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Krishna Srinivasan; Erich Spitäller; M. Braulke; Christian B. Mulder; Hisanobu Shishido; Kenneth M. Miranda; John R Dodsworth; Keon Lee

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Author:

Mr. Krishna Srinivasan

Mr. Krishna Srinivasan
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Erich Spitäller

Erich Spitäller https://isni.org/isni/0000000404811396 International Monetary Fund

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Mr. M. Braulke

Mr. M. Braulke https://isni.org/isni/0000000404811396 International Monetary Fund

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Mr. Christian B. Mulder

Mr. Christian B. Mulder
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Mr. Hisanobu Shishido

Mr. Hisanobu Shishido
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Mr. Kenneth M. Miranda

Mr. Kenneth M. Miranda
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Mr. John R Dodsworth

Mr. John R Dodsworth
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, and

Keon Lee

Keon Lee https://isni.org/isni/0000000404811396 International Monetary Fund

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Language:: English

Keywords:: OP; IMF staff estimate; government; balance of payments estimate; loss-making state-owned enterprise sector; FDI commitment; state enterprise sector; staples price; Inflation; Exchange rates; Foreign direct investment; Agricultural sector; Exchange rate policy; Mekong; Asia and Pacific; East Asia; South Asia; Eastern Europe

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Abstract

Ranking of Low-Income Countries According to Share of Industry in GDP, 1987,1

Statistical Appendix

^{Table A1.}

Ranking of Low-Income Countries According to Share of Industry in GDP, 1987^,1

Sources: World Bank, World Development Report 1990; General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Sample of countries with population over 10 million and per capita income of $160-$500 in 1987.

^²Per capita income of 1989.

^{Table A1.}

Ranking of Low-Income Countries According to Share of Industry in GDP, 1987^,1

	Population (in millions)	Per Capita Income (in U.S. dollars)	Share of Industry (in percent)
Uganda	16	280	7
Tanzania	25	160	7
Bangladesh	109	170	14
Sudan	24	480	15
Ghana	14	400	16
Madagascar	11	190	16
Nepal	18	180	17
Ethiopia	47	120	17
Mozambique	15	100	20
Kenya	22	370	20
Pakistan	106	350	24
Vietnam	64	130²	25
Sri Lanka	17	420	27
India	816	340	30
Zaïre	33	170	34
Nigeria	110	290	36
China	1,088	330	46
Unweighted average	149	256	22

Sources: World Bank, World Development Report 1990; General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Sample of countries with population over 10 million and per capita income of $160-$500 in 1987.

^²Per capita income of 1989.

^{Table A1.}

Ranking of Low-Income Countries According to Share of Industry in GDP, 1987^,1

	Population (in millions)	Per Capita Income (in U.S. dollars)	Share of Industry (in percent)
Uganda	16	280	7
Tanzania	25	160	7
Bangladesh	109	170	14
Sudan	24	480	15
Ghana	14	400	16
Madagascar	11	190	16
Nepal	18	180	17
Ethiopia	47	120	17
Mozambique	15	100	20
Kenya	22	370	20
Pakistan	106	350	24
Vietnam	64	130²	25
Sri Lanka	17	420	27
India	816	340	30
Zaïre	33	170	34
Nigeria	110	290	36
China	1,088	330	46
Unweighted average	149	256	22

Sources: World Bank, World Development Report 1990; General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Sample of countries with population over 10 million and per capita income of $160-$500 in 1987.

^²Per capita income of 1989.

^{Table A2.}

Food Production

Sources: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; and General Statistical Office.

^¹In rice equivalent units. One kilogram of paddy is approximately equivalent to 3 kilograms each of maize, sweet potatoes, or cassava.

^{Table A2.}

Food Production

	1980	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994
	In thousands of metric tons
Production	14,280	17,476	19,511	21,516	21,488	21,989	24,214	25,502	26,198
By product
Rice paddy	11,647	15,103	17,000	18,996	19,224	19,621	21,590	22,837	23,598
Spring crop	3,874	5,499	6,874	7,539	7,845	6,788	9,153	9,036	10,300
Autumn crop	1,594	2,529	3,379	4,063	4,110	4,717	4,910	5,633	5,300
Winter crop	6,180	7,074	6,647	7,394	7,269	8,116	7,527	8,168	7,998
Other cereals¹	2,633	2,374	2,511	2,520	2,264	2,368	2,624	2,665	2,600
Maize	429	561	815	838	671	672	707	882	890
Sweet potatoes	2,418	2,202	1,902	1,909	1,929	2,137	2,554	2,405	2,410
Cassava	3,323	2,738	2,839	2,585	2,276	2,455	2,470	2,450	2,450
Potatoes	872	498	347	331	365	285	259	259	259
By region
North	…	…	…	9,144	8,449	7,835	9,701	10,798	9,883
South	…	…	…	12,372	13,039	14,154	14,513	14,704	16,315
	In thousands of hectares
Area cultivated	6,883	6,625	6,890	7,090	7,111	7,450	7,707	7,777	7,798
Of which: rice paddy	5,600	5,589	5,726	5,896	6,028	6,303	6,475	6,560	6,545
By region
North	…	…	…	3,261	3,224	3,654	3,398	3,391	3,377
South	…	…	…	3,829	3,887	3,796	4,309	4,386	4,421
	In metric tons per hectare
Yield
Of which: rice paddy	2.08	2.70	2.97	3.22	3.19	3.11	3.33	3.48	3.61
By region
North	…	…	…	2.80	2.62	2.14	2.85	3.18	2.93
South	…	…	…	3.23	3.35	3.73	3.37	3.35	3.69
	Percent change
Rice paddy	−1.5	−5.6	12.6	11.7	1.2	2.1	10.0	5.8	3.3
Other cereals¹	58.5	3.9	5.8	0.4	−10.2	4.6	10.8	1.6	−2.4
Memorandum items:
Per capita production
Total cereal	266	280	306	332	324	324	349	359	361
Rice	217	242	267	293	290	290	311	322	325
Other cereals	49	38	39	39	34	35	38	38	36
Ratio of other cereals/total	18.4	13.6	12.9	11.7	10.5	10.8	10.8	10.5	9.9

Sources: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; and General Statistical Office.

^¹In rice equivalent units. One kilogram of paddy is approximately equivalent to 3 kilograms each of maize, sweet potatoes, or cassava.

^{Table A2.}

Food Production

	1980	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994
	In thousands of metric tons
Production	14,280	17,476	19,511	21,516	21,488	21,989	24,214	25,502	26,198
By product
Rice paddy	11,647	15,103	17,000	18,996	19,224	19,621	21,590	22,837	23,598
Spring crop	3,874	5,499	6,874	7,539	7,845	6,788	9,153	9,036	10,300
Autumn crop	1,594	2,529	3,379	4,063	4,110	4,717	4,910	5,633	5,300
Winter crop	6,180	7,074	6,647	7,394	7,269	8,116	7,527	8,168	7,998
Other cereals¹	2,633	2,374	2,511	2,520	2,264	2,368	2,624	2,665	2,600
Maize	429	561	815	838	671	672	707	882	890
Sweet potatoes	2,418	2,202	1,902	1,909	1,929	2,137	2,554	2,405	2,410
Cassava	3,323	2,738	2,839	2,585	2,276	2,455	2,470	2,450	2,450
Potatoes	872	498	347	331	365	285	259	259	259
By region
North	…	…	…	9,144	8,449	7,835	9,701	10,798	9,883
South	…	…	…	12,372	13,039	14,154	14,513	14,704	16,315
	In thousands of hectares
Area cultivated	6,883	6,625	6,890	7,090	7,111	7,450	7,707	7,777	7,798
Of which: rice paddy	5,600	5,589	5,726	5,896	6,028	6,303	6,475	6,560	6,545
By region
North	…	…	…	3,261	3,224	3,654	3,398	3,391	3,377
South	…	…	…	3,829	3,887	3,796	4,309	4,386	4,421
	In metric tons per hectare
Yield
Of which: rice paddy	2.08	2.70	2.97	3.22	3.19	3.11	3.33	3.48	3.61
By region
North	…	…	…	2.80	2.62	2.14	2.85	3.18	2.93
South	…	…	…	3.23	3.35	3.73	3.37	3.35	3.69
	Percent change
Rice paddy	−1.5	−5.6	12.6	11.7	1.2	2.1	10.0	5.8	3.3
Other cereals¹	58.5	3.9	5.8	0.4	−10.2	4.6	10.8	1.6	−2.4
Memorandum items:
Per capita production
Total cereal	266	280	306	332	324	324	349	359	361
Rice	217	242	267	293	290	290	311	322	325
Other cereals	49	38	39	39	34	35	38	38	36
Ratio of other cereals/total	18.4	13.6	12.9	11.7	10.5	10.8	10.8	10.5	9.9

Sources: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; and General Statistical Office.

