Statistical Appendix

Charalambos Christofides; Paul Mylonas; Inci Ötker; Liam P. Ebrill; Gerd Schwartz; Ajai Chopra

Author:

Mr. Charalambos Christofides

Mr. Charalambos Christofides
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Mr. Paul Mylonas

Mr. Paul Mylonas https://isni.org/isni/0000000404811396 International Monetary Fund

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Ms. Inci Ötker

Ms. Inci Ötker https://isni.org/isni/0000000404811396 International Monetary Fund

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Mr. Liam P. Ebrill

Mr. Liam P. Ebrill
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Mr. Gerd Schwartz

Mr. Gerd Schwartz
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, and

Mr. Ajai Chopra

Mr. Ajai Chopra
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Language:: English

Print Publication Date:: 15 Sep 1994

Keywords:: OP; bottom; exchange rate; enterprise; government; State budget; enterprise loss; Owend enterprise; enterprise liquidation; current account; Imports; Trade balance; Exports; Budget planning and preparation

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Abstract

Estimates.

Table A1.

Development of Selected Indices

(Annual percent change in real terms, unless otherwise indicated)

Sources: Polish authorities; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Estimates.

^²includes profit premia; deflated by the CPI.

^³Up to 1990, based on invoices submitted by foreign trade organizations and custom declarations. Includes trade under all arrangements.

Table A1.

Development of Selected Indices

(Annual percent change in real terms, unless otherwise indicated)

		1989	1990	1991	1992	1993¹
Gross domestic product		0.2	–11.6	–7.6	1.5	4.0
Material production		0.0	–13.4	–7.5	0.4	4.5
	Industry	–2.1	–12.0	–17.1	2.6	5.7
	Construction	–0.3	–14.5	6.7	3.8	6.5
	Agriculture	1.0	–0.3	6.8	–12.3	–1.9
Services		1.4	–0.3	–12.6	–2.7	1.8
Consumption		6.1	–15.4	3.3	5.0	4.1
Gross capital formation		–10.7	–24.8	–14.2	–2.5	9.3
Population incomes		6.0	–14.7	5.9	3.5	…
Consumer price index (percent change, period average)		251.1	85.8	70.3	43.0	35.3
Net (after–tax) wages²		9.0	–24.4	–0.3	–2.7	–1.0
Employment (economywide, end of period)		–0.8	–6.2	–3.7	–2.3	1.0
Exports (customs basis)³		0.2	13.7	–2.4	–2.6	…
Imports (customs basis)		1.5	–17.9	37.7	13.9	…

Sources: Polish authorities; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Estimates.

^²includes profit premia; deflated by the CPI.

^³Up to 1990, based on invoices submitted by foreign trade organizations and custom declarations. Includes trade under all arrangements.

Table A1.

Development of Selected Indices

(Annual percent change in real terms, unless otherwise indicated)

		1989	1990	1991	1992	1993¹
Gross domestic product		0.2	–11.6	–7.6	1.5	4.0
Material production		0.0	–13.4	–7.5	0.4	4.5
	Industry	–2.1	–12.0	–17.1	2.6	5.7
	Construction	–0.3	–14.5	6.7	3.8	6.5
	Agriculture	1.0	–0.3	6.8	–12.3	–1.9
Services		1.4	–0.3	–12.6	–2.7	1.8
Consumption		6.1	–15.4	3.3	5.0	4.1
Gross capital formation		–10.7	–24.8	–14.2	–2.5	9.3
Population incomes		6.0	–14.7	5.9	3.5	…
Consumer price index (percent change, period average)		251.1	85.8	70.3	43.0	35.3
Net (after–tax) wages²		9.0	–24.4	–0.3	–2.7	–1.0
Employment (economywide, end of period)		–0.8	–6.2	–3.7	–2.3	1.0
Exports (customs basis)³		0.2	13.7	–2.4	–2.6	…
Imports (customs basis)		1.5	–17.9	37.7	13.9	…

Sources: Polish authorities; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Estimates.

^²includes profit premia; deflated by the CPI.

^³Up to 1990, based on invoices submitted by foreign trade organizations and custom declarations. Includes trade under all arrangements.

Table A2.

Population, Labor Force, and Employment

(In thousands of persons; end of year)

Source: Polish authorities.

^¹Provisional.

^²The working age for men/women is defined to be between the ages of 18 and 64/59.

^³Employment statistics exclude workers doing military service, working in defense and public–safety–related institutions, living abroad, or serving a jail sentence. These workers, however, are classified as part of the active labor force. Taking into account the different statistical treatment accorded to these workers, the calculated unemployment rate was close to zero through 1989.

^⁴From 1990 in the public sector.

^⁵From 1990 registered unemployment.

Table A2.

