen: 1986 and Beyond,” Middle East Journal, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 437–454.
Cashin, Paul, Hong Liang, and C. John McDermott, “How Persistent are Shocks to World Commodity Prices?” IMF Working Paper 99/80 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Chalk, Nigel, “Fiscal Sustainability with Non-Renewable Resources,” IMF Working Paper 98/26 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Colton, Nora Ann, 1993, “Homeward Bound: Yemeni Return Migration,” International Migration Review, Vol. 27 (Winter).
Conge, Patrick, and Guem Okruhlik, 1997, “National Autonomy, Labor Migration and Political Crisis: Yemen and Saudi Arabia,” Middle East Journal, Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 554–565.
Dunbar, Charles, 1992, “The Unification of Yemen,” Middle East Journal, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 456 —476.
Easterly, William, and Stanley Fischer, 1990, “The Economics of the Government Budget Constraint,” The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 5, (July) No. 2, pp. 127–142.
Engel, Eduardo, and Rodrigo Valdes, 2000, “Optimal Fiscal Strategy for Oil Exporting Countries: A User’s Manual,” Paper prepared for the MED Seminar Series (unpublished; Washington: Middle Eastern Department, International Monetary Fund).
Hashem, Mouna, 1996, Goals for Social Integration and Realities of Social Exclusion in the Republic of Yemen, (Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies).
Household Budget Survey 1998, 1999, (Sana’a, Yemen: Central Statistical Office).
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 1996, Poverty Assessment Report, March, (Washington).
Kostiner, Joseph, 1996, “Yemen—The Tortuous Quest for Unity, 1990–94,” Royal Institute for International Affairs.
Pindyck, Robert, 1999, “The Long-Run Evolution of Energy Prices,” Energy Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 1–27.
Tersman, Gunnar, “Oil, National Wealth, and Current and Future Consumption Possibilities,” IMF Working Paper 91/69 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
United Nations, Development Program, 1999a, Poverty Policy Framework for Yemen, Strategic paper prepared by Mohammed Al-Saqour, April (Sana’a).
United Nations, Development Program, 1999b, Human Development Report (New York: Oxford University Press).
Ward, Christopher, 2000, “Qat in Yemen” World Bank, unpublished.
Statistical Appendix
Social and Demographic Indicators, 1995 and 1997
Algeria, Bahrafn, Djibouti, Egypt Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Tunisia.
Data for the nearest year to 1997.
Second column data are for 1998.
Social and Demographic Indicators, 1995 and 1997
1995 | 1997 | Selected MENA1,2 |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic indicators | ||||
GNP per capita (in U.S. dollars) | 260 | 270 | 2,070 | |
GNP per capita (PPP. current international dollar) | 730 | 720 | 4,630 | |
Total population (in millions) | 15.3 | 16.1 | 280 | |
Population growth rate (in percent)3 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 2.1 | |
Total fertility rate | 6.7 | 6.4 | 3.6 | |
Age dependency ratio (dependents to working-age population) | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.7 | |
Urban population (in percent) | 33.6 | 34.4 | 58.4 | |
Labor participation rate (in percent of population aged 14–64) | 69.3 | 67.0 | 57.2 | |
Female labor participation rate (in percent of total population) | 27.8 | 27.9 | 26.5 | |
Health | ||||
Life expectancy at birth (in years)3 | 53 | 59 | 67 | |
infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)3 | 100 | 98 | 49 | |
Under five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) | 145 | 137 | 63 | |
Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) | 1,471 | … | 205 | |
Immunized: DPT, under 12 months (in percent of age group) | 53 | 57 | 90 | |
Child malnutrition, under 5 years (in percent of age group) | 30 | 29 | 14 | |
Access to safe water (percent of population) | 39 | … | 85 | |
Access to sanitation (percent of population) | 19 | … | 62 | |
Education | ||||
Adult literacy rate | 40 | 42 | 62 |
Algeria, Bahrafn, Djibouti, Egypt Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Tunisia.
Data for the nearest year to 1997.
Second column data are for 1998.
Social and Demographic Indicators, 1995 and 1997
1995 | 1997 | Selected MENA1,2 |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic indicators | ||||
GNP per capita (in U.S. dollars) | 260 | 270 | 2,070 | |
GNP per capita (PPP. current international dollar) | 730 | 720 | 4,630 | |
Total population (in millions) | 15.3 | 16.1 | 280 | |
Population growth rate (in percent)3 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 2.1 | |
Total fertility rate | 6.7 | 6.4 | 3.6 | |
Age dependency ratio (dependents to working-age population) | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.7 | |
Urban population (in percent) | 33.6 | 34.4 | 58.4 | |
Labor participation rate (in percent of population aged 14–64) | 69.3 | 67.0 | 57.2 | |
Female labor participation rate (in percent of total population) | 27.8 | 27.9 | 26.5 | |
Health | ||||
Life expectancy at birth (in years)3 | 53 | 59 | 67 | |
infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)3 | 100 | 98 | 49 | |
Under five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) | 145 | 137 | 63 | |
Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) | 1,471 | … | 205 | |
Immunized: DPT, under 12 months (in percent of age group) | 53 | 57 | 90 | |
Child malnutrition, under 5 years (in percent of age group) | 30 | 29 | 14 | |
Access to safe water (percent of population) | 39 | … | 85 | |
Access to sanitation (percent of population) | 19 | … | 62 | |
Education | ||||
Adult literacy rate | 40 | 42 | 62 |
Algeria, Bahrafn, Djibouti, Egypt Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Tunisia.
Data for the nearest year to 1997.
Second column data are for 1998.
Selected Economic and Financial Indicators, 1994–99
Gross reserves minus commercial bank foreign exchange deposits held with the central bank. Imports are for the current year and exclude oil and gas sector imports.
Public and publicly guaranteed debt, including central bank foreign liabilities. In percent of exports of goods and services.
INS. based on free market rate.