^¹In rice equivalent units. One kilogram of paddy is approximately equivalent to 3 kilograms each of maize, sweet potatoes, or cassava.

^{Table A3.}

Value of Gross Agricultural Production

Sources: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; and General Statistical Office.

^¹Preliminary data and estimates. The total for industrial and noncereal food crops is D 4,364 billion for 1993 and D 4,536 billion for 1994.

^{Table A3.}

Value of Gross Agricultural Production

	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994¹
	In billions of dong at 1989 prices
Total	13,126	13,656	14,706	14,919	15,359	16,607	17,637	18,342
Food crops	7,700	8,278	9,062	9,160	9,276	10,057	…	…
Paddy and other cereals	6,053	6,737	7,402	7,396	7,542	8,281	8,747	9,055
Vegetables and beans	720	703	757	757	756	772	…	…
Fruits	927	838	903	1,007	978	1,004	…	…
Other	281	313	364	327	323	370	…	…
Industrial crops	1,528	1,567	1,545	1,613	1,913	1,903	…	…
Animal husbandry	3,617	3,498	3,735	3,820	3,847	4,276	4,520	4,733
				Percent change
Total	0.4	4.0	7.7	1.4	2.9	8.1	6.2	4.0
Food crops	−3.2	7.5	9.5	1.1	1.3	8.4	…	…
Paddy and other cereals	−4.0	11.3	9.9	−0.1	2.0	9.8	5.6	3.5
Vegetables and beans	1.7	−2.4	7.7	—	−0.1	2.1	…	…
Fruits	−1.2	−9.6	7.8	11.5	−2.9	2.7	…	…
Other	−10.6	11.4	16.1	−10.0	−1.2	14.6	…	…
Industrial crops	5.4	2.6	−1.4	4.4	18.7	−0.5	…	…
Animal husbandry	7.7	−3.3	6.8	2.3	0.7	11.2	5.7	4.7

Sources: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; and General Statistical Office.

^¹Preliminary data and estimates. The total for industrial and noncereal food crops is D 4,364 billion for 1993 and D 4,536 billion for 1994.

^{Table A3.}

Value of Gross Agricultural Production

	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994¹
	In billions of dong at 1989 prices
Total	13,126	13,656	14,706	14,919	15,359	16,607	17,637	18,342
Food crops	7,700	8,278	9,062	9,160	9,276	10,057	…	…
Paddy and other cereals	6,053	6,737	7,402	7,396	7,542	8,281	8,747	9,055
Vegetables and beans	720	703	757	757	756	772	…	…
Fruits	927	838	903	1,007	978	1,004	…	…
Other	281	313	364	327	323	370	…	…
Industrial crops	1,528	1,567	1,545	1,613	1,913	1,903	…	…
Animal husbandry	3,617	3,498	3,735	3,820	3,847	4,276	4,520	4,733
				Percent change
Total	0.4	4.0	7.7	1.4	2.9	8.1	6.2	4.0
Food crops	−3.2	7.5	9.5	1.1	1.3	8.4	…	…
Paddy and other cereals	−4.0	11.3	9.9	−0.1	2.0	9.8	5.6	3.5
Vegetables and beans	1.7	−2.4	7.7	—	−0.1	2.1	…	…
Fruits	−1.2	−9.6	7.8	11.5	−2.9	2.7	…	…
Other	−10.6	11.4	16.1	−10.0	−1.2	14.6	…	…
Industrial crops	5.4	2.6	−1.4	4.4	18.7	−0.5	…	…
Animal husbandry	7.7	−3.3	6.8	2.3	0.7	11.2	5.7	4.7

Sources: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; and General Statistical Office.

^¹Preliminary data and estimates. The total for industrial and noncereal food crops is D 4,364 billion for 1993 and D 4,536 billion for 1994.

^{Table A4.}

Agricultural Production by Type of Crop, 1988

(Share in total)

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^{Table A4.}

Agricultural Production by Type of Crop, 1988

(Share in total)

Crop	State	Cooperative Sector	Private Sector
Food crops	0.6	80.0	19.3
Of which: rice	0.6	82.0	17.3
Other foods
(vegetables, beans)	0.2	12.1	87.7
Tea	46.1	—	53.9
Coffee	20.9	—	79.1
Rubber	99.2	—	0.8
Sugarcane	8.7	18.7	72.6
Peanuts	1.2	44.7	54.1
Tobacco	1.7	43.4	54.9

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^{Table A4.}

Agricultural Production by Type of Crop, 1988

(Share in total)

Crop	State	Cooperative Sector	Private Sector
Food crops	0.6	80.0	19.3
Of which: rice	0.6	82.0	17.3
Other foods
(vegetables, beans)	0.2	12.1	87.7
Tea	46.1	—	53.9
Coffee	20.9	—	79.1
Rubber	99.2	—	0.8
Sugarcane	8.7	18.7	72.6
Peanuts	1.2	44.7	54.1
Tobacco	1.7	43.4	54.9

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^{Table A5.}

Farm Households Organized in Cooperatives, 1988

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates. Note: Production brigades are not included.

^{Table A5.}

Farm Households Organized in Cooperatives, 1988

Region	Percentage
Total	69
Northern Mountains	90
Red River Delta	99
Central coast (north)	98
Central coast (south)	91
Central highlands	48
Northeast of south land	20
Mekong Delta	7

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates. Note: Production brigades are not included.

^{Table A5.}

Farm Households Organized in Cooperatives, 1988

Region	Percentage
Total	69
Northern Mountains	90
Red River Delta	99
Central coast (north)	98
Central coast (south)	91
Central highlands	48
Northeast of south land	20
Mekong Delta	7

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates. Note: Production brigades are not included.

^{Table A6.}

Number of State and Collective Units in Agriculture

Sources: General Statistical Office; and Kim (1994).

^¹Estimated.

^{Table A6.}

Number of State and Collective Units in Agriculture

	1980	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994¹
State farms and plantations	1,087	870	801	794	793	686	623	630	681
Collective units	21,956	55,656	52,833	48,943	30,443	29,820	23,686	22,900	…
Cooperatives	12,606	16,985	17,335	18,631	16,341	…	…	…
Productive brigades	9,350	38,671	35,498	30,312	14,102	…	…	…	…
Numbers of state employees
(in thousands)	262	387	372	380	343	305	269	260	…

Sources: General Statistical Office; and Kim (1994).

^¹Estimated.

^{Table A6.}

Number of State and Collective Units in Agriculture

	1980	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994¹
State farms and plantations	1,087	870	801	794	793	686	623	630	681
Collective units	21,956	55,656	52,833	48,943	30,443	29,820	23,686	22,900	…
Cooperatives	12,606	16,985	17,335	18,631	16,341	…	…	…
Productive brigades	9,350	38,671	35,498	30,312	14,102	…	…	…	…
Numbers of state employees
(in thousands)	262	387	372	380	343	305	269	260	…

Sources: General Statistical Office; and Kim (1994).

^¹Estimated.

^{Table A7.}

Industrial Production by Sector and Ownership

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Preliminary data.