Population, Labor Force, and Employment

(In thousands of persons; end of year)

			1988	1989	1990	1991	1992¹
Population			37,885	38,038	38,183	38,309	38,418
	Of which:
		Working age²	21,822	21,889	21,962	22,055	22,181
		Non working age	16,063	16,149	16,221	16,254	16,237
Total employment³			17,699	17,558	16,474	15,861	15,616
	Of which:
		In the socialized sector⁴	12,313	11,709	8,243	7,052	6,606
Memorandum items:
	Registered job seekers⁵ (as of end–year)		5	10	1,126	2,156	2,509
	Registered job vacancies (as of end–year)		430	254	54	29	23

Source: Polish authorities.

^¹Provisional.

^²The working age for men/women is defined to be between the ages of 18 and 64/59.

^⁴From 1990 in the public sector.

^⁵From 1990 registered unemployment.

Table A2.

Population, Labor Force, and Employment

(In thousands of persons; end of year)

			1988	1989	1990	1991	1992¹
Population			37,885	38,038	38,183	38,309	38,418
	Of which:
		Working age²	21,822	21,889	21,962	22,055	22,181
		Non working age	16,063	16,149	16,221	16,254	16,237
Total employment³			17,699	17,558	16,474	15,861	15,616
	Of which:
		In the socialized sector⁴	12,313	11,709	8,243	7,052	6,606
Memorandum items:
	Registered job seekers⁵ (as of end–year)		5	10	1,126	2,156	2,509
	Registered job vacancies (as of end–year)		430	254	54	29	23

Source: Polish authorities.

^¹Provisional.

^²The working age for men/women is defined to be between the ages of 18 and 64/59.

^⁴From 1990 in the public sector.

^⁵From 1990 registered unemployment.

Table A3.

Employment by Sector

(Yearly overages)

Source: Polish authorities

^¹Data for 1990 are not directly comparable to figures shown for 1989 because of wider coverage.

^²Provisional estimates

^³Material sphere of production only.

Table A3.

Employment by Sector

(Yearly overages)

				1988	1989¹	1990¹	1991	1992²
				(In thousands of persons)
Total employment				17,023	16,854	16,511	15,601	15,096
	Socialized sector			12,215	11,779	8,942	7,633	6,800
		Industry		4,320	4,177	3,250	2,745	2,413
		Construction		1,071	964	792	546	357
		Agriculture		996	963	594	458	329
		Forestry		154	140	125	107	91
		Transport and communications		998	933	820	715	629
		Trade		1,388	1,342	322	212	172
		Services		3,288	3,260	3,039	2,850	3,138
	Private agriculture			3,620	3,560	3,831	3,806	3,708
	Other private sector			1,188	1,515	3,738	4,162	4,588
				(Percent change)
Total employment				–0.7	–1.0	–2.0	–5.5	–3.2
	Socialized sector			–1.0	–3.6	–24.1	–14.6	–10.9
		Of which:
			Industry	–1.8	–3.3	–22.2	–15.5	–12.1
			Construction	–2.5	–10.0	–17.8	–31.1	–34.6
			Agriculture	–1.4	–3.4	–38.3	–22.9	–28.2
			Services	1.3	–0.8	–6.8	–6.2	10.1
	Private agriculture			–3.1	–1.7	7.6	–0.7	–2.6
	Other private sector			11.4	27.6	146.7	11.3	10.2
Memorandum item:
	Total man hours worked in the socialized sector (excluding agriculture)³			–1.9	–9.0	–7.4	–4.6	2.2

Source: Polish authorities

^¹Data for 1990 are not directly comparable to figures shown for 1989 because of wider coverage.

^²Provisional estimates

^³Material sphere of production only.

Table A3.

Employment by Sector

(Yearly overages)

				1988	1989¹	1990¹	1991	1992²
				(In thousands of persons)
Total employment				17,023	16,854	16,511	15,601	15,096
	Socialized sector			12,215	11,779	8,942	7,633	6,800
		Industry		4,320	4,177	3,250	2,745	2,413
		Construction		1,071	964	792	546	357
		Agriculture		996	963	594	458	329
		Forestry		154	140	125	107	91
		Transport and communications		998	933	820	715	629
		Trade		1,388	1,342	322	212	172
		Services		3,288	3,260	3,039	2,850	3,138
	Private agriculture			3,620	3,560	3,831	3,806	3,708
	Other private sector			1,188	1,515	3,738	4,162	4,588
				(Percent change)
Total employment				–0.7	–1.0	–2.0	–5.5	–3.2
	Socialized sector			–1.0	–3.6	–24.1	–14.6	–10.9
		Of which:
			Industry	–1.8	–3.3	–22.2	–15.5	–12.1
			Construction	–2.5	–10.0	–17.8	–31.1	–34.6
			Agriculture	–1.4	–3.4	–38.3	–22.9	–28.2
			Services	1.3	–0.8	–6.8	–6.2	10.1
	Private agriculture			–3.1	–1.7	7.6	–0.7	–2.6
	Other private sector			11.4	27.6	146.7	11.3	10.2
Memorandum item:
	Total man hours worked in the socialized sector (excluding agriculture)³			–1.9	–9.0	–7.4	–4.6	2.2

Source: Polish authorities

^¹Data for 1990 are not directly comparable to figures shown for 1989 because of wider coverage.