Selected Economic and Financial Indicators, 1994–99
1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Change in percent) | |||||||||
Production and prices | |||||||||
Nominal GDP at market prices | 28.4 | 67.1 | 43.7 | 21.5 | 0.4 | 24.3 | |||
Real GDP at market prices | −3.6 | 7.9 | 2.9 | 8.1 | 5.3 | 3.8 | |||
Real non-oil GDP | −9.6 | 5.5 | 0.5 | 8.2 | 5.9 | 3.2 | |||
Real oil GDP | 43.7 | 20.0 | 13.5 | 7.5 | 2.7 | 6.2 | |||
Consumer price index (annual average) | 71.3 | 62.5 | 40.0 | 4.6 | 11.5 | 8.0 | |||
Crude export oil price | |||||||||
(weighted average, U.S. dollar per barrel) | 15.4 | 16.9 | 20.3 | 18.5 | 11.6 | 18.7 | |||
(In percent of GDP) | |||||||||
Government finance | |||||||||
Total revenue and grants | 12.8 | 19.5 | 35.9 | 32.8 | 26.4 | 31.8 | |||
Oil revenue | 3.7 | 9.3 | 25.1 | 22.1 | 13.8 | 19.8 | |||
Non-oil revenue | 8.9 | 9.8 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 12.2 | 11.1 | |||
Grants | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.9 | |||
Total expenditure | 29.0 | 25.6 | 39.8 | 34.7 | 32.7 | 32.1 | |||
Current | 26.4 | 22.5 | 33.2 | 27.9 | 26.6 | 26.5 | |||
Development | 2.6 | 3.1 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 5.6 | |||
Overall balance (commitment basis) | −16.3 | −16.3 | −16.3 | −16.3 | −16.3 | −16.3 | |||
Overall balance including grants (cash basis) | −15.7 | −5.2 | 0.6 | −1.8 | −7.9 | −0.4 | |||
(12-month change in percent of initial broad money) | |||||||||
Monetary data | |||||||||
Broad money | 34.7 | 20.4 | 8.6 | 10.7 | 11.7 | 13.8 | |||
Credit to nongovernment sector | 69.0 | 28.0 | −29.4 | 46.6 | 54.2 | 15.0 | |||
Benchmark deposit interest rate (percent p.a.) | 6.5 | 20.0 | 25.0 | 11.0 | 15.0 | 18.0 | |||
Velocity (Non-oil GDP/M2) | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.1 | |||
(In millions of US. dollars) | |||||||||
External sector | |||||||||
Exports f.o.b. | 1,824 | 1,937 | 2,263 | 2,274 | 1,501 | 2,466 | |||
Of which | |||||||||
Crude oil | 1,615 | 1,735 | 1,976 | 1,945 | 1,229 | 2,131 | |||
Imports, f.o.b. | 1,522 | −1,948 | −2,294 | −2,407 | −2,228 | −2,440 | |||
Services (net) | −475 | −411 | −370 | −470 | −398 | −489 | |||
Private remittances and transfers (net) | 1,117 | 1,104 | 1,188 | 1,256 | 1,254 | 1,314 | |||
Capital account (net) | −641 | −876 | −397 | 34 | −154 | 11 | |||
Overall balance | −779 | −38 | −625 | 116 | −463 | 320 | |||
Central bank own gross foreign reserves | 357 | 525 | 937 | 1,152 | 853 | 1,351 | |||
In months of imports1 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 4.2 | 6.0 | |||
Current account, including grants (in percent of GDP) | 5.6 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 0.3 | −3.7 | 2.9 | |||
Debt service ratios2 | |||||||||
Obligation basis | 46.8 | 42.1 | 31.9 | 12.6 | 17.0 | 10.5 | |||
Actual | 3.3 | 6.6 | 8.7 | 10.3 | 14.0 | 8.3 | |||
Official external debt | 10,876 | 11,017 | 11,135 | 5,359 | 5,373 | 5,490 | |||
(In percent of GDP) | 167 | 170 | 173 | 81 | 85 | 80 | |||
Terms of trade (1996=100) | 85.5 | 85.3 | 100.0 | 100.7 | 69.5 | 114.1 | |||
Exchange rate (free market, eop) (YR1s/US$) | 101.0 | 127.1 | 126.9 | 130.5 | 141.7 | 159.7 | |||
Real effective exchange rate (1996=100)3 | … | 76.2 | 100.0 | 109.7 | 119.5 | 107.1 |
Gross reserves minus commercial bank foreign exchange deposits held with the central bank. Imports are for the current year and exclude oil and gas sector imports.
Public and publicly guaranteed debt, including central bank foreign liabilities. In percent of exports of goods and services.
INS. based on free market rate.
Selected Economic and Financial Indicators, 1994–99
1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Change in percent) | |||||||||
Production and prices | |||||||||
Nominal GDP at market prices | 28.4 | 67.1 | 43.7 | 21.5 | 0.4 | 24.3 | |||
Real GDP at market prices | −3.6 | 7.9 | 2.9 | 8.1 | 5.3 | 3.8 | |||
Real non-oil GDP | −9.6 | 5.5 | 0.5 | 8.2 | 5.9 | 3.2 | |||
Real oil GDP | 43.7 | 20.0 | 13.5 | 7.5 | 2.7 | 6.2 | |||
Consumer price index (annual average) | 71.3 | 62.5 | 40.0 | 4.6 | 11.5 | 8.0 | |||
Crude export oil price | |||||||||
(weighted average, U.S. dollar per barrel) | 15.4 | 16.9 | 20.3 | 18.5 | 11.6 | 18.7 | |||
(In percent of GDP) | |||||||||
Government finance | |||||||||
Total revenue and grants | 12.8 | 19.5 | 35.9 | 32.8 | 26.4 | 31.8 | |||
Oil revenue | 3.7 | 9.3 | 25.1 | 22.1 | 13.8 | 19.8 | |||
Non-oil revenue | 8.9 | 9.8 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 12.2 | 11.1 | |||
Grants | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.9 | |||
Total expenditure | 29.0 | 25.6 | 39.8 | 34.7 | 32.7 | 32.1 | |||
Current | 26.4 | 22.5 | 33.2 | 27.9 | 26.6 | 26.5 | |||
Development | 2.6 | 3.1 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 5.6 | |||
Overall balance (commitment basis) | −16.3 | −16.3 | −16.3 | −16.3 | −16.3 | −16.3 | |||
Overall balance including grants (cash basis) | −15.7 | −5.2 | 0.6 | −1.8 | −7.9 | −0.4 | |||
(12-month change in percent of initial broad money) | |||||||||
Monetary data | |||||||||
Broad money | 34.7 | 20.4 | 8.6 | 10.7 | 11.7 | 13.8 | |||
Credit to nongovernment sector | 69.0 | 28.0 | −29.4 | 46.6 | 54.2 | 15.0 | |||
Benchmark deposit interest rate (percent p.a.) | 6.5 | 20.0 | 25.0 | 11.0 | 15.0 | 18.0 | |||
Velocity (Non-oil GDP/M2) | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.1 | |||
(In millions of US. dollars) | |||||||||
External sector | |||||||||
Exports f.o.b. | 1,824 | 1,937 | 2,263 | 2,274 | 1,501 | 2,466 | |||
Of which | |||||||||
Crude oil | 1,615 | 1,735 | 1,976 | 1,945 | 1,229 | 2,131 | |||
Imports, f.o.b. | 1,522 | −1,948 | −2,294 | −2,407 | −2,228 | −2,440 | |||
Services (net) | −475 | −411 | −370 | −470 | −398 | −489 | |||
Private remittances and transfers (net) | 1,117 | 1,104 | 1,188 | 1,256 | 1,254 | 1,314 | |||
Capital account (net) | −641 | −876 | −397 | 34 | −154 | 11 | |||
Overall balance | −779 | −38 | −625 | 116 | −463 | 320 | |||
Central bank own gross foreign reserves | 357 | 525 | 937 | 1,152 | 853 | 1,351 | |||
In months of imports1 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 4.2 | 6.0 | |||
Current account, including grants (in percent of GDP) | 5.6 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 0.3 | −3.7 | 2.9 | |||
Debt service ratios2 | |||||||||
Obligation basis | 46.8 | 42.1 | 31.9 | 12.6 | 17.0 | 10.5 | |||
Actual | 3.3 | 6.6 | 8.7 | 10.3 | 14.0 | 8.3 | |||
Official external debt | 10,876 | 11,017 | 11,135 | 5,359 | 5,373 | 5,490 | |||
(In percent of GDP) | 167 | 170 | 173 | 81 | 85 | 80 | |||
Terms of trade (1996=100) | 85.5 | 85.3 | 100.0 | 100.7 | 69.5 | 114.1 | |||
Exchange rate (free market, eop) (YR1s/US$) | 101.0 | 127.1 | 126.9 | 130.5 | 141.7 | 159.7 | |||
Real effective exchange rate (1996=100)3 | … | 76.2 | 100.0 | 109.7 | 119.5 | 107.1 |
Gross reserves minus commercial bank foreign exchange deposits held with the central bank. Imports are for the current year and exclude oil and gas sector imports.