^{Table A7.}

Industrial Production by Sector and Ownership

	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994¹
	In billions of dong, at 1989 prices
State sector	7,931	9,160	8,931	9,476	10,598	12,779	14,642	16,755
Excluding fuel	7,608	8,751	7,968	7,925	8,457	9,816	11,299	13,080
Central	4,695	5,273	5,584	6,438	7,435	9,155	10,602	12,086
Local	3,236	3,888	3,348	3,038	3,163	3,624	4,040	4,669
Nonstate sector	4,227	4,772	4,567	4,535	4,873	5,338	5,769	6,415
Cooperatives	2,469	2,494	1,594	1,275	747	515	434	…
Private	1,757	2,278	2,973	3,260	4,126	4,823	5,335	…
Total	12,158	13,932	13,498	14,011	15,471	18,117	20,411	23,170
	Share in percent
State sector	65.2	65.7	66.2	67.6	68.5	70.5	71.7	72.3
Central	38.6	37.8	41.4	45.9	48.1	50.5	51.9	52.2
Local	26.6	27.9	24.8	21.7	20.4	20.0	19.8	20.2
Nonstate sector	34.8	34.3	33.8	32.4	31.5	29.5	28.3	27.7
Cooperatives	20.3	17.9	11.8	9.1	4.8	2.8	2.1	…
Private	14.5	16.4	22.0	23.3	26.7	26.6	26.1	…
	Growth rates, in percent
State sector	9.3	15.5	−2.5	6.1	11.8	20.6	14.6	14.4
Excluding fuel	10.4	15.0	−8.9	−0.5	6.7	16.1	15.1	15.8
Central	6.8	12.3	5.9	15.3	15.5	23.1	15.8	14.0
Local	13.1	20.1	−13.9	−9.2	4.1	14.6	11.5	15.6
Nonstate sector	10.9	12.9	−4.3	−0.7	7.5	9.5	8.1	11.2
Cooperatives	5.8	1.0	−36.1	−20.0	−41.4	−31.1	−15.6	…
Private	19.0	29.6	30.5	9.6	26.6	16.9	10.6	…
Total	9.9	14.6	−3.1	3.8	10.4	17.1	12.7	13.5
	In units
Number of state enterprises	3,032	3,101	3,020	2,762	2,599	2,268	2,030	…
By sector
Heavy industry	1,612	1,458	1,452	1,384	1,192	990	854	…
Light industry	1,420	1,643	1,568	1,378	1,407	1,278	1,176	…
By type of management
Central	719	681	666	589	546	537	522	…
Provincial	2,313	2,420	2,354	2,173	2,053	1,731	1,508	…
Number of nonstate enterprises	…	350,909	356,522	390,786	456,559	374,837	461,475	…
Cooperatives	33,962	32,034	21,901	13,086	8,829	5,723	5,287	…
Private enterprises	490	318	1,284	770	959	1,114	3,322	…
Household enterprises	…	318,557	333,337	376,930	446,771	368,000	452,866	…

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Preliminary data.

^{Table A7.}

Industrial Production by Sector and Ownership

	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994¹
	In billions of dong, at 1989 prices
State sector	7,931	9,160	8,931	9,476	10,598	12,779	14,642	16,755
Excluding fuel	7,608	8,751	7,968	7,925	8,457	9,816	11,299	13,080
Central	4,695	5,273	5,584	6,438	7,435	9,155	10,602	12,086
Local	3,236	3,888	3,348	3,038	3,163	3,624	4,040	4,669
Nonstate sector	4,227	4,772	4,567	4,535	4,873	5,338	5,769	6,415
Cooperatives	2,469	2,494	1,594	1,275	747	515	434	…
Private	1,757	2,278	2,973	3,260	4,126	4,823	5,335	…
Total	12,158	13,932	13,498	14,011	15,471	18,117	20,411	23,170
	Share in percent
State sector	65.2	65.7	66.2	67.6	68.5	70.5	71.7	72.3
Central	38.6	37.8	41.4	45.9	48.1	50.5	51.9	52.2
Local	26.6	27.9	24.8	21.7	20.4	20.0	19.8	20.2
Nonstate sector	34.8	34.3	33.8	32.4	31.5	29.5	28.3	27.7
Cooperatives	20.3	17.9	11.8	9.1	4.8	2.8	2.1	…
Private	14.5	16.4	22.0	23.3	26.7	26.6	26.1	…
	Growth rates, in percent
State sector	9.3	15.5	−2.5	6.1	11.8	20.6	14.6	14.4
Excluding fuel	10.4	15.0	−8.9	−0.5	6.7	16.1	15.1	15.8
Central	6.8	12.3	5.9	15.3	15.5	23.1	15.8	14.0
Local	13.1	20.1	−13.9	−9.2	4.1	14.6	11.5	15.6
Nonstate sector	10.9	12.9	−4.3	−0.7	7.5	9.5	8.1	11.2
Cooperatives	5.8	1.0	−36.1	−20.0	−41.4	−31.1	−15.6	…
Private	19.0	29.6	30.5	9.6	26.6	16.9	10.6	…
Total	9.9	14.6	−3.1	3.8	10.4	17.1	12.7	13.5
	In units
Number of state enterprises	3,032	3,101	3,020	2,762	2,599	2,268	2,030	…
By sector
Heavy industry	1,612	1,458	1,452	1,384	1,192	990	854	…
Light industry	1,420	1,643	1,568	1,378	1,407	1,278	1,176	…
By type of management
Central	719	681	666	589	546	537	522	…
Provincial	2,313	2,420	2,354	2,173	2,053	1,731	1,508	…
Number of nonstate enterprises	…	350,909	356,522	390,786	456,559	374,837	461,475	…
Cooperatives	33,962	32,034	21,901	13,086	8,829	5,723	5,287	…
Private enterprises	490	318	1,284	770	959	1,114	3,322	…
Household enterprises	…	318,557	333,337	376,930	446,771	368,000	452,866	…

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Preliminary data.

^{Table A8.}

Gross Industrial Production by Sector and Main Products

Source: General Statistical Office.

^¹Preliminary estimates.

^{Table A8.}

Gross Industrial Production by Sector and Main Products

	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994¹
	In billions ofdong at 1989 prices
Total industrial output	11,891	13,475	13,584	14,011	15,471	18,117	20,211	23,170
Energy, combustibles	1,250	1,324	1,905	2,597	3,242	4,124	4,624	5,190
Machinery	923	1,199	1,034	1,089	1,185	1,375	1,665	1,825
Chemicals	831	894	840	921	1,114	1,355	1,416	1,937
Construction and materials	2,319	2,576	2,253	2,355	2,548	2,863	3,182	3,485
Food and foodstuffs	4,615	5,200	5,447	5,040	5,378	6,140	6,840	7,914
Textiles, leather, printing, and other	1,953	2,283	2,105	2,009	2,004	2,260	2,484	2,819
	Growth rates in percent
Total industrial output	9.4	13.3	0.8	3.1	10.4	17.1	11.6	14.6
Energy, combustibles	4.2	6.0	43.8	36.3	24.8	27.2	12.1	12.2
Machinery	14.7	29.9	−13.7	5.3	8.8	16.0	21.1	9.6
Chemicals	11.6	7.5	−6.0	9.6	21.0	21.6	4.5	36.8
Construction and materials	9.2	11.1	−12.6	4.5	8.2	12.4	11.1	9.5
Food and foodstuffs	9.1	12.7	4.8	−7.5	6.7	14.2	11.4	15.6
Textiles, leather, printing, and other	10.3	16.8	−7.8	−4.6	−0.2	12.8	9.9	13.7
	In thousands of metric tons, unless otherwise indicated
Electricity (in trillions of kwh)	6,213	6,955	7,948	8,790	9,307	9,818	10,851	12,473
Coal	6,839	6,860	3,849	4,627	4,728	5,019	5,899	5,914
Crude oil	280	680	1,517	2,700	4,000	5,500	6,312	6,938
Steel	69	74	85	101	149	196	243	280
Cement	1,665	1,954	2,088	2,534	3,127	3,926	4,849	5,161
Fertilizer	485	500	377	358	462	554	714	790
Pesticides	11	13	5	9	13	11	14	12
Bricks (millions)	3,691	3,807	3,519	3,476	3,769	4,274	5,000	5,413
Bicycles (thousands)	299	286	114	88	46	158	130	…
Sugar (thousands of tons)	323	356	376	323	372	365	369	361
Beer (millions of liters)	84	98	89	100	131	169	217	…
Cigarettes (millions of packages)	982	888	1,164	1,249	1,298	1,541	1,516	1,833

Source: General Statistical Office.

^¹Preliminary estimates.