^²Provisional estimates

^³Material sphere of production only.

Table A4.

Summary of Government Financial Operations

Sources: Polish authorities; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹For 1987–90, the state budget includes the budget of the central government and the budgets of local regional authorities. Beginning in 1991, the state budget includes the budget of the central government and the budgets of the regional authorities; the budgets of local authorities are separated from the state budget.

^²On a commitment basis, except for external Interest payments, which are on a cash basis.

^³In 1986, responsibility for the service of government foreign debt and for the payment of subsidies related to foreign debt service, which are recorded on a cash basis, was transferred from the state budget to an extrabudgetary fund. On December 31, 1990, the extrabudgetary fund responsible for external debt service was closed and responsibility reverted to the state budget. In 1989, responsibility for export-related subsidies was transferred to another extrabudgetary fund.

^⁴On a cash basis.

^⁵Includes transfers among extrabudgetary funds.

^⁶Includes extrabudgetary funds under the control of the central government and those under the control of local authorities.

^⁷Not considered part of the general government before 1990 since no data were available.

^⁸Not considered part of the general government before 1992 since no data were available

^⁹Reflects unallocated financing.

^¹⁰Consolidated for payments and transfers between the state budget, local authorities, extrabudgetary funds, extrabudgetary units of the state budget, and extrabudgetary units of the local authorities, and for payments among extrabudgetary funds and extrabudgetary units.

^¹¹Expenditure arrears of the state budget to the bank and nonbank public that were not converted into treasury bills.

^¹²For 1991, the cash deficit includes the purchase of capitalized housing interest through issuing treasury bills to the National Housing Bank, payments to clear interest arrears on these bills, and payments to the National Housing Bank of the capital amount of guaranteed loans that were extended by the National Housing Bank to housing cooperatives and are in default, For 1992, the cash deficit includes interest payments on promissory notes connected with the extrabudgetary fund for foreign debt-service payments, payments to clear interest arrears on the purchase of capitalized housing interest, and payments to the National Housing Bank of the capital amount of guaranteed loans that were extended by the National Housing Bank to housing cooperatives and are now in default.

^¹³Reflects acquisition of nonmonetary assets by extrabudgetary funds and, until 1991, unallocated financing

Table A4.

Summary of Government Financial Operations

			1988	1989	1990	1991	1992
			(In trillions of zlotys)
A. State budget¹
	Revenues		10,544	29,742	197,103	212,060	308,505
	Expenditures² ³		10,960	35,655	193,185	269,366	386,251
	Balance²		–416	–5,913	3,918	–57,306	–77,746
B. Local authorities’
	Revenue		…	…	…	50,053	64,402
		Of which: Transfers within general government	…	…	…	13,207	19,615
	Expenditures⁴		…	…	…	44,788	64,879
		Of which: Transfers within general government	…	…	…	1,935	16,852
	Balance⁴		…	…	…	5,265	–477
C. Extrabudgetary funds⁵ ⁶
	Revenue		4,913	16,871	108,463	145,993	244,647
		Of which: Transfers within general government	–940	4,841	35,160	43,717	90,093
	Expenditures’⁴		4,509	18,092	95,745	150,408	238,358
		Of which: Transfers within general government	–	–	–	–	–
	Balance⁴		–404	–1,221	12,718	–4,415	6,289
D. Extra budgetary units of the state budget⁷
	Revenue		…	…	13,670	17,169	21,804
		Of which’ Transfers within general government	…	…	7,221	5,060	4,086
	Expenditure₄		…	…	11,75	15,293	18,048
		Of which: Transfers within general government	…	…	–	1,365	2,936
	Balance		…	…	1,913	1,876	3,756
E. Extrabudgetary units of the local authorities⁸
	Revenues		…	…	…	…	32,596
		Of which: Transfers within general government	…	…	…	…	12,925
	Expend Expenditures⁴		…	…	…	…	32,383
		Of which’ Transfers within general government	…	…	…	…	4,610
	Balance⁴		…	…	…	…	213
F. Unidentified expenditure⁹			…	…	…	–657	8,320
G. Consolidated general government¹⁰
	Revenue		14,220	40,023	254,116	341,909	503,003
	Expenditure		14,233	47,157	235,567	395,832	579,289
	Balance		–13	–7,134	18,549	–53,923	–76,286
	Change in outstanding arrears¹¹		–	2,643	–2,643	12,857	–6,375
	Balance (cash basis)¹²		–13	–4,491	15,906	–41,066	–82,661
	Financing		13	4,491	–15,906	41,066	82,661
	Domestic bank financing (net)		82	4,972	–16,299	41,228	75,554
	Other domestic financing		–	367	131	774	5,800
	Foreign financing (net)		–70	–273	–4,008	–936	–2,829
	Sale of foreign exchange holdings		–	–	–	–	4,135
	Other¹³		–	–575	4,270	–2,467	–4,131
Memorandum item:
	State budget balance (cash, national definition)		780	–3,579	–2,439	–30,973	–69,115
			(in percent of GDP)
A. State budget¹
	Revenues		35.6	30.8	33.3	25.7	27.0
	Expenditures² ³		37.0	36.9	32.7	32.7	33.8
	Balance²		–1.4	–6.1	0.7	–7.0	–6.8
B. Local authorities¹
	Revenues		…	…	…	6.1	5.6
	Expenditures⁴		…	…	…	5.4	5.7
	Balance’		…	…	…	0.6	–
C. Extrabudgetary funds⁵ ⁶
	Revenues		16.6	17.5	18.3	17.7	21.4
	Expenditures⁴		15.2	18.7	16.2	18.2	20.9
	Balance⁴		1.4	–1.3	2.2	–0.5	0.6
D. Extrabudgetary units of the state budget⁷
	Revenues		…	…	2.3	2.1	1.9
	Expenditures⁴		…	…	2.0	1.9	1.6
	Balance		…	…	0.3	0.2	0.3
E. Extrabudgetary units of the local authorities
	Revenues		…	…	…	…	2.9
	Expenditures’		…	…	…	…	2.8
	Balance’		…	…	…	…
F. Unidentified expenditure⁹			…	…	…	–0.1	0.7
G. Consolidated general governments
	Revenues		48.0	41.5	43.0	41.5	44.0
	Expenditures		48.0	48.8	39.8	48.0	50.7
	Balance		–	–7.4	3.1	–6.5	–6.7
	Change in outstanding arrears¹¹		–	2.7	–0.4	1.6	–0.6
	Balance (cash basis)¹²		–	–4.7	2.7	–5.0	–7.2
	Financing		–	4.7	–2.7	5.0	7.2
	Domestic bank financing (net)		0.3	5.1	–2.8	5.0	6.6
	Other domestic financing		–	0.4	–	0.1	0.5
	Foreign financing (net)		–0.2	–0.3	–0.7	–0.1	–0.2
	Sale of foreign exchange holdings		–	–	–	–	0.4
	Other’¹³		–	–0.6	0.7	–	–
Memorandum item:
	State budget balance (cash, national definition)		2.6	–3.7	–0.4	–3.8	–6.0