Public and publicly guaranteed debt, including central bank foreign liabilities. In percent of exports of goods and services.
INS. based on free market rate.
Sectoral Origin of Gross Domestic Product at Current Prices, 1994–99
The large increases in oil and gas GDP in 1993 and 1996 are in large part due to exchange rate effects. The official exchange rate increased from YRls 12US$ in 1994 to YRls 40.5/US$ in 1995 and YRls 114 /US$ in 1996.
Sectoral Origin of Gross Domestic Product at Current Prices, 1994–99
1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(In millions of Yemeni rials) | |||||||||
Agriculture and forestry | 63,342 | 90,330 | 108,526 | 124,750 | 158,397 | 167,441 | |||
Fishing | 5,814 | 8,832 | 10,700 | 13,256 | 16,110 | 18,610 | |||
Mining and quarrying | 858 | 1,640 | 2,449 | 2,506 | 2,524 | 2,705 | |||
Oil and gas1 | 17,790 | 69,116 | 191,273 | 244,915 | 137,758 | 263,309 | |||
Manufacturing | 39,300 | 64,287 | 57,065 | 65,605 | 77,191 | 83,829 | |||
Oil refining | 2,438 | 8,645 | 23,207 | 26,600 | 27,769 | 30,433 | |||
Electricity, gas, and water | 2,034 | 3,111 | 5,334 | 6,718 | 7,912 | 8,401 | |||
Construction | 10,423 | 16,867 | 25,713 | 37,442 | 41,977 | 41,867 | |||
Wholesale and retail trade | 30,077 | 49,634 | 58,918 | 72,877 | 87,910 | 99,807 | |||
Restaurants and hotels | 2,065 | 3,375 | 4,047 | 5,101 | 6,152 | 6,983 | |||
Transportation, storage, and communications | 44,625 | 64,618 | 83,056 | 104,337 | 113,219 | 127,814 | |||
Financial institutions | 13,868 | 18,828 | 16,856 | 17,437 | 31,467 | 33,602 | |||
Real estate and business services | 7,831 | 12,149 | 16,840 | 21,007 | 25,045 | 28,827 | |||
Community, social, and personal services | 6,933 | 11,000 | 12,784 | 14,536 | 16,728 | 18,625 | |||
Government services | 48,609 | 65,777 | 73,963 | 82,175 | 96,479 | 121,982 | |||
Private, nonprofit services | 196 | 140 | 270 | 304 | 342 | 384 | |||
Import duties | 7,440 | 16,804 | 25,997 | 29,034 | 29,653 | 30,994 | |||
Less: Imputed bank services charges | −11,364 | −16,644 | −14,886 | −15,703 | −20,688 | −22,056 | |||
Total GDP | 292,279 | 488,509 | 702,112 | 852,897 | 855,945 | 1,063,557 | |||
Of which: | |||||||||
Non-oil GDP | 274,489 | 419,393 | 510,839 | 607,982 | 718,187 | 800,247 | |||
(In percent of GDP) | |||||||||
Agriculture and forestry | 21.7 | 16.5 | 15.5 | 14.6 | 18.5 | 15.7 | |||
Fishing | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1 9 | 1.7 | |||
Mining and quarrying | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |||
Oil and gas | 6.1 | 14.1 | 27.2 | 28.7 | 16.1 | 24.8 | |||
Manufacturing | 13.4 | 13.2 | 8.1 | 7.7 | 9.0 | 7.9 | |||
Oil refining | 0.8 | 1.8 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 2.9 | |||
Electricity, gas, and water | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 | |||
Construction | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 4.9 | 3.9 | |||
Wholesale and retail trade | 10.3 | 10.2 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 10.3 | 9.4 | |||
Restaurants and hotels | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | |||
Transportation, storage, and communications | 15.3 | 13.2 | 11.8 | 12.2 | 13.2 | 12.0 | |||
Financial institutions | 4.7 | 3.9 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 3.7 | 3.2 | |||
Real estate and business services | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 2.7 | |||
Community, social, and personal services | 2.4 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 1.8 | |||
Government services | 16.6 | 13.5 | 10.5 | 9.6 | 11.3 | 11.5 | |||
Non-oil GDP | 93.9 | 85.9 | 72.8 | 71.3 | 83.9 | 75.2 |
The large increases in oil and gas GDP in 1993 and 1996 are in large part due to exchange rate effects. The official exchange rate increased from YRls 12US$ in 1994 to YRls 40.5/US$ in 1995 and YRls 114 /US$ in 1996.
Sectoral Origin of Gross Domestic Product at Current Prices, 1994–99
1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(In millions of Yemeni rials) | |||||||||
Agriculture and forestry | 63,342 | 90,330 | 108,526 | 124,750 | 158,397 | 167,441 | |||
Fishing | 5,814 | 8,832 | 10,700 | 13,256 | 16,110 | 18,610 | |||
Mining and quarrying | 858 | 1,640 | 2,449 | 2,506 | 2,524 | 2,705 | |||
Oil and gas1 | 17,790 | 69,116 | 191,273 | 244,915 | 137,758 | 263,309 | |||
Manufacturing | 39,300 | 64,287 | 57,065 | 65,605 | 77,191 | 83,829 | |||
Oil refining | 2,438 | 8,645 | 23,207 | 26,600 | 27,769 | 30,433 | |||
Electricity, gas, and water | 2,034 | 3,111 | 5,334 | 6,718 | 7,912 | 8,401 | |||
Construction | 10,423 | 16,867 | 25,713 | 37,442 | 41,977 | 41,867 | |||
Wholesale and retail trade | 30,077 | 49,634 | 58,918 | 72,877 | 87,910 | 99,807 | |||
Restaurants and hotels | 2,065 | 3,375 | 4,047 | 5,101 | 6,152 | 6,983 | |||
Transportation, storage, and communications | 44,625 | 64,618 | 83,056 | 104,337 | 113,219 | 127,814 | |||
Financial institutions | 13,868 | 18,828 | 16,856 | 17,437 | 31,467 | 33,602 | |||
Real estate and business services | 7,831 | 12,149 | 16,840 | 21,007 | 25,045 | 28,827 | |||
Community, social, and personal services | 6,933 | 11,000 | 12,784 | 14,536 | 16,728 | 18,625 | |||
Government services | 48,609 | 65,777 | 73,963 | 82,175 | 96,479 | 121,982 | |||
Private, nonprofit services | 196 | 140 | 270 | 304 | 342 | 384 | |||
Import duties | 7,440 | 16,804 | 25,997 | 29,034 | 29,653 | 30,994 | |||
Less: Imputed bank services charges | −11,364 | −16,644 | −14,886 | −15,703 | −20,688 | −22,056 | |||
Total GDP | 292,279 | 488,509 | 702,112 | 852,897 | 855,945 | 1,063,557 | |||
Of which: | |||||||||
Non-oil GDP | 274,489 | 419,393 | 510,839 | 607,982 | 718,187 | 800,247 | |||
(In percent of GDP) | |||||||||
Agriculture and forestry | 21.7 | 16.5 | 15.5 | 14.6 | 18.5 | 15.7 | |||
Fishing | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1 9 | 1.7 | |||
Mining and quarrying | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |||
Oil and gas | 6.1 | 14.1 | 27.2 | 28.7 | 16.1 | 24.8 | |||
Manufacturing | 13.4 | 13.2 | 8.1 | 7.7 | 9.0 | 7.9 | |||
Oil refining | 0.8 | 1.8 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 2.9 | |||
Electricity, gas, and water | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 | |||
Construction | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 4.9 | 3.9 | |||
Wholesale and retail trade | 10.3 | 10.2 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 10.3 | 9.4 | |||
Restaurants and hotels | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | |||
Transportation, storage, and communications | 15.3 | 13.2 | 11.8 | 12.2 | 13.2 | 12.0 | |||
Financial institutions | 4.7 | 3.9 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 3.7 | 3.2 | |||
Real estate and business services | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 2.7 | |||
Community, social, and personal services | 2.4 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 1.8 | |||
Government services | 16.6 | 13.5 | 10.5 | 9.6 | 11.3 | 11.5 | |||
Non-oil GDP | 93.9 | 85.9 | 72.8 | 71.3 | 83.9 | 75.2 |
The large increases in oil and gas GDP in 1993 and 1996 are in large part due to exchange rate effects. The official exchange rate increased from YRls 12US$ in 1994 to YRls 40.5/US$ in 1995 and YRls 114 /US$ in 1996.