^{Table A8.}

Gross Industrial Production by Sector and Main Products

	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994¹
	In billions ofdong at 1989 prices
Total industrial output	11,891	13,475	13,584	14,011	15,471	18,117	20,211	23,170
Energy, combustibles	1,250	1,324	1,905	2,597	3,242	4,124	4,624	5,190
Machinery	923	1,199	1,034	1,089	1,185	1,375	1,665	1,825
Chemicals	831	894	840	921	1,114	1,355	1,416	1,937
Construction and materials	2,319	2,576	2,253	2,355	2,548	2,863	3,182	3,485
Food and foodstuffs	4,615	5,200	5,447	5,040	5,378	6,140	6,840	7,914
Textiles, leather, printing, and other	1,953	2,283	2,105	2,009	2,004	2,260	2,484	2,819
	Growth rates in percent
Total industrial output	9.4	13.3	0.8	3.1	10.4	17.1	11.6	14.6
Energy, combustibles	4.2	6.0	43.8	36.3	24.8	27.2	12.1	12.2
Machinery	14.7	29.9	−13.7	5.3	8.8	16.0	21.1	9.6
Chemicals	11.6	7.5	−6.0	9.6	21.0	21.6	4.5	36.8
Construction and materials	9.2	11.1	−12.6	4.5	8.2	12.4	11.1	9.5
Food and foodstuffs	9.1	12.7	4.8	−7.5	6.7	14.2	11.4	15.6
Textiles, leather, printing, and other	10.3	16.8	−7.8	−4.6	−0.2	12.8	9.9	13.7
	In thousands of metric tons, unless otherwise indicated
Electricity (in trillions of kwh)	6,213	6,955	7,948	8,790	9,307	9,818	10,851	12,473
Coal	6,839	6,860	3,849	4,627	4,728	5,019	5,899	5,914
Crude oil	280	680	1,517	2,700	4,000	5,500	6,312	6,938
Steel	69	74	85	101	149	196	243	280
Cement	1,665	1,954	2,088	2,534	3,127	3,926	4,849	5,161
Fertilizer	485	500	377	358	462	554	714	790
Pesticides	11	13	5	9	13	11	14	12
Bricks (millions)	3,691	3,807	3,519	3,476	3,769	4,274	5,000	5,413
Bicycles (thousands)	299	286	114	88	46	158	130	…
Sugar (thousands of tons)	323	356	376	323	372	365	369	361
Beer (millions of liters)	84	98	89	100	131	169	217	…
Cigarettes (millions of packages)	982	888	1,164	1,249	1,298	1,541	1,516	1,833

Source: General Statistical Office.

^¹Preliminary estimates.

^{Table A9.}

GDP by Sectoral Origin and Ownership at Constant Prices

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Preliminary data.

^{Table A9.}

GDP by Sectoral Origin and Ownership at Constant Prices

	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994¹
In billions of dong at 1989 prices
GDP	25,885	28,093	29,526	31,286	33,991	36,735	39,982
State	…	9,322	9,555	10,376	11,661	13,011	14,679
Excluding oil and state management	…	6,399	5,904	6,084	6,621	7,396	8,401
Nonstate	…	18,771	19,971	20,910	22,330	23,724	25,303
Agriculture	10,975	11,818	12,003	12,264	13,132	13,634	14,169
State	…	401	308	315	322	345	369
Nonstate	…	11,417	11,695	11,949	12,810	13,289	13,800
Industry and construction	6,652	6,444	6,629	7,228	8,242	9,324	10,631
State	…	4,060	4,286	4,731	5,611	6,436	7,372
Excluding oil	…	3,503	3,295	3,263	3,592	4,119	4,825
Nonstate	…	2,384	2,343	2,497	2,631	2,888	3,259
Services	8,257	9,831	10,894	11,794	12,617	13,777	15,182
Transport and postal service	658	710	744	792	842	897	960
State	…	452	447	483	520	563	605
Nonstate	…	258	297	309	322	334	355
Trade, retail	3,165	3,310	3,486	3,654	3,877	4,109	4,478
State	…	1,622	1,115	1,167	1,236	1,292	1,358
Nonstate	…	1,688	2,371	2,487	2,641	2,817	3,120
Finance, insurance	275	350	379	448	496	578	710
State	…	310	373	446	493	574	705
Nonstate	…	40	6	2	3	4	5
State management, health, science, and education	1,726	2,366	2,675	2,841	3,040	3,322	3,760
State	…	2,366	2,660	2,824	3,021	3,298	3,731
Nonstate	…	—	15	17	19	24	29
Housing, tourism, and repairs	2,433	3,095	3,610	4,059	4,362	4,871	5,274
State	…	111	366	409	458	504	539
Nonstate	…	2,984	3,244	3,650	3,904	4,367	4,735
	Annual change in percent
GDP	5.0	8.5	5.1	6.0	8.6	8.1	8.8
State	…	…	2.5	8.6	12.4	11.6	12.8
Excluding oil and state management	…	…	−7.7	3.0	8.8	11.7	13.6
Nonstate	…	…	6.4	4.7	6.8	6.2	6.7
Agriculture	4.0	7.7	1.6	2.2	7.2	3.8	3.9
State	…	…	−23.2	2.3	2.2	7.1	7.0
Nonstate	…	…	2.4	2.2	7.2	3.7	3.8
Industry and construction	2.2	−3.1	2.9	9.0	14.0	13.1	14.0
State	…	…	5.6	10.4	18.6	14.7	14.5
Excluding oil	…	…	−5.9	−1.0	10.1	14.7	17.1
Nonstate	…	…	−1.7	6.6	5.4	9.8	12.8
Services	8.9	19.1	10.8	8.3	7.0	9.2	10.2
State	…	…	2.1	7.4	7.5	8.8	1 1.4
Excluding state management	…	…	−7.8	8.9	8.0	8.3	9.4
Nonstate	…	…	19.4	8.9	6.6	9.6	9.2

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Preliminary data.

^{Table A9.}

GDP by Sectoral Origin and Ownership at Constant Prices

	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994¹
In billions of dong at 1989 prices
GDP	25,885	28,093	29,526	31,286	33,991	36,735	39,982
State	…	9,322	9,555	10,376	11,661	13,011	14,679
Excluding oil and state management	…	6,399	5,904	6,084	6,621	7,396	8,401
Nonstate	…	18,771	19,971	20,910	22,330	23,724	25,303
Agriculture	10,975	11,818	12,003	12,264	13,132	13,634	14,169
State	…	401	308	315	322	345	369
Nonstate	…	11,417	11,695	11,949	12,810	13,289	13,800
Industry and construction	6,652	6,444	6,629	7,228	8,242	9,324	10,631
State	…	4,060	4,286	4,731	5,611	6,436	7,372
Excluding oil	…	3,503	3,295	3,263	3,592	4,119	4,825
Nonstate	…	2,384	2,343	2,497	2,631	2,888	3,259
Services	8,257	9,831	10,894	11,794	12,617	13,777	15,182
Transport and postal service	658	710	744	792	842	897	960
State	…	452	447	483	520	563	605
Nonstate	…	258	297	309	322	334	355
Trade, retail	3,165	3,310	3,486	3,654	3,877	4,109	4,478
State	…	1,622	1,115	1,167	1,236	1,292	1,358
Nonstate	…	1,688	2,371	2,487	2,641	2,817	3,120
Finance, insurance	275	350	379	448	496	578	710
State	…	310	373	446	493	574	705
Nonstate	…	40	6	2	3	4	5
State management, health, science, and education	1,726	2,366	2,675	2,841	3,040	3,322	3,760
State	…	2,366	2,660	2,824	3,021	3,298	3,731
Nonstate	…	—	15	17	19	24	29
Housing, tourism, and repairs	2,433	3,095	3,610	4,059	4,362	4,871	5,274
State	…	111	366	409	458	504	539
Nonstate	…	2,984	3,244	3,650	3,904	4,367	4,735
	Annual change in percent
GDP	5.0	8.5	5.1	6.0	8.6	8.1	8.8
State	…	…	2.5	8.6	12.4	11.6	12.8
Excluding oil and state management	…	…	−7.7	3.0	8.8	11.7	13.6
Nonstate	…	…	6.4	4.7	6.8	6.2	6.7
Agriculture	4.0	7.7	1.6	2.2	7.2	3.8	3.9
State	…	…	−23.2	2.3	2.2	7.1	7.0
Nonstate	…	…	2.4	2.2	7.2	3.7	3.8
Industry and construction	2.2	−3.1	2.9	9.0	14.0	13.1	14.0
State	…	…	5.6	10.4	18.6	14.7	14.5
Excluding oil	…	…	−5.9	−1.0	10.1	14.7	17.1
Nonstate	…	…	−1.7	6.6	5.4	9.8	12.8
Services	8.9	19.1	10.8	8.3	7.0	9.2	10.2
State	…	…	2.1	7.4	7.5	8.8	1 1.4
Excluding state management	…	…	−7.8	8.9	8.0	8.3	9.4
Nonstate	…	…	19.4	8.9	6.6	9.6	9.2

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Preliminary data.