Sources: Polish authorities; and IMF staff estimates.

^²On a commitment basis, except for external Interest payments, which are on a cash basis.

^⁴On a cash basis.

^⁵Includes transfers among extrabudgetary funds.

^⁶Includes extrabudgetary funds under the control of the central government and those under the control of local authorities.

^⁷Not considered part of the general government before 1990 since no data were available.

^⁸Not considered part of the general government before 1992 since no data were available

^⁹Reflects unallocated financing.

^¹¹Expenditure arrears of the state budget to the bank and nonbank public that were not converted into treasury bills.

^¹³Reflects acquisition of nonmonetary assets by extrabudgetary funds and, until 1991, unallocated financing

Table A4.

Summary of Government Financial Operations

			1988	1989	1990	1991	1992
			(In trillions of zlotys)
A. State budget¹
	Revenues		10,544	29,742	197,103	212,060	308,505
	Expenditures² ³		10,960	35,655	193,185	269,366	386,251
	Balance²		–416	–5,913	3,918	–57,306	–77,746
B. Local authorities’
	Revenue		…	…	…	50,053	64,402
		Of which: Transfers within general government	…	…	…	13,207	19,615
	Expenditures⁴		…	…	…	44,788	64,879
		Of which: Transfers within general government	…	…	…	1,935	16,852
	Balance⁴		…	…	…	5,265	–477
C. Extrabudgetary funds⁵ ⁶
	Revenue		4,913	16,871	108,463	145,993	244,647
		Of which: Transfers within general government	–940	4,841	35,160	43,717	90,093
	Expenditures’⁴		4,509	18,092	95,745	150,408	238,358
		Of which: Transfers within general government	–	–	–	–	–
	Balance⁴		–404	–1,221	12,718	–4,415	6,289
D. Extra budgetary units of the state budget⁷
	Revenue		…	…	13,670	17,169	21,804
		Of which’ Transfers within general government	…	…	7,221	5,060	4,086
	Expenditure₄		…	…	11,75	15,293	18,048
		Of which: Transfers within general government	…	…	–	1,365	2,936
	Balance		…	…	1,913	1,876	3,756
E. Extrabudgetary units of the local authorities⁸
	Revenues		…	…	…	…	32,596
		Of which: Transfers within general government	…	…	…	…	12,925
	Expend Expenditures⁴		…	…	…	…	32,383
		Of which’ Transfers within general government	…	…	…	…	4,610
	Balance⁴		…	…	…	…	213
F. Unidentified expenditure⁹			…	…	…	–657	8,320
G. Consolidated general government¹⁰
	Revenue		14,220	40,023	254,116	341,909	503,003
	Expenditure		14,233	47,157	235,567	395,832	579,289
	Balance		–13	–7,134	18,549	–53,923	–76,286
	Change in outstanding arrears¹¹		–	2,643	–2,643	12,857	–6,375
	Balance (cash basis)¹²		–13	–4,491	15,906	–41,066	–82,661
	Financing		13	4,491	–15,906	41,066	82,661
	Domestic bank financing (net)		82	4,972	–16,299	41,228	75,554
	Other domestic financing		–	367	131	774	5,800
	Foreign financing (net)		–70	–273	–4,008	–936	–2,829
	Sale of foreign exchange holdings		–	–	–	–	4,135
	Other¹³		–	–575	4,270	–2,467	–4,131
Memorandum item:
	State budget balance (cash, national definition)		780	–3,579	–2,439	–30,973	–69,115
			(in percent of GDP)
A. State budget¹
	Revenues		35.6	30.8	33.3	25.7	27.0