Use of Resources at Current Prices, 1994–99
(In million of Yemeni rials)
Uses data from the fiscal accounts.
Uses balance of payments data.
Includes workers’ remittances.
The large increases in public sector savings and declines in private sector savings in 1995–96 are attributable largely to the effects of exchange rate depreciations and world prices increases.
Use of Resources at Current Prices, 1994–99
(In million of Yemeni rials)
1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Consumption | 240,105 | 419,296 | 599,098 | 727,558 | 827,233 | 938,112 | ||||
Public sector1 | 61,976 | 78,033 | 105,161 | 134,623 | 146,820 | 179,257 | ||||
Private sector | 178,129 | 341,263 | 493,937 | 592,935 | 680,413 | 758,855 | ||||
Gross investment | 59,785 | 101,057 | 146,155 | 202,029 | 180,976 | 197,758 | ||||
Gross fixed capital formation | 56,773 | 99,025 | 143,207 | 198,543 | 180,976 | 197,758 | ||||
Public sector | 7,498 | 15,048 | 46,529 | 57,815 | 52,584 | 59,496 | ||||
Private sector | 49,275 | 83,977 | 96,678 | 140,728 | 128,392 | 138,262 | ||||
Of which: | ||||||||||
Oil companies | 14,678 | 15,307 | 18,598 | 20,106 | 16,850 | 23,246 | ||||
Change in stocks | 3,012 | 2,032 | 2,948 | 3,486 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Domestic absorption | 299,890 | 520,352 | 745,253 | 929,587 | 1,008,209 | 1,135,870 | ||||
Net exports of goods and nonfactor services | −7,611 | −31,843 | −43,141 | −76,690 | −152,264 | −72,318 | ||||
GDP at market prices | 292,279 | 488,509 | 702,112 | 852,897 | 855,945 | 1,063,557 | ||||
Net factor income2 | −25,994 | −37,682 | −74,414 | −81,535 | −48,813 | −101,968 | ||||
Gross national product | 266,285 | 450,827 | 627,698 | 771,362 | 807,132 | 961,589 | ||||
Net current transfers2,3 | 50,019 | 83,278 | 129,212 | 162,350 | 170,340 | 204,675 | ||||
Gross national disposable income | 316,304 | 534,105 | 756,909 | 933,712 | 977,473 | 1,166,264 | ||||
Gross domestic saving | 52,174 | 69,213 | 103,014 | 125,339 | 28,712 | 125,445 | ||||
Gross national savings from disposable income | 76,199 | 114,810 | 157,812 | 206,154 | 150,239 | 228,152 | ||||
Public sector national savings4 | 39,706 | −14,696 | 18,834 | 41,391 | −1,537 | 56,877 | ||||
Private sector national savings4 | 115,905 | 129,506 | 138,977 | 164,763 | 151,776 | 171,275 | ||||
(In percent of GDP) | ||||||||||
Consumption | 82.1 | 85.8 | 85.3 | 85.3 | 96.6 | 88.2 | ||||
Public sector | 21.2 | 16.0 | 15.0 | 15.8 | 17.2 | 16.9 | ||||
Private sector | 60.9 | 69.9 | 70.4 | 69.5 | 79.5 | 71.4 | ||||
Gross investment | 20.5 | 20.7 | 20.8 | 23.7 | 21.1 | 18.6 | ||||
Gross fixed capital formation | 19.4 | 20.3 | 20.4 | 23.3 | 21.1 | 18.6 | ||||
Public sector | 2.6 | 3.1 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 5.6 | ||||
Private sector | 16.9 | 17.2 | 13.8 | 16.5 | 15.0 | 13.0 | ||||
Change in stocks | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
Domestic absorption | 102.6 | 106.5 | 106.1 | 109.0 | 117.8 | 106.8 | ||||
Net exports of goods and nonfactor services | −2.6 | −6.5 | −6.1 | −9.0 | −17.8 | −6.8 | ||||
Net factor income | −8.9 | −7.7 | −10.6 | −9.6 | −5.7 | −9.6 | ||||
Gross national product | 91.1 | 92.3 | 89.4 | 90.4 | 94.3 | 90.4 | ||||
Net current transfers | 17.1 | 17.0 | 18.4 | 19.0 | 19.9 | 19.2 | ||||
Gross national disposable income | 108.2 | 109.3 | 107.8 | 109.5 | 114.2 | 109.7 | ||||
Gross domestic saving | 17.9 | 14.2 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 3.4 | 11.8 | ||||
Gross national savings from disposable income | 26.1 | 23.5 | 22.5 | 24.2 | 17.6 | 21.5 | ||||
Public sector national savings4 | −13.6 | −3.0 | 2.7 | 4.9 | −0.2 | 5.3 | ||||
Private sector national savings4 | 39.7 | 26.5 | 19.8 | 19.3 | 17.7 | 16.1 |
Uses data from the fiscal accounts.
Uses balance of payments data.
Includes workers’ remittances.
The large increases in public sector savings and declines in private sector savings in 1995–96 are attributable largely to the effects of exchange rate depreciations and world prices increases.