^{Table A10.}

GDP by Expenditure Category

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates. Note: Data on capital formation and consumption before 1990 are not reliable owing to large statistical discrepancies.

^¹Preliminary data.

^²Net exports of goods and nonfactor services.

^{Table A10.}

GDP by Expenditure Category

Category	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994¹
	In billions of dong at current prices
GDP	41,955	76,707	110,535	136,571	170,258
Domestic demand	41,857	75,640	107,716	142,710	179,028
Gross capital formation	6,350	11,588	18,806	26,542	37,572
Government	2,126	2,135	6,450	9,600	11,300
Private	4,224	9,453	12,356	16,942	26,272
Of which:
Foreign direct investment	629	2,023	2,906	3,192	6,587
Other private investment	3,594	7,430	9,450	13,750	19,685
Consumption	35,507	64,052	88,910	116,168	141,456
Trade balance²	98	1,067	2,819	−6,139	−8,770
Exports	…	22,915	35,767	38,538	53,606
Imports	…	21,851	32,957	44,677	62,377
	Share in GDP, in percent
Domestic demand	99.8	98.6	97.4	104.5	105.2
Gross capital formation	15.1	15.1	17.0	19.4	21.9
Government	5.1	2.8	5.8	7.0	6.6
Private	10.1	12.3	11.2	12.4	15.2
Of which:
Foreign direct investment	1.5	2.6	2.6	2.3	3.9
Other private investment	8.6	9.7	8.5	10.1	11.3
Consumption	84.7	83.5	80.4	85.1	83.1
Trade balance²	0.2	1.4	2.6	−4.5	−5.2
Exports	…	29.9	32.4	28.2	31.5
Imports	…	28.5	29.8	32.7	36.6

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates. Note: Data on capital formation and consumption before 1990 are not reliable owing to large statistical discrepancies.

^¹Preliminary data.

^²Net exports of goods and nonfactor services.

^{Table A10.}

GDP by Expenditure Category

Category	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994¹
	In billions of dong at current prices
GDP	41,955	76,707	110,535	136,571	170,258
Domestic demand	41,857	75,640	107,716	142,710	179,028
Gross capital formation	6,350	11,588	18,806	26,542	37,572
Government	2,126	2,135	6,450	9,600	11,300
Private	4,224	9,453	12,356	16,942	26,272
Of which:
Foreign direct investment	629	2,023	2,906	3,192	6,587
Other private investment	3,594	7,430	9,450	13,750	19,685
Consumption	35,507	64,052	88,910	116,168	141,456
Trade balance²	98	1,067	2,819	−6,139	−8,770
Exports	…	22,915	35,767	38,538	53,606
Imports	…	21,851	32,957	44,677	62,377
	Share in GDP, in percent
Domestic demand	99.8	98.6	97.4	104.5	105.2
Gross capital formation	15.1	15.1	17.0	19.4	21.9
Government	5.1	2.8	5.8	7.0	6.6
Private	10.1	12.3	11.2	12.4	15.2
Of which:
Foreign direct investment	1.5	2.6	2.6	2.3	3.9
Other private investment	8.6	9.7	8.5	10.1	11.3
Consumption	84.7	83.5	80.4	85.1	83.1
Trade balance²	0.2	1.4	2.6	−4.5	−5.2
Exports	…	29.9	32.4	28.2	31.5
Imports	…	28.5	29.8	32.7	36.6

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates. Note: Data on capital formation and consumption before 1990 are not reliable owing to large statistical discrepancies.

^¹Preliminary data.

^²Net exports of goods and nonfactor services.

^{Table A11.}

Total Employment by Economic Sector

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Preliminary data.

^{Table A11.}

Total Employment by Economic Sector

	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994¹
	In thousands of persons
Total employment	28,408	28,851	30,294	30,974	31,819	32,718	33,669
Agriculture and forestry	20,658	20,805	21,895	22,483	23,208	23,898	24,587
Agriculture	20,446	20,608	21,689	22,276	22,998	23,684	24,364
Forestry	212	197	206	207	210	214	223
Industry and construction	4,006	4,036	4,210	4,214	4,275	4,370	4,470
Industry	3,150	3,241	3,392	3,394	3,450	3,522	3,595
Construction	856	795	818	820	825	848	875
Trade, transport, and communications	1,814	2,101	2,194	2,246	2,270	2,325	2,393
Trade and material supply	1,331	1,606	1,681	1,719	1,735	1,776	1,825
Transport	443	455	476	480	484	496	512
Communication	40	40	37	47	51	53	56
Education, health, and science	1,240	1,159	1,204	1,209	1,237	1,269	1,290
Science	60	60	53	49	48	48	48
Education	830	768	803	804	825	848	863
Culture, arts, and sports	45	43	45	46	46	46	47
Public health	305	288	303	310	318	327	332
Other	690	750	791	822	829	856	929
	Share in percent
Agriculture and forestry	72.7	72.1	72.3	72.6	72.9	73.0	73.0
Industry and construction	14.1	14.0	13.9	13.6	13.4	13.4	13.3
Trade, transport, and communications	6.4	7.3	7.2	7.3	7.1	7.1	7.1
Education, health, and science	4.4	4.0	4.0	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.8
Other	2.4	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.6	2.6	2.8
	Percent change
Total employment	1.6	1.6	5.0	2.2	2.7	2.8	2.9
Agriculture and forestry	1.2	0.7	5.2	2.7	3.2	3.0	2.9
Industry and construction	3.5	0.7	4.3	0.1	1.4	2.2	2.3
Trade, transport, and communications	4.3	15.8	4.4	2.4	1.1	2.4	2.9
Education, health, and science	7.8	−6.5	3.9	0.4	2.3	2.6	1.7
Other	−12.4	8.7	5.5	3.9	0.9	3.3	8.5

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Preliminary data.

^{Table A11.}

Total Employment by Economic Sector

	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994¹
	In thousands of persons
Total employment	28,408	28,851	30,294	30,974	31,819	32,718	33,669
Agriculture and forestry	20,658	20,805	21,895	22,483	23,208	23,898	24,587
Agriculture	20,446	20,608	21,689	22,276	22,998	23,684	24,364
Forestry	212	197	206	207	210	214	223
Industry and construction	4,006	4,036	4,210	4,214	4,275	4,370	4,470
Industry	3,150	3,241	3,392	3,394	3,450	3,522	3,595
Construction	856	795	818	820	825	848	875
Trade, transport, and communications	1,814	2,101	2,194	2,246	2,270	2,325	2,393
Trade and material supply	1,331	1,606	1,681	1,719	1,735	1,776	1,825
Transport	443	455	476	480	484	496	512
Communication	40	40	37	47	51	53	56
Education, health, and science	1,240	1,159	1,204	1,209	1,237	1,269	1,290
Science	60	60	53	49	48	48	48
Education	830	768	803	804	825	848	863
Culture, arts, and sports	45	43	45	46	46	46	47
Public health	305	288	303	310	318	327	332
Other	690	750	791	822	829	856	929
	Share in percent
Agriculture and forestry	72.7	72.1	72.3	72.6	72.9	73.0	73.0
Industry and construction	14.1	14.0	13.9	13.6	13.4	13.4	13.3
Trade, transport, and communications	6.4	7.3	7.2	7.3	7.1	7.1	7.1
Education, health, and science	4.4	4.0	4.0	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.8
Other	2.4	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.6	2.6	2.8
	Percent change
Total employment	1.6	1.6	5.0	2.2	2.7	2.8	2.9
Agriculture and forestry	1.2	0.7	5.2	2.7	3.2	3.0	2.9
Industry and construction	3.5	0.7	4.3	0.1	1.4	2.2	2.3
Trade, transport, and communications	4.3	15.8	4.4	2.4	1.1	2.4	2.9
Education, health, and science	7.8	−6.5	3.9	0.4	2.3	2.6	1.7
Other	−12.4	8.7	5.5	3.9	0.9	3.3	8.5

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Preliminary data.