	Expenditures² ³		37.0	36.9	32.7	32.7	33.8
	Balance²		–1.4	–6.1	0.7	–7.0	–6.8
B. Local authorities¹
	Revenues		…	…	…	6.1	5.6
	Expenditures⁴		…	…	…	5.4	5.7
	Balance’		…	…	…	0.6	–
C. Extrabudgetary funds⁵ ⁶
	Revenues		16.6	17.5	18.3	17.7	21.4
	Expenditures⁴		15.2	18.7	16.2	18.2	20.9
	Balance⁴		1.4	–1.3	2.2	–0.5	0.6
D. Extrabudgetary units of the state budget⁷
	Revenues		…	…	2.3	2.1	1.9
	Expenditures⁴		…	…	2.0	1.9	1.6
	Balance		…	…	0.3	0.2	0.3
E. Extrabudgetary units of the local authorities
	Revenues		…	…	…	…	2.9
	Expenditures’		…	…	…	…	2.8
	Balance’		…	…	…	…
F. Unidentified expenditure⁹			…	…	…	–0.1	0.7
G. Consolidated general governments
	Revenues		48.0	41.5	43.0	41.5	44.0
	Expenditures		48.0	48.8	39.8	48.0	50.7
	Balance		–	–7.4	3.1	–6.5	–6.7
	Change in outstanding arrears¹¹		–	2.7	–0.4	1.6	–0.6
	Balance (cash basis)¹²		–	–4.7	2.7	–5.0	–7.2
	Financing		–	4.7	–2.7	5.0	7.2
	Domestic bank financing (net)		0.3	5.1	–2.8	5.0	6.6
	Other domestic financing		–	0.4	–	0.1	0.5
	Foreign financing (net)		–0.2	–0.3	–0.7	–0.1	–0.2
	Sale of foreign exchange holdings		–	–	–	–	0.4
	Other’¹³		–	–0.6	0.7	–	–
Memorandum item:
	State budget balance (cash, national definition)		2.6	–3.7	–0.4	–3.8	–6.0

Sources: Polish authorities; and IMF staff estimates.

^²On a commitment basis, except for external Interest payments, which are on a cash basis.

^⁴On a cash basis.

^⁵Includes transfers among extrabudgetary funds.

^⁶Includes extrabudgetary funds under the control of the central government and those under the control of local authorities.

^⁷Not considered part of the general government before 1990 since no data were available.

^⁸Not considered part of the general government before 1992 since no data were available

^⁹Reflects unallocated financing.

^¹¹Expenditure arrears of the state budget to the bank and nonbank public that were not converted into treasury bills.

^¹³Reflects acquisition of nonmonetary assets by extrabudgetary funds and, until 1991, unallocated financing

Table A5.

State Budget Subsidies¹

(In percent of GDP)

Source: Polish authorities.

^¹Comprises cash grants; recorded on a cash basis.

^²Mainly payments to cover enterprise losses.

^³ln 1988, the state budget undertook to reimburse the banking system for the net cost of the increase in the negative spread between interest rates on deposits and on bank credits. This liability was to be met during 1989–92 but is shown here on a commitment basis.

^⁴Subsidies to units that carry out economic activities but that are not formally classified as enterprises.

^⁵Includes, among others, subsidies for interest payments and principal payments on loans to the nonsocialized agricultural sector.

^⁶Includes, among others, subsidies for state, communal, and cooperative housing, and subsidies for interest payments and principal repayments on housing loans contracted by private individuals.

^⁷ln 1989, medicine subsidies amounting to less than 0.1 percent of GDP were paid by the Social Insurance Fund (FUS).

Table A5.