Use of Resources at Current Prices, 1994–99
(In million of Yemeni rials)
1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Consumption | 240,105 | 419,296 | 599,098 | 727,558 | 827,233 | 938,112 | ||||
Public sector1 | 61,976 | 78,033 | 105,161 | 134,623 | 146,820 | 179,257 | ||||
Private sector | 178,129 | 341,263 | 493,937 | 592,935 | 680,413 | 758,855 | ||||
Gross investment | 59,785 | 101,057 | 146,155 | 202,029 | 180,976 | 197,758 | ||||
Gross fixed capital formation | 56,773 | 99,025 | 143,207 | 198,543 | 180,976 | 197,758 | ||||
Public sector | 7,498 | 15,048 | 46,529 | 57,815 | 52,584 | 59,496 | ||||
Private sector | 49,275 | 83,977 | 96,678 | 140,728 | 128,392 | 138,262 | ||||
Of which: | ||||||||||
Oil companies | 14,678 | 15,307 | 18,598 | 20,106 | 16,850 | 23,246 | ||||
Change in stocks | 3,012 | 2,032 | 2,948 | 3,486 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Domestic absorption | 299,890 | 520,352 | 745,253 | 929,587 | 1,008,209 | 1,135,870 | ||||
Net exports of goods and nonfactor services | −7,611 | −31,843 | −43,141 | −76,690 | −152,264 | −72,318 | ||||
GDP at market prices | 292,279 | 488,509 | 702,112 | 852,897 | 855,945 | 1,063,557 | ||||
Net factor income2 | −25,994 | −37,682 | −74,414 | −81,535 | −48,813 | −101,968 | ||||
Gross national product | 266,285 | 450,827 | 627,698 | 771,362 | 807,132 | 961,589 | ||||
Net current transfers2,3 | 50,019 | 83,278 | 129,212 | 162,350 | 170,340 | 204,675 | ||||
Gross national disposable income | 316,304 | 534,105 | 756,909 | 933,712 | 977,473 | 1,166,264 | ||||
Gross domestic saving | 52,174 | 69,213 | 103,014 | 125,339 | 28,712 | 125,445 | ||||
Gross national savings from disposable income | 76,199 | 114,810 | 157,812 | 206,154 | 150,239 | 228,152 | ||||
Public sector national savings4 | 39,706 | −14,696 | 18,834 | 41,391 | −1,537 | 56,877 | ||||
Private sector national savings4 | 115,905 | 129,506 | 138,977 | 164,763 | 151,776 | 171,275 | ||||
(In percent of GDP) | ||||||||||
Consumption | 82.1 | 85.8 | 85.3 | 85.3 | 96.6 | 88.2 | ||||
Public sector | 21.2 | 16.0 | 15.0 | 15.8 | 17.2 | 16.9 | ||||
Private sector | 60.9 | 69.9 | 70.4 | 69.5 | 79.5 | 71.4 | ||||
Gross investment | 20.5 | 20.7 | 20.8 | 23.7 | 21.1 | 18.6 | ||||
Gross fixed capital formation | 19.4 | 20.3 | 20.4 | 23.3 | 21.1 | 18.6 | ||||
Public sector | 2.6 | 3.1 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 5.6 | ||||
Private sector | 16.9 | 17.2 | 13.8 | 16.5 | 15.0 | 13.0 | ||||
Change in stocks | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
Domestic absorption | 102.6 | 106.5 | 106.1 | 109.0 | 117.8 | 106.8 | ||||
Net exports of goods and nonfactor services | −2.6 | −6.5 | −6.1 | −9.0 | −17.8 | −6.8 | ||||
Net factor income | −8.9 | −7.7 | −10.6 | −9.6 | −5.7 | −9.6 | ||||
Gross national product | 91.1 | 92.3 | 89.4 | 90.4 | 94.3 | 90.4 | ||||
Net current transfers | 17.1 | 17.0 | 18.4 | 19.0 | 19.9 | 19.2 | ||||
Gross national disposable income | 108.2 | 109.3 | 107.8 | 109.5 | 114.2 | 109.7 | ||||
Gross domestic saving | 17.9 | 14.2 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 3.4 | 11.8 | ||||
Gross national savings from disposable income | 26.1 | 23.5 | 22.5 | 24.2 | 17.6 | 21.5 | ||||
Public sector national savings4 | −13.6 | −3.0 | 2.7 | 4.9 | −0.2 | 5.3 | ||||
Private sector national savings4 | 39.7 | 26.5 | 19.8 | 19.3 | 17.7 | 16.1 |
Uses data from the fiscal accounts.
Uses balance of payments data.
Includes workers’ remittances.
The large increases in public sector savings and declines in private sector savings in 1995–96 are attributable largely to the effects of exchange rate depreciations and world prices increases.
Sectoral Origin of Gross Domestic Product at Constant Prices, 1994–99
Sectoral Origin of Gross Domestic Product at Constant Prices, 1994–99
1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(in millions of 1990 Yemeni rials) | |||||||||
Agriculture and forestry | 33,365 | 35,688 | 36,158 | 39,075 | 44,497 | 44,375 | |||
Fishing | 688 | 722 | 930 | 1,267 | 1,381 | 1,505 | |||
Mining and quarrying | 312 | 345 | 396 | 403 | 364 | 368 | |||
Oil and gas | 20,156 | 24,197 | 27,469 | 29,542 | 30,326 | 32,217 | |||
Manufacturing | 10,449 | 13,334 | 13,524 | 13,682 | 14,438 | 14,518 | |||
Oil refining | 2,322 | 2,470 | 2,376 | 2,385 | 2,233 | 2,266 | |||
Electricity, gas, and water | 1,552 | 1,763 | 1,979 | 2,018 | 2,066 | 2,215 | |||
Construction | 3,373 | 4,206 | 5,092 | 6,734 | 6,771 | 6,371 | |||
Wholesale and retail trade | 8,452 | 9,764 | 10,563 | 11,263 | 12,185 | 12,929 | |||
Restaurants and hotels | 408 | 467 | 506 | 563 | 609 | 646 | |||
Transportation, storage, and communications | 14,379 | 13,973 | 12,016 | 13,996 | 13,623 | 14,373 | |||
Financial institutions | 3,616 | 3,289 | 2,495 | 2,469 | 3,996 | 3,988 | |||
Real estate and business services | 4,117 | 4,404 | 4,598 | 4,953 | 5,296 | 5,697 | |||
Community, social, and personal services | 2,364 | 2,395 | 2,573 | 2,771 | 2,860 | 2,976 | |||
Government services | 14,135 | 12,249 | 10,588 | 11,157 | 11,748 | 13,893 | |||
Private, nonprofit services | 57 | 65 | 69 | 73 | 67 | 76 | |||
Import duties | 4,831 | 4,681 | 5,450 | 5,387 | 4,378 | 4,237 | |||
Less: imputed bank services charges | −3,303 | −3,100 | −2,028 | −2,088 | −3,496 | −3,490 | |||
Total GDP at market prices. | 121,273 | 130,912 | 134,754 | 145,652 | 153,342 | 159,160 | |||
Of which: | |||||||||
Non-oil GDP | 101,117 | 106,715 | 107,285 | 116,110 | 123,016 | 126,943 | |||
(Changes in percent) | |||||||||
Agriculture and forestry | −3.3 | 7.0 | 1.3 | 8.1 | 13.9 | −0.3 | |||
Fishing | −7.3 | 4.9 | 28.8 | 36.2 | 9.0 | 9.0 | |||