^{Table A12.}

Employment by Sector and Ownership

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Preliminary data.

^²The split between the government and state enterprises is for most years approximated by the split between nonmaterial and material sector employment.

^{Table A12.}

Employment by Sector and Ownership

	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994¹
	In thousands of persons
Total employment	28,408	28,851	30,294	30,974	31,819	32,718	33,669
Nonstate employment	24,357	25,051	26,874	27,830	28,843	29,750	30,735
Cooperatives	20,998	19,674	19,380	18,174	…	…	…
Private	3,359	5,377	7,494	9,656	…	…	…
State sector employment²	4,051	3,800	3,420	3,144	2,976	2,968	2,934
Government	1,342	1,295	1,241	1,227	1,193	1,199	1,192
Central	315	282	253	278	264	260	254
Local	1,027	1,013	988	949	929	939	938
State enterprises	2,710	2,506	2,181	1,916	1,782	1,761	1,740
Central	1,255	1,188	1,091	1,018	978	995	996
Local	1,455	1,318	1,090	898	804	766	744
	Percent change
Total employment	1.6	1.6	5.0	2.2	2.7	2.8	2.9
Nonstate employment	2.0	2.8	7.3	3.6	3.6	3.1	3.3
Cooperatives	3.3	−6.3	−1.5	−6.2	…	…	…
Private	−5.2	60.1	39.4	28.8	…	…	…
State sector employment	−1.0	−6.2	−10.0	−8.1	−5.4	−0.3	−1.1
Government	−1.1	−3.5	−4.2	−1.1	−2.8	0.5	−0.6
Central	−3.4	−10.5	−10.3	9.9	−5.0	−1.5	−2.3
Local	−0.4	−1.4	−2.5	−3.9	−2.1	1.1	−0.1
State enterprises	−0.9	−7.5	−13.0	−12.1	−7.0	−1.2	−1.2
Central	−1.5	−5.3	−8.2	−6.7	−3.9	1.7	0.1
Local	−0.3	−9.4	−17.3	−17.6	−10.5	−4.7	−2.9

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Preliminary data.

^²The split between the government and state enterprises is for most years approximated by the split between nonmaterial and material sector employment.

^{Table A12.}

Employment by Sector and Ownership

	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994¹
	In thousands of persons
Total employment	28,408	28,851	30,294	30,974	31,819	32,718	33,669
Nonstate employment	24,357	25,051	26,874	27,830	28,843	29,750	30,735
Cooperatives	20,998	19,674	19,380	18,174	…	…	…
Private	3,359	5,377	7,494	9,656	…	…	…
State sector employment²	4,051	3,800	3,420	3,144	2,976	2,968	2,934
Government	1,342	1,295	1,241	1,227	1,193	1,199	1,192
Central	315	282	253	278	264	260	254
Local	1,027	1,013	988	949	929	939	938
State enterprises	2,710	2,506	2,181	1,916	1,782	1,761	1,740
Central	1,255	1,188	1,091	1,018	978	995	996
Local	1,455	1,318	1,090	898	804	766	744
	Percent change
Total employment	1.6	1.6	5.0	2.2	2.7	2.8	2.9
Nonstate employment	2.0	2.8	7.3	3.6	3.6	3.1	3.3
Cooperatives	3.3	−6.3	−1.5	−6.2	…	…	…
Private	−5.2	60.1	39.4	28.8	…	…	…
State sector employment	−1.0	−6.2	−10.0	−8.1	−5.4	−0.3	−1.1
Government	−1.1	−3.5	−4.2	−1.1	−2.8	0.5	−0.6
Central	−3.4	−10.5	−10.3	9.9	−5.0	−1.5	−2.3
Local	−0.4	−1.4	−2.5	−3.9	−2.1	1.1	−0.1
State enterprises	−0.9	−7.5	−13.0	−12.1	−7.0	−1.2	−1.2
Central	−1.5	−5.3	−8.2	−6.7	−3.9	1.7	0.1
Local	−0.3	−9.4	−17.3	−17.6	−10.5	−4.7	−2.9

Sources: General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Preliminary data.

^²The split between the government and state enterprises is for most years approximated by the split between nonmaterial and material sector employment.

^{Table A13.}

Government Revenue by Sector

Sources: Ministry of Finance; General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Preliminary data.

^{Table A13.}

Government Revenue by Sector

	1992	1993	1994¹
	In billions of dong
State enterprises’ tax payments
Profit tax	2,028	4,109	5,585
Of which: oil	683	1,950	1,961
Turnover tax	2,158	3,333	4,402
Special consumption tax (excises)	1,317	1,908	2,120
Nonagricultural private sector tax payments
Profit tax	420	593	900
Personal income tax	153	184	336
Turnover tax	582	863	1,318
Commodity tax	22	16	8
License tax	72	112	142
Agricultural tax	1,294	1,351	1,107
	As a percentage of sectoral GDP
State enterprises
Profit tax	5.1	7.5	8.2
Turnover tax	5.4	6.2	6.4
Special consumption tax (excises)	3.3	3.6	3.1
Total	13.7	17.3	17.7
State enterprises (excluding oil)
Profit tax	5.6	6.4	8.4
Turnover tax	9.0	10.3	10.2
Special consumption tax (excises)	5.5	5.9	4.9
Total	20.1	22.7	23.5
Nonagricultural private sector
Profit tax	1.2	1.4	1.7
Personal income tax	0.4	0.4	0.6
Turnover tax	1.7	2.0	2.4
Commodity tax	0.1	0.0	0.0
License tax	0.2	0.3	0.3
Total	3.7	4.1	5.0
Agriculture	3.4	3.3	2.3

Sources: Ministry of Finance; General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Preliminary data.

^{Table A13.}

Government Revenue by Sector

	1992	1993	1994¹
	In billions of dong
State enterprises’ tax payments
Profit tax	2,028	4,109	5,585
Of which: oil	683	1,950	1,961
Turnover tax	2,158	3,333	4,402
Special consumption tax (excises)	1,317	1,908	2,120
Nonagricultural private sector tax payments
Profit tax	420	593	900
Personal income tax	153	184	336
Turnover tax	582	863	1,318
Commodity tax	22	16	8
License tax	72	112	142
Agricultural tax	1,294	1,351	1,107
	As a percentage of sectoral GDP
State enterprises
Profit tax	5.1	7.5	8.2
Turnover tax	5.4	6.2	6.4
Special consumption tax (excises)	3.3	3.6	3.1
Total	13.7	17.3	17.7
State enterprises (excluding oil)
Profit tax	5.6	6.4	8.4
Turnover tax	9.0	10.3	10.2
Special consumption tax (excises)	5.5	5.9	4.9
Total	20.1	22.7	23.5
Nonagricultural private sector
Profit tax	1.2	1.4	1.7
Personal income tax	0.4	0.4	0.6
Turnover tax	1.7	2.0	2.4
Commodity tax	0.1	0.0	0.0
License tax	0.2	0.3	0.3
Total	3.7	4.1	5.0
Agriculture	3.4	3.3	2.3

Sources: Ministry of Finance; General Statistical Office; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Preliminary data.

^{Table A14.}

Net FDI Inflows: Selected International Comparisons, 1993

Sources: IMF, International Financial Statistics (IFS); and Vietnamese authorities. Note: Except where indicated, all data are for 1993.

^{Table A14.}

Net FDI Inflows: Selected International Comparisons, 1993

	In millions of U.S. dollars	As percent of GDP
Singapore	6,062	11.0
Estonia	160	9.3
Malaysia	5,206	8.2
Hungary	2,339	6.5
Vietnam (1995 proj.)	900	4.6
Chile (1989)	1,279	4.5
China	23,115	4.2
Vietnam (1994)	650	4.2
Thailand (1990)	2,303	2.7
Vietnam	300	2.3
Poland	1,697	2.0
Mexico	4,901	1.5
Philippines	763	1.4
Indonesia	2,004	1.4

Sources: IMF, International Financial Statistics (IFS); and Vietnamese authorities. Note: Except where indicated, all data are for 1993.