State Budget Subsidies¹

(In percent of GDP)

				1988	1989	1990	1991	1992
Total subsidies to enterprises, the banking system, and other economic units				6.0	4.5	3.4	1.7	0.8
	Subsidies to enterprises			4.1	3.9	2.6	1.3	0.5
		On material inputs and transportation of goods		1.1	3.3	1.6	0.6	0.1
			Coal	1.0	3.3	1.6	0.6	0.1
			Transportation of goods	–	–	–	–	–
			Others	0.1	–	–	–	–
		On foreign trade		2.2	0.2	–	–	–
		To agricultural units in the socialized sector		0.5	0.2	0.1	–	–
		Other subsidies to enterprises²		0.3	0.1	0.9	0.7	0.5
	Subsidies to the banking system³			1.2	–	–	0.1	–
	Subsidies to other economic units⁴			0.7	0.7	0.8	0.3	–
		For road maintenance		0.3	0.3	0.3	–	–
		Others		0.4	0.4	0.5	0.3	0.3
Total subsidies to the population				10.0	8.4	3.9	3.0	2.8
	Subsidies on foodstuffs			4.9	3.7	0.2	–	–
		Meat products		1.4	1.2	–	–	–
		Dairy products		2.1	1.6	0.2	–	–
		Cereals		0.9	0.5	–	–	–
		Other subsidies⁵		0.4	0.5	–	–	–
	Subsidies on other consumer goods			0.4	0.2	0.1	0.1	–
		Coal and coke subsidies		0.4	0.2	–	–	–
		Other subsidies		–	–	0.1	0.1	–
	Subsidies for nonsocialized agriculture			1.0	1.0	0.4	0.2	0.1
		Input subsidies		0.9	0.9	0.2	–	–
		Other subsidies		0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
	Subsidies on passenger transportation			0.8	0.9	0.4	0.4	0.3
	Subsidies on housing⁶			2.5	2.5	2.8	2.2	2.3
	Subsidies on medicine⁷			0.5	0.1	–	–	–
	Subsidies on schoolbooks			–	–	–	–	–

Source: Polish authorities.

^¹Comprises cash grants; recorded on a cash basis.

^²Mainly payments to cover enterprise losses.

^⁴Subsidies to units that carry out economic activities but that are not formally classified as enterprises.

^⁵Includes, among others, subsidies for interest payments and principal payments on loans to the nonsocialized agricultural sector.

^⁶Includes, among others, subsidies for state, communal, and cooperative housing, and subsidies for interest payments and principal repayments on housing loans contracted by private individuals.

^⁷ln 1989, medicine subsidies amounting to less than 0.1 percent of GDP were paid by the Social Insurance Fund (FUS).

Table A5.

State Budget Subsidies¹

(In percent of GDP)

				1988	1989	1990	1991	1992
Total subsidies to enterprises, the banking system, and other economic units				6.0	4.5	3.4	1.7	0.8
	Subsidies to enterprises			4.1	3.9	2.6	1.3	0.5
		On material inputs and transportation of goods		1.1	3.3	1.6	0.6	0.1
			Coal	1.0	3.3	1.6	0.6	0.1
			Transportation of goods	–	–	–	–	–
			Others	0.1	–	–	–	–
		On foreign trade		2.2	0.2	–	–	–
		To agricultural units in the socialized sector		0.5	0.2	0.1	–	–
		Other subsidies to enterprises²		0.3	0.1	0.9	0.7	0.5
	Subsidies to the banking system³			1.2	–	–	0.1	–
	Subsidies to other economic units⁴			0.7	0.7	0.8	0.3	–
		For road maintenance		0.3	0.3	0.3	–	–
		Others		0.4	0.4	0.5	0.3	0.3
Total subsidies to the population				10.0	8.4	3.9	3.0	2.8
	Subsidies on foodstuffs			4.9	3.7	0.2	–	–
		Meat products		1.4	1.2	–	–	–
		Dairy products		2.1	1.6	0.2	–	–
		Cereals		0.9	0.5	–	–	–
		Other subsidies⁵		0.4	0.5	–	–	–
	Subsidies on other consumer goods			0.4	0.2	0.1	0.1	–
		Coal and coke subsidies		0.4	0.2	–	–	–
		Other subsidies		–	–	0.1	0.1	–
	Subsidies for nonsocialized agriculture			1.0	1.0	0.4	0.2	0.1
		Input subsidies		0.9	0.9	0.2	–	–
		Other subsidies		0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
	Subsidies on passenger transportation			0.8	0.9	0.4	0.4	0.3
	Subsidies on housing⁶			2.5	2.5	2.8	2.2	2.3
	Subsidies on medicine⁷			0.5	0.1	–	–	–
	Subsidies on schoolbooks			–	–	–	–	–

Source: Polish authorities.

^¹Comprises cash grants; recorded on a cash basis.

^²Mainly payments to cover enterprise losses.

^⁴Subsidies to units that carry out economic activities but that are not formally classified as enterprises.

^⁵Includes, among others, subsidies for interest payments and principal payments on loans to the nonsocialized agricultural sector.

^⁶Includes, among others, subsidies for state, communal, and cooperative housing, and subsidies for interest payments and principal repayments on housing loans contracted by private individuals.