Mining and quarrying | −3.1 | 10.6 | 14.8 | 1.8 | −9.7 | 1.1 | |||
Oil and gas | 43.7 | 20.0 | 13.5 | 7.5 | 2.7 | 6.2 | |||
Manufacturing | −4.4 | 27.6 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 5.5 | 0.6 | |||
Oil refining | −9.5 | 6.4 | −3.8 | 0.4 | −6.4 | 1.5 | |||
Electricity, gas, and water | −10.3 | 13.6 | 12.3 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 7.2 | |||
Construction | −18.9 | 24.7 | 21.1 | 32.2 | 0.5 | −5.9 | |||
Wholesale and retail trade | −13.2 | 15.5 | 8.2 | 6.6 | 8.2 | 6.1 | |||
Restaurants and hotels | −13.6 | 14.5 | 8.4 | 11.3 | 8.2 | 6.1 | |||
Transportation, storage, and communications | −19.2 | −2.8 | −14.0 | 16.5 | −2.7 | 5.5 | |||
Financial institutions | 8.6 | −9.0 | −24.1 | −1.0 | 61.8 | −0.2 | |||
Real estate and business services | 6.2 | 7.0 | 4.4 | 7.7 | 6.9 | 7.6 | |||
Community, social, and personal services | 4.5 | 1.3 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 3.2 | 4.1 | |||
Government services | −18.4 | −13.3 | −13.6 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 18.3 | |||
GDP | −3.6 | 7.9 | 2.9 | 8.1 | 5.3 | 3.8 | |||
Non-oil GDP | −9.6 | 5.5 | 0.5 | 8.2 | 5.9 | 3.2 |
Sectoral Origin of Gross Domestic Product at Constant Prices, 1994–99
1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(in millions of 1990 Yemeni rials) | |||||||||
Agriculture and forestry | 33,365 | 35,688 | 36,158 | 39,075 | 44,497 | 44,375 | |||
Fishing | 688 | 722 | 930 | 1,267 | 1,381 | 1,505 | |||
Mining and quarrying | 312 | 345 | 396 | 403 | 364 | 368 | |||
Oil and gas | 20,156 | 24,197 | 27,469 | 29,542 | 30,326 | 32,217 | |||
Manufacturing | 10,449 | 13,334 | 13,524 | 13,682 | 14,438 | 14,518 | |||
Oil refining | 2,322 | 2,470 | 2,376 | 2,385 | 2,233 | 2,266 | |||
Electricity, gas, and water | 1,552 | 1,763 | 1,979 | 2,018 | 2,066 | 2,215 | |||
Construction | 3,373 | 4,206 | 5,092 | 6,734 | 6,771 | 6,371 | |||
Wholesale and retail trade | 8,452 | 9,764 | 10,563 | 11,263 | 12,185 | 12,929 | |||
Restaurants and hotels | 408 | 467 | 506 | 563 | 609 | 646 | |||
Transportation, storage, and communications | 14,379 | 13,973 | 12,016 | 13,996 | 13,623 | 14,373 | |||
Financial institutions | 3,616 | 3,289 | 2,495 | 2,469 | 3,996 | 3,988 | |||
Real estate and business services | 4,117 | 4,404 | 4,598 | 4,953 | 5,296 | 5,697 | |||
Community, social, and personal services | 2,364 | 2,395 | 2,573 | 2,771 | 2,860 | 2,976 | |||
Government services | 14,135 | 12,249 | 10,588 | 11,157 | 11,748 | 13,893 | |||
Private, nonprofit services | 57 | 65 | 69 | 73 | 67 | 76 | |||
Import duties | 4,831 | 4,681 | 5,450 | 5,387 | 4,378 | 4,237 | |||
Less: imputed bank services charges | −3,303 | −3,100 | −2,028 | −2,088 | −3,496 | −3,490 | |||
Total GDP at market prices. | 121,273 | 130,912 | 134,754 | 145,652 | 153,342 | 159,160 | |||
Of which: | |||||||||
Non-oil GDP | 101,117 | 106,715 | 107,285 | 116,110 | 123,016 | 126,943 | |||
(Changes in percent) | |||||||||
Agriculture and forestry | −3.3 | 7.0 | 1.3 | 8.1 | 13.9 | −0.3 | |||
Fishing | −7.3 | 4.9 | 28.8 | 36.2 | 9.0 | 9.0 | |||
Mining and quarrying | −3.1 | 10.6 | 14.8 | 1.8 | −9.7 | 1.1 | |||
Oil and gas | 43.7 | 20.0 | 13.5 | 7.5 | 2.7 | 6.2 | |||
Manufacturing | −4.4 | 27.6 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 5.5 | 0.6 | |||
Oil refining | −9.5 | 6.4 | −3.8 | 0.4 | −6.4 | 1.5 | |||
Electricity, gas, and water | −10.3 | 13.6 | 12.3 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 7.2 | |||
Construction | −18.9 | 24.7 | 21.1 | 32.2 | 0.5 | −5.9 | |||
Wholesale and retail trade | −13.2 | 15.5 | 8.2 | 6.6 | 8.2 | 6.1 | |||
Restaurants and hotels | −13.6 | 14.5 | 8.4 | 11.3 | 8.2 | 6.1 | |||
Transportation, storage, and communications | −19.2 | −2.8 | −14.0 | 16.5 | −2.7 | 5.5 | |||
Financial institutions | 8.6 | −9.0 | −24.1 | −1.0 | 61.8 | −0.2 | |||
Real estate and business services | 6.2 | 7.0 | 4.4 | 7.7 | 6.9 | 7.6 | |||
Community, social, and personal services | 4.5 | 1.3 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 3.2 | 4.1 | |||
Government services | −18.4 | −13.3 | −13.6 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 18.3 | |||
GDP | −3.6 | 7.9 | 2.9 | 8.1 | 5.3 | 3.8 | |||
Non-oil GDP | −9.6 | 5.5 | 0.5 | 8.2 | 5.9 | 3.2 |
Distribution of Employment (Age 15 Years and Over) by Economic Activity 1
Data for 1994 are based on the general population census of that year; 1998 and 1999 data based on Ministry of Planning estimates.
Distribution of Employment (Age 15 Years and Over) by Economic Activity 1
1994 | 1998 | 1999 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activity | Thousand | Percent of Total Employed |
Thousand | Percent of Total Employed |
Thousand | Percent of Total Employed |
|
Private sector | |||||||
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing | 1,667 | 52.3 | 1,928 | 49.2 | 1,996 | 48.5 | |
Mining and quarrying | 10 | 0.3 | 13 | 0.3 | 13 | 0.3 | |
Manufacturing | 131 | 4.1 | 188 | 4.8 | 206 | 5.0 | |
Electricity, gas, and water | 14 | 0.4 | 21 | 0.5 | 21 | 0.5 | |
Construction | 217 | 6.8 | 341 | 8.7 | 382 | 9.3 | |
Trade, restaurants, and hotels | 332 | 10.4 | 415 | 10.6 | 440 | 10.7 | |
Transport, storage, and communication | 150 | 4.7 | 196 | 5.0 | 210 | 5.1 | |
Finance, insurance, and real estate | 35 | 1.1 | 47 | 1.2 | 49 | 1.2 | |
Social and community services | 224 | 7.0 | 365 | 9.3 | 412 | 10.0 | |
Public administration | 410 | 12.9 | 405 | 10.3 | 389 | 9.5 | |
Total employment | 3,188 | 100.0 | 3,919 | 100.0 | 4,119 | 100.0 |
Data for 1994 are based on the general population census of that year; 1998 and 1999 data based on Ministry of Planning estimates.