^{Table A14.}

Net FDI Inflows: Selected International Comparisons, 1993

	In millions of U.S. dollars	As percent of GDP
Singapore	6,062	11.0
Estonia	160	9.3
Malaysia	5,206	8.2
Hungary	2,339	6.5
Vietnam (1995 proj.)	900	4.6
Chile (1989)	1,279	4.5
China	23,115	4.2
Vietnam (1994)	650	4.2
Thailand (1990)	2,303	2.7
Vietnam	300	2.3
Poland	1,697	2.0
Mexico	4,901	1.5
Philippines	763	1.4
Indonesia	2,004	1.4

Sources: IMF, International Financial Statistics (IFS); and Vietnamese authorities. Note: Except where indicated, all data are for 1993.

^{Table A15.}

Selected Agricultural Prices by Region

(Percent change)

Source: State Pricing Committee, General Statistical Office.

^{Table A15.}

Selected Agricultural Prices by Region

(Percent change)

	Hanoi	Nam Ha	Quangnam-Da Hang	Ho Chi Minh City	An Giang
Fertilizer
Dec. 1993-June 1994	21.2	10.6	11.9	21.2	16.8
June 1994-Dec. 1994	27.5	32.9	21.9	12.0	17.2
Dec. 1993-Dec. 1994	54.5	47.1	36.4	35.8	36.9
Dec. 1994-May 1995	13.7	16.0	26.4	33.9	20.5
Rice farmgate
Dec. 1993-June 1994	25.4	19.3	8.2	22.7	−16.2
June 1994-Dec. 1994	29.0	39.8	27.1	11.1	17.4
Dec. 1993-Dec. 1994	61.7	66.8	37.5	36.4	−1.7
Dec. 1994-May 1995	34.4	19.4	−15.2	22.3	21.6
Rice retail
Dec. 1993-June 1994	20.4	21.0	9.6	7.3	3.2
June 1994-Dec. 1994	5.0	4.2	4.4	6.4	−1.0
Dec. 1993-Dec. 1994	26.4	26.1	14.4	14.1	2.2
Dec. 1994-May 1995	46.8	55.9	54.2	11.6	40.0
Consumer staples
Dec. 1993-June 1994	17.5	29.6	5.0	7.1	−2.6
June 1994-Dec. 1994	27.7	31.4	1.9	8.4	21.4
Dec. 1993-Dec. 1994	50.1	70.3	7.0	16.1	18.2
Dec. 1994-May 1995	33.1	26.3	34.4	6.4	10.2

Source: State Pricing Committee, General Statistical Office.

^{Table A15.}

Selected Agricultural Prices by Region

(Percent change)

	Hanoi	Nam Ha	Quangnam-Da Hang	Ho Chi Minh City	An Giang
Fertilizer
Dec. 1993-June 1994	21.2	10.6	11.9	21.2	16.8
June 1994-Dec. 1994	27.5	32.9	21.9	12.0	17.2
Dec. 1993-Dec. 1994	54.5	47.1	36.4	35.8	36.9
Dec. 1994-May 1995	13.7	16.0	26.4	33.9	20.5
Rice farmgate
Dec. 1993-June 1994	25.4	19.3	8.2	22.7	−16.2
June 1994-Dec. 1994	29.0	39.8	27.1	11.1	17.4
Dec. 1993-Dec. 1994	61.7	66.8	37.5	36.4	−1.7
Dec. 1994-May 1995	34.4	19.4	−15.2	22.3	21.6
Rice retail
Dec. 1993-June 1994	20.4	21.0	9.6	7.3	3.2
June 1994-Dec. 1994	5.0	4.2	4.4	6.4	−1.0
Dec. 1993-Dec. 1994	26.4	26.1	14.4	14.1	2.2
Dec. 1994-May 1995	46.8	55.9	54.2	11.6	40.0
Consumer staples
Dec. 1993-June 1994	17.5	29.6	5.0	7.1	−2.6
June 1994-Dec. 1994	27.7	31.4	1.9	8.4	21.4
Dec. 1993-Dec. 1994	50.1	70.3	7.0	16.1	18.2
Dec. 1994-May 1995	33.1	26.3	34.4	6.4	10.2

Source: State Pricing Committee, General Statistical Office.

^{Table A16.}

National Consumer Prices by Component

Source: General Statistical Office. Note: (1) Weights in percent. (2) Changes through the year in percent. (3) = (l)*(2), that is, component price changes in terms of change in total CPI. (4) = (3)/Total CPI change, that is, inflation share in percent. GSO-reported changes in the aggregate CPI are:

\begin{matrix} 1992 & 1993 & 1994 \\ 17.5 & 5.2 & 14.5 \end{matrix}

^¹Twelve-month period ended May 1995.

^{Table A16.}

National Consumer Prices by Component

	Weights	1992			1993			1994			1995¹
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Staples	14.8	−14.7	−2.18	−13.9	6.5	0.96	13.2	39.1	5.78	38.8	42.6	6.30	31.9
Other foods	29.3	20.9	6.12	38.9	7.2	2.11	28.9	16.2	4.75	31.9	25.2	7.38	37.5
Nonfood goods	41.6	14.1	5.87	37.4	3.6	1.50	20.5	6.1	2.54	17.0	10.2	4.20	21.3
Services	14.3	41.0	5.86	37.3	18.9	2.70	36.9	13.0	1.86	12.5	12.9	1.84	9.3
Total	100.0		15.7	100.0		7.3	100.0		14.9	100.0		19.7	100.0

\begin{matrix} 1992 & 1993 & 1994 \\ 17.5 & 5.2 & 14.5 \end{matrix}

^¹Twelve-month period ended May 1995.

^{Table A16.}

National Consumer Prices by Component

	Weights	1992			1993			1994			1995¹
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Staples	14.8	−14.7	−2.18	−13.9	6.5	0.96	13.2	39.1	5.78	38.8	42.6	6.30	31.9
Other foods	29.3	20.9	6.12	38.9	7.2	2.11	28.9	16.2	4.75	31.9	25.2	7.38	37.5
Nonfood goods	41.6	14.1	5.87	37.4	3.6	1.50	20.5	6.1	2.54	17.0	10.2	4.20	21.3
Services	14.3	41.0	5.86	37.3	18.9	2.70	36.9	13.0	1.86	12.5	12.9	1.84	9.3
Total	100.0		15.7	100.0		7.3	100.0		14.9	100.0		19.7	100.0

\begin{matrix} 1992 & 1993 & 1994 \\ 17.5 & 5.2 & 14.5 \end{matrix}

^¹Twelve-month period ended May 1995.

^{Table A17.}

CPI (Excluding Staples Prices) and Results of Money Regression

Note: Dependent variable: Month-to-month percentage change in consumer price index, excluding staples. Independent variables: Month-to-month percentage change in total liquidity (contemporaneous and with lags).

^¹A Durbin-Watson statistic close to 2.0 indicates the absence of serial correlation.

^²The sum of lag coefficients is an estimate of the long-run multiplier and will approximate to unity as lag length increases.

^{Table A17.}

CPI (Excluding Staples Prices) and Results of Money Regression

	Coefficient and t-ratio (within parentheses)
Variable	I	II	III
Constant	−1.218(2.4)	−0.986(1.9)	−0.814(1.6)
M	0.068(1.2)	0.074(1.3)	0.071(1.1)
M1	0.113(3.1)	0.136(3.6)	0.147(3.7)
M2	0.127(3.4)	0.149(3.8)	0.156(3.8)
M3	0.120(3.5)	0.130(3.7)	0.125(3.5)
M4	0.101(3.3)	0.096(2.9)	0.081(2.2)
M5	0.079(2.5)	0.627(1.7)	0.052(1.4)
M6	0.063(1.8)	0.046(1.3)	0.065(1.3)
M7	0.064(1.9)	0.064(1.3)	—
M8	0.090(1.9)	—	—
Tet₁	0.319(0.7)	0.358(0.8)	0.367(0.8)
Tet₂	1.505(2.8)	1.488(2.8)	1.408(2.6)
Tet₃	3.710(7.8)	3.676(7.6)	3.592(7.5)
Adjusted R squared	0.71	0.69	0.68
Durbin-Watson¹	2.10	2.20	2.10
Sum of lag coefficients²	0.83	0.76	0.70

^¹A Durbin-Watson statistic close to 2.0 indicates the absence of serial correlation.

^²The sum of lag coefficients is an estimate of the long-run multiplier and will approximate to unity as lag length increases.