^⁷ln 1989, medicine subsidies amounting to less than 0.1 percent of GDP were paid by the Social Insurance Fund (FUS).

Table A6.

Finances of the Main Social Insurance Funds¹

Sources: Polish authorities: and IMF staff estimates.

^¹On a cash hasis.

^²Before 1990, data refer to the State Fund for Occupational Activation (PAZ) only.

Table A6.

Finances of the Main Social Insurance Funds¹

			1988	1989	1990	1991	1992
			(In trillions of zlotys)
Social Insurance Fund (FIE)
	Revenues		2.69	9.69	57.83	111.70	185.21
		Of which: Transfers from the state budget	0.20	1.27	8.82	22.06	49.51
	Expenditures		2.48	9.75	51.76	115.06	182.08
		Of which: Pensions	1.86	6.89	40.72	88.32	147.44
Social insurance Fund for Farmers (KRUS)
	Revenues		0.25	1.11	8.31	14.97	24.50
		Of which: Transfers from the state budget	0.20	1.05	7.50	13.62	22.47
	Expenditures		0.26	0.99	7.68	15.52	22.94
		Of which: Pensions	0.25	0.98	7.10	12.20	21.29
Labor Fund (FP)²
	Revenues		0.04	0.10	4.58	11.93	23.13
		Of which: Transfers from the state budget	0.04	0.10	3.34	7.50	16.26
	Expenditures		0.04	0.06	3.43	12.40	22.83
		Of which: Unemployment benefits	–	–	1.06	10.18	19.68
Totals for the main social insurance funds
	Revenues		2.98	10.89	70.73	138.60	232.4
Of which: Transfers from the state budget			0.44	2.41	19.66	43.19	88.24
	Expenditures		2.78	10.80	62.87	142.97	227.85
		Of which: Pensions	2.11	7.87	48.02	110.52	168.73
			(In percent of GDP)
	Social Insurance Fund (FUS) Revenues		9.1	10.0	9.8	13.6	16.2
		Of which: Transfers from the state budget	0.7	1.3	1.5	2.7	4.3
	Expenditures		8.4	10.1	8.7	14.0	15.9
		Of which: Pensions	6.3	7.1	6.9	10.7	12.9
Social Insurance Fund for Farmers (KRUS)
	Revenues		0.9	1.1	1.4	1.8	2.1
		Of which: Transfers from the state budget	0.7	1.1	1.3	1.7	2.0
	Expenditures		0.9	1.0	1.3	1.9	2.0
		Of which: Pensions	0.8	1.0	1.2	1.5	1.9
Labor Fund (FP)²
	Revenues		0.1	0.1	0.8	1.4	2.0
		Of which: Transfers from the state budget	0.1	0.1	0.6	0.9	1.4
	Expenditures		0.1	0.1	0.6	1.5	2.0
Of which: Unemployment benefits			–	–	0.2	1.2	1.7
Totals for the main social insurance funds
	Revenues		10.0	11.3	12.0	16.8	20.4
		Of which: Transfers from the state budget	1.5	2.5	3.3	5.2	7.7
	Expenditures		9.4	11.2	10.6	17.3	19.9
		Of which: Pensions	7.1	8.2	8.1	12.2	14.8
			(In percent of total revenues of respective funds)
Memorandum item:
	State budget transfers to
		Social Insurance Fund	7.4	13.1	15.2	19.7	26.7
		Social Insurance Fund for Farmers	77.8	94.7	90.3	91.0	91.7
		Labor Fund²	100.0	100.0	72.9	62.9	70.3

Sources: Polish authorities: and IMF staff estimates.

^¹On a cash hasis.

^²Before 1990, data refer to the State Fund for Occupational Activation (PAZ) only.

Table A6.

Finances of the Main Social Insurance Funds¹

			1988	1989	1990	1991	1992
			(In trillions of zlotys)
Social Insurance Fund (FIE)
	Revenues		2.69	9.69	57.83	111.70	185.21
		Of which: Transfers from the state budget	0.20	1.27	8.82	22.06	49.51
	Expenditures		2.48	9.75	51.76	115.06	182.08
		Of which: Pensions	1.86	6.89	40.72	88.32	147.44
Social insurance Fund for Farmers (KRUS)
	Revenues		0.25	1.11	8.31	14.97	24.50
		Of which: Transfers from the state budget	0.20	1.05	7.50	13.62	22.47
	Expenditures		0.26	0.99	7.68	15.52	22.94
		Of which: Pensions	0.25	0.98	7.10	12.20	21.29
Labor Fund (FP)²
	Revenues		0.04	0.10	4.58	11.93	23.13
		Of which: Transfers from the state budget	0.04	0.10	3.34	7.50	16.26
	Expenditures		0.04	0.06	3.43	12.40	22.83
		Of which: Unemployment benefits	–	–	1.06	10.18	19.68
Totals for the main social insurance funds
	Revenues		2.98	10.89	70.73	138.60	232.4
Of which: Transfers from the state budget			0.44	2.41	19.66	43.19	88.24
	Expenditures		2.78	10.80	62.87	142.97	227.85
		Of which: Pensions	2.11	7.87	48.02	110.52	168.73
			(In percent of GDP)
	Social Insurance Fund (FUS) Revenues		9.1	10.0	9.8	13.6	16.2
		Of which: Transfers from the state budget	0.7	1.3	1.5	2.7	4.3
	Expenditures		8.4	10.1	8.7	14.0	15.9
		Of which: Pensions	6.3	7.1	6.9	10.7	12.9
Social Insurance Fund for Farmers (KRUS)
	Revenues		0.9	1.1	1.4	1.8	2.1
		Of which: Transfers from the state budget	0.7	1.1	1.3	1.7	2.0
	Expenditures		0.9	1.0	1.3	1.9	2.0
		Of which: Pensions	0.8	1.0	1.2	1.5	1.9
Labor Fund (FP)²
	Revenues		0.1	0.1	0.8	1.4	2.0
		Of which: Transfers from the state budget	0.1	0.1	0.6	0.9	1.4
	Expenditures		0.1	0.1	0.6	1.5	2.0
Of which: Unemployment benefits			–	–	0.2	1.2	1.7
Totals for the main social insurance funds
	Revenues		10.0	11.3	12.0	16.8	20.4
		Of which: Transfers from the state budget	1.5	2.5	3.3	5.2	7.7
	Expenditures		9.4	11.2	10.6	17.3	19.9
		Of which: Pensions	7.1	8.2	8.1	12.2	14.8
			(In percent of total revenues of respective funds)
Memorandum item:
	State budget transfers to
		Social Insurance Fund	7.4	13.1	15.2	19.7	26.7
		Social Insurance Fund for Farmers	77.8	94.7	90.3	91.0	91.7
		Labor Fund²	100.0	100.0	72.9	62.9	70.3

Sources: Polish authorities: and IMF staff estimates.

^¹On a cash hasis.

^²Before 1990, data refer to the State Fund for Occupational Activation (PAZ) only.

Table A7.

Main Revenue Sources of the Local Authorities

(Percent of all revenues accruing to the local authorities)

Sources: Bird and Wallich (1993); Polish Local Government Information Service (various issues); and the Polish authorities.

^¹About 1,600 state-owned enterprises were taken over from the central authorities in the context of privatization.

^²Untied transfers were limited to 0.9 percent of all central government revenues by the December 1993 Law on Local Government Finances.

Table A7.

Main Revenue Sources of the Local Authorities

(Percent of all revenues accruing to the local authorities)

		1991	1993
I. Own revenue sources		100	100
	Mandatory payments (agricultural property tax, forest tax, real estate tax, vehicle tax, inheritance and gift tax, dog license fees, market fees, tourism taxes, stamp duties on civil law transactions, interest charges on late payments of fees, duties, and taxes)
2. Income from own assets (operations of departmental enterprises and extrabudgetary funds of the local authorities)¹		100	100
3. Optional levies (such as user charges)		100	100
4. Revenue sharing with the central authorities
	Turnover taxes (VAT since mid–1993)	—	—
	Excise taxes	—	—
	Enterprise income taxes	5	5
	Predecessor personal income tax (abolished in 1992)	30	…
	New personal income tax (introduced in 1992)	…	15
	Wage tax (abolished in 1992)	30	…
5. Block grants and transfers from central authorities
	For untied purposes	As required²
	For centrally mandated tasks	As required

Sources: Bird and Wallich (1993); Polish Local Government Information Service (various issues); and the Polish authorities.

^¹About 1,600 state-owned enterprises were taken over from the central authorities in the context of privatization.

^²Untied transfers were limited to 0.9 percent of all central government revenues by the December 1993 Law on Local Government Finances.

Table A7.

Main Revenue Sources of the Local Authorities

(Percent of all revenues accruing to the local authorities)

		1991	1993
I. Own revenue sources		100	100
	Mandatory payments (agricultural property tax, forest tax, real estate tax, vehicle tax, inheritance and gift tax, dog license fees, market fees, tourism taxes, stamp duties on civil law transactions, interest charges on late payments of fees, duties, and taxes)
2. Income from own assets (operations of departmental enterprises and extrabudgetary funds of the local authorities)¹		100	100
3. Optional levies (such as user charges)		100	100
4. Revenue sharing with the central authorities
	Turnover taxes (VAT since mid–1993)	—	—
	Excise taxes	—	—
	Enterprise income taxes	5	5
	Predecessor personal income tax (abolished in 1992)	30	…
	New personal income tax (introduced in 1992)	…	15
	Wage tax (abolished in 1992)	30	…
5. Block grants and transfers from central authorities
	For untied purposes	As required²
	For centrally mandated tasks	As required

Sources: Bird and Wallich (1993); Polish