Distribution of Employment (Age 15 Years and Over) by Economic Activity 1
1994 | 1998 | 1999 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activity | Thousand | Percent of Total Employed |
Thousand | Percent of Total Employed |
Thousand | Percent of Total Employed |
|
Private sector | |||||||
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing | 1,667 | 52.3 | 1,928 | 49.2 | 1,996 | 48.5 | |
Mining and quarrying | 10 | 0.3 | 13 | 0.3 | 13 | 0.3 | |
Manufacturing | 131 | 4.1 | 188 | 4.8 | 206 | 5.0 | |
Electricity, gas, and water | 14 | 0.4 | 21 | 0.5 | 21 | 0.5 | |
Construction | 217 | 6.8 | 341 | 8.7 | 382 | 9.3 | |
Trade, restaurants, and hotels | 332 | 10.4 | 415 | 10.6 | 440 | 10.7 | |
Transport, storage, and communication | 150 | 4.7 | 196 | 5.0 | 210 | 5.1 | |
Finance, insurance, and real estate | 35 | 1.1 | 47 | 1.2 | 49 | 1.2 | |
Social and community services | 224 | 7.0 | 365 | 9.3 | 412 | 10.0 | |
Public administration | 410 | 12.9 | 405 | 10.3 | 389 | 9.5 | |
Total employment | 3,188 | 100.0 | 3,919 | 100.0 | 4,119 | 100.0 |
Data for 1994 are based on the general population census of that year; 1998 and 1999 data based on Ministry of Planning estimates.
Distribution of Employment (Age 10 Years and Over) by Sectors in Urban and Rural Areas, 1998
(In percent unless otherwise specified)
Distribution of Employment (Age 10 Years and Over) by Sectors in Urban and Rural Areas, 1998
(In percent unless otherwise specified)
Urban | Rural | Total Employment | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sector | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | |
Government | 38.7 | 58.3 | 41.2 | 14.5 | 1.3 | 10.9 | 19.7 | 6.8 | 16.5 | |
Administration | 29.9 | 49.3 | 32.4 | 12.6 | 1.2 | 9.4 | 16.3 | 5.8 | 13.7 | |
Other | 8.8 | 9.0 | 8.8 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 2.9 | |
Private sector | 59.5 | 39.7 | 57.0 | 84.4 | 97.7 | 88.0 | 79 0 | 92.1 | 82.3 | |
National | 58.8 | 38.3 | 56.2 | 83.9 | 97.6 | 87.7 | 78.6 | 91.9 | 81.9 | |
Foreign | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.4 | |
Mixed | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | |
Cooperative | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Other | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |
Total (thousand) | 669.4 | 99.3 | 768.7 | 2,453.7 | 931.0 | 3,384.7 | 3,123.1 | 1,030.3 | 4,153.4 |
Distribution of Employment (Age 10 Years and Over) by Sectors in Urban and Rural Areas, 1998
(In percent unless otherwise specified)
Urban | Rural | Total Employment | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sector | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | |
Government | 38.7 | 58.3 | 41.2 | 14.5 | 1.3 | 10.9 | 19.7 | 6.8 | 16.5 | |
Administration | 29.9 | 49.3 | 32.4 | 12.6 | 1.2 | 9.4 | 16.3 | 5.8 | 13.7 | |
Other | 8.8 | 9.0 | 8.8 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 2.9 | |
Private sector | 59.5 | 39.7 | 57.0 | 84.4 | 97.7 | 88.0 | 79 0 | 92.1 | 82.3 | |
National | 58.8 | 38.3 | 56.2 | 83.9 | 97.6 | 87.7 | 78.6 | 91.9 | 81.9 | |
Foreign | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.4 | |
Mixed | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | |
Cooperative | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Other | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |
Total (thousand) | 669.4 | 99.3 | 768.7 | 2,453.7 | 931.0 | 3,384.7 | 3,123.1 | 1,030.3 | 4,153.4 |
Household Income and Expenditure, 1998
(Yemeni Rials, unless otherwise specified)
Household Income and Expenditure, 1998
(Yemeni Rials, unless otherwise specified)
Urban | Rural | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
Average household income | 36,988 | 26,654 | 29,035 |
Average household member income | 5,024 | 3,763 | 4,096 |
Average household expenditure on food | 20,727 | 19,818 | 20,026 |
Average household expenditure on nonfood | 17,624 | 9,562 | 11,421 |
Ratio of household income to expenditure (in percent) | 96.4 | 90.7 | 92.3 |
Memorandum items: | |||
Average household size (persons) | 7.11 | 7.08 | 7.09 |
Illiteracy rate (in percent) | 27.47 | 56.57 | 49.47 |
Median age of population (in years) | 15.9 | 14.2 | 14.6 |
Household Income and Expenditure, 1998
(Yemeni Rials, unless otherwise specified)
Urban | Rural | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
Average household income | 36,988 | 26,654 | 29,035 |
Average household member income | 5,024 | 3,763 | 4,096 |
Average household expenditure on food | 20,727 | 19,818 | 20,026 |
Average household expenditure on nonfood | 17,624 | 9,562 | 11,421 |
Ratio of household income to expenditure (in percent) | 96.4 | 90.7 | 92.3 |
Memorandum items: | |||
Average household size (persons) | 7.11 | 7.08 | 7.09 |
Illiteracy rate (in percent) | 27.47 | 56.57 | 49.47 |
Median age of population (in years) | 15.9 | 14.2 | 14.6 |
Distribution of Population (10 Years and Over) by Education Level, Region, and Gender, 1994, 1998
(in percent of total)
Distribution of Population (10 Years and Over) by Education Level, Region, and Gender, 1994, 1998
(in percent of total)
1994 | 1998 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban | Rural | Male | Female | Total | Urban | Rural | Male | Female | Total | |
Illiterate | 34.2 | 63.5 | 36.7 | 76.3 | 56.0 | 27.5 | 56.6 | 28.2 | 70.9 | 49.5 |
Read and write | 33.4 | 24.5 | 36.9 | 16.1 | 26.8 | 38.2 | 30.3 | 44.4 | 20.0 | 32.2 |
Primary | 9.2 | 5.4 | 9.4 | 3.1 | 6.3 | 5.4 | 2.8 | 4.5 | 2.3 | 3.4 |
Combined level | 2.5 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
Preparatory | 8.2 | 3.5 | 7.4 | 1.8 | 4.7 | 10.9 | 5.2 | 10.2 | 3.0 | 6.6 |
Pre-secondary diploma | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
Secondary | 7.7 | 1.6 | 4.9 | 1.3 | 3.2 | 10.3 | 2.8 | 7.2 | 2.0 | 4.6 |
Post-high school diploma | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.8 |
University and above | 3.1 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 3.3 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 1.3 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Total (thousand) | 2,417 | 7,040 | 4,853 | 4,604 | 9,457 | 2,581 | 8,009 | 5,303 | 5,287 | 10,590 |
Distribution of Population (10 Years and Over) by Education Level, Region, and Gender, 1994, 1998
(in percent of total)
1994 | 1998 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban | Rural | Male | Female | Total | Urban | Rural | Male | Female | Total | |
Illiterate | 34.2 | 63.5 | 36.7 | 76.3 | 56.0 | 27.5 | 56.6 | 28.2 | 70.9 | 49.5 |
Read and write | 33.4 | 24.5 | 36.9 | 16.1 | 26.8 | 38.2 | 30.3 | 44.4 | 20.0 | 32.2 |
Primary | 9.2 | 5.4 | 9.4 | 3.1 | 6.3 | 5.4 | 2.8 | 4.5 | 2.3 | 3.4 |
Combined level | 2.5 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
Preparatory | 8.2 | 3.5 | 7.4 | 1.8 | 4.7 | 10.9 | 5.2 | 10.2 | 3.0 | 6.6 |
Pre-secondary diploma | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
Secondary | 7.7 | 1.6 | 4.9 | 1.3 | 3.2 | 10.3 | 2.8 | 7.2 | 2.0 | 4.6 |
Post-high school diploma | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.8 |
University and above | 3.1 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 3.3 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 1.3 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Total (thousand) | 2,417 | 7,040 | 4,853 | 4,604 | 9,457 | 2,581 | 8,009 | 5,303 | 5,287 | 10,590 |
Crude Oil Summary, 1994–99
(In thousands of barrels per day)
Net of miscellaneous oil field uses.