^{Table A17.}

CPI (Excluding Staples Prices) and Results of Money Regression

	Coefficient and t-ratio (within parentheses)
Variable	I	II	III
Constant	−1.218(2.4)	−0.986(1.9)	−0.814(1.6)
M	0.068(1.2)	0.074(1.3)	0.071(1.1)
M1	0.113(3.1)	0.136(3.6)	0.147(3.7)
M2	0.127(3.4)	0.149(3.8)	0.156(3.8)
M3	0.120(3.5)	0.130(3.7)	0.125(3.5)
M4	0.101(3.3)	0.096(2.9)	0.081(2.2)
M5	0.079(2.5)	0.627(1.7)	0.052(1.4)
M6	0.063(1.8)	0.046(1.3)	0.065(1.3)
M7	0.064(1.9)	0.064(1.3)	—
M8	0.090(1.9)	—	—
Tet₁	0.319(0.7)	0.358(0.8)	0.367(0.8)
Tet₂	1.505(2.8)	1.488(2.8)	1.408(2.6)
Tet₃	3.710(7.8)	3.676(7.6)	3.592(7.5)
Adjusted R squared	0.71	0.69	0.68
Durbin-Watson¹	2.10	2.20	2.10
Sum of lag coefficients²	0.83	0.76	0.70

^¹A Durbin-Watson statistic close to 2.0 indicates the absence of serial correlation.

^²The sum of lag coefficients is an estimate of the long-run multiplier and will approximate to unity as lag length increases.

^{Table A18.}

CPI Components and Results of Money Regression

Note: Dependent variable: Month-to-month percentage change in consumer price index components. Independent variables: Month-to-month percentage change in total liquidity (contemporaneous and with lags).

^¹A Durbin-Watson statistic close to 2.0 indicates the absence of serial correlation.

^²The sum of lag coefficients is an estimate of the long-run multiplier and will approximate to unity as lag length increases.

^{Table A18.}

CPI Components and Results of Money Regression

	Coefficient and t-ratio (within parentheses)
Variable	Staples	Other food	Consumer good	Services
Constant	0.264 (0.2)	−0.977 (1.2)	−1.698(3.6)	−0.242 (0.6)
M	0.0004 (0.0)	0.121 (1.6)	0.069(1.2)	−0.027 (0.4)
M1	0.081 (0.7)	0.119 (2.2)	0.142(4.0)	0.002 (0.04)
M2	0.093 (0.8)	0.103 (1.8)	0.169(4.6)	0.032(1.0)
M3	0.059 (0.5)	0.079 (1.5)	0.163(4.8)	0.061 (1.8)
M4	0.004 (0.04)	0.055 (1.2)	0.136 (4.7)	0.085 (3.0)
M5	−0.050 (0.5)	0.039 (0.8)	0.101 (3.3)	0.103(3.4)
M6	−0.078 (0.7)	0.039 (0.7)	0.069(2.1)	0.111(3.3)
M7	−0.056 (0.5)	0.062 (1.2)	0.054(1.7)	0.106(3.4)
M8	0.038 (0.3)	0.115 (1.8)	0.067(1.4)	0.086(1.7)
Tet₁	0.376 (0.2)	−0.022 (0.4)	0.338 (0.7)	1.722 (2.9)
Tet₂	3.934 (2.3)	2.737 (3.9)	0.679(1.2)	1.772(2.8)
Tet₃	3.425 (2.3)	7.416(12.1)	1.569(3.1)	2.310(3.8)
Adjusted R squared	0.20	0.70	0.67	0.55
Durbin-Watson¹	2.00	2.20	2.20	2.00
Sum of lag coefficients²	0.09	0.73	0.97	0.56

^¹A Durbin-Watson statistic close to 2.0 indicates the absence of serial correlation.

^²The sum of lag coefficients is an estimate of the long-run multiplier and will approximate to unity as lag length increases.

^{Table A18.}

CPI Components and Results of Money Regression

	Coefficient and t-ratio (within parentheses)
Variable	Staples	Other food	Consumer good	Services
Constant	0.264 (0.2)	−0.977 (1.2)	−1.698(3.6)	−0.242 (0.6)
M	0.0004 (0.0)	0.121 (1.6)	0.069(1.2)	−0.027 (0.4)
M1	0.081 (0.7)	0.119 (2.2)	0.142(4.0)	0.002 (0.04)
M2	0.093 (0.8)	0.103 (1.8)	0.169(4.6)	0.032(1.0)
M3	0.059 (0.5)	0.079 (1.5)	0.163(4.8)	0.061 (1.8)
M4	0.004 (0.04)	0.055 (1.2)	0.136 (4.7)	0.085 (3.0)
M5	−0.050 (0.5)	0.039 (0.8)	0.101 (3.3)	0.103(3.4)
M6	−0.078 (0.7)	0.039 (0.7)	0.069(2.1)	0.111(3.3)
M7	−0.056 (0.5)	0.062 (1.2)	0.054(1.7)	0.106(3.4)
M8	0.038 (0.3)	0.115 (1.8)	0.067(1.4)	0.086(1.7)
Tet₁	0.376 (0.2)	−0.022 (0.4)	0.338 (0.7)	1.722 (2.9)
Tet₂	3.934 (2.3)	2.737 (3.9)	0.679(1.2)	1.772(2.8)
Tet₃	3.425 (2.3)	7.416(12.1)	1.569(3.1)	2.310(3.8)
Adjusted R squared	0.20	0.70	0.67	0.55
Durbin-Watson¹	2.00	2.20	2.20	2.00
Sum of lag coefficients²	0.09	0.73	0.97	0.56

^¹A Durbin-Watson statistic close to 2.0 indicates the absence of serial correlation.

^²The sum of lag coefficients is an estimate of the long-run multiplier and will approximate to unity as lag length increases.

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Vietnam

Transition to a Market Economy

Author:

Mr. Krishna Srinivasan

Erich Spitäller

Mr. M. Braulke

Mr. Christian B. Mulder

Mr. Hisanobu Shishido

Mr. Kenneth M. Miranda

Mr. John R Dodsworth

, and

Keon Lee

ISBN:: 9781557755384

ISSN:: 0251-6365

Publication Date:: 15 Mar 1996

Publisher:: International Monetary Fund

DOI:: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781557755384.084

Pages:: 72

Front Matter

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Abstract
Statistical Appendix
Bibliography
Recent Occasional Papers of the International Monetary Fund

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^{Table A18.}

CPI Components and Results of Money Regression

	Coefficient and t-ratio (within parentheses)
Variable	Staples	Other food	Consumer good	Services
Constant	0.264 (0.2)	−0.977 (1.2)	−1.698(3.6)	−0.242 (0.6)
M	0.0004 (0.0)	0.121 (1.6)	0.069(1.2)	−0.027 (0.4)
M1	0.081 (0.7)	0.119 (2.2)	0.142(4.0)	0.002 (0.04)
M2	0.093 (0.8)	0.103 (1.8)	0.169(4.6)	0.032(1.0)
M3	0.059 (0.5)	0.079 (1.5)	0.163(4.8)	0.061 (1.8)
M4	0.004 (0.04)	0.055 (1.2)	0.136 (4.7)	0.085 (3.0)
M5	−0.050 (0.5)	0.039 (0.8)	0.101 (3.3)	0.103(3.4)
M6	−0.078 (0.7)	0.039 (0.7)	0.069(2.1)	0.111(3.3)
M7	−0.056 (0.5)	0.062 (1.2)	0.054(1.7)	0.106(3.4)
M8	0.038 (0.3)	0.115 (1.8)	0.067(1.4)	0.086(1.7)
Tet₁	0.376 (0.2)	−0.022 (0.4)	0.338 (0.7)	1.722 (2.9)
Tet₂	3.934 (2.3)	2.737 (3.9)	0.679(1.2)	1.772(2.8)
Tet₃	3.425 (2.3)	7.416(12.1)	1.569(3.1)	2.310(3.8)
Adjusted R squared	0.20	0.70	0.67	0.55
Durbin-Watson¹	2.00	2.20	2.20	2.00
Sum of lag coefficients²	0.09	0.73	0.97	0.56

^¹A Durbin-Watson statistic close to 2.0 indicates the absence of serial correlation.

^²The sum of lag coefficients is an estimate of the long-run multiplier and will approximate to unity as lag length increases.

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