Including YICOM share.
Crude Oil Summary, 1994–99
(In thousands of barrels per day)
1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A Total net output1 | 334 | 342 | 344 | 360 | 367 | 389 | ||
Marib | 185 | 168 | 162 | 149 | 129 | 116 | ||
Masila | 149 | 174 | 177 | 190 | 201 | 207 | ||
Jannan | … | … | 4 | 20 | 19 | 48 | ||
East Shabwa | … | … | … | … | 16 | 17 | ||
Ayad | … | … | … | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
B. Companies’ exports | 154 | 155 | 137 | 137 | 177 | 158 | ||
Marib | 69 | 57 | 53 | 49 | 52 | 47 | ||
Masila | 85 | 98 | 62 | 79 | 104 | 77 | ||
Jannah2 | … | … | 2 | 8 | 8 | 20 | ||
East Shabwa | … | … | … | … | 13 | 13 | ||
Ayad | … | … | … | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
1. Companies’ net output share | 107 | 110 | 117 | 118 | 100 | 112 | ||
Marib | 82 | 81 | 81 | 75 | 61 | 56 | ||
Masila | 25 | 28 | 35 | 41 | 35 | 47 | ||
Jannah2 | … | … | 1 | 2 | 3 | 7 | ||
East Shabwa | … | … | … | … | 1 | 2 | ||
Ayad | … | … | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
2. Cost recovery | 88 | 85 | 60 | 56 | 107 | 75 | ||
Marib | 28 | 16 | 12 | 12 | 21 | 18 | ||
Masila | 60 | 69 | 47 | 38 | 69 | 31 | ||
Jannah | … | … | 1 | 6 | 5 | 13 | ||
East Shabwa | … | … | … | … | 11 | 12 | ||
Ayad | … | … | … | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
3. Income tax | 41 | 41 | 40 | 37 | 30 | 28 | ||
Marib | 41 | 41 | 40 | 37 | 30 | 28 | ||
Masila | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Jannah | … | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
East Shabwa | … | … | … | … | 0 | 0 | ||
Ayad | … | … | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
C. Government exports | 135 | 123 | 129 | 150 | 112 | 146 | ||
D. Government sates to refineries | 45 | 64 | 78 | 73 | 77 | 85 | ||
Average oil export price (US$/bbl) | 15 | 17 | 20 | 18 | 12 | 19 | ||
Export revenue (million US$) | 1,615 | 1,735 | 1,976 | 1,945 | 1,229 | 2,131 | ||
Companies | 862 | 957 | 1,018 | 933 | 758 | 1,138 | ||
Government | 753 | 778 | 958 | 1,012 | 471 | 993 |
Net of miscellaneous oil field uses.
Including YICOM share.
Crude Oil Summary, 1994–99
(In thousands of barrels per day)
1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A Total net output1 | 334 | 342 | 344 | 360 | 367 | 389 | ||
Marib | 185 | 168 | 162 | 149 | 129 | 116 | ||
Masila | 149 | 174 | 177 | 190 | 201 | 207 | ||
Jannan | … | … | 4 | 20 | 19 | 48 | ||
East Shabwa | … | … | … | … | 16 | 17 | ||
Ayad | … | … | … | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
B. Companies’ exports | 154 | 155 | 137 | 137 | 177 | 158 | ||
Marib | 69 | 57 | 53 | 49 | 52 | 47 | ||
Masila | 85 | 98 | 62 | 79 | 104 | 77 | ||
Jannah2 | … | … | 2 | 8 | 8 | 20 | ||
East Shabwa | … | … | … | … | 13 | 13 | ||
Ayad | … | … | … | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
1. Companies’ net output share | 107 | 110 | 117 | 118 | 100 | 112 | ||
Marib | 82 | 81 | 81 | 75 | 61 | 56 | ||
Masila | 25 | 28 | 35 | 41 | 35 | 47 | ||
Jannah2 | … | … | 1 | 2 | 3 | 7 | ||
East Shabwa | … | … | … | … | 1 | 2 | ||
Ayad | … | … | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
2. Cost recovery | 88 | 85 | 60 | 56 | 107 | 75 | ||
Marib | 28 | 16 | 12 | 12 | 21 | 18 | ||
Masila | 60 | 69 | 47 | 38 | 69 | 31 | ||
Jannah | … | … | 1 | 6 | 5 | 13 | ||
East Shabwa | … | … | … | … | 11 | 12 | ||
Ayad | … | … | … | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
3. Income tax | 41 | 41 | 40 | 37 | 30 | 28 | ||
Marib | 41 | 41 | 40 | 37 | 30 | 28 | ||
Masila | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Jannah | … | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
East Shabwa | … | … | … | … | 0 | 0 | ||
Ayad | … | … | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
C. Government exports | 135 | 123 | 129 | 150 | 112 | 146 | ||
D. Government sates to refineries | 45 | 64 | 78 | 73 | 77 | 85 | ||
Average oil export price (US$/bbl) | 15 | 17 | 20 | 18 | 12 | 19 | ||
Export revenue (million US$) | 1,615 | 1,735 | 1,976 | 1,945 | 1,229 | 2,131 | ||
Companies | 862 | 957 | 1,018 | 933 | 758 | 1,138 | ||
Government | 753 | 778 | 958 | 1,012 | 471 | 993 |
Net of miscellaneous oil field uses.
Including YICOM share.
Oil Exploration Blocks Awarded in 1996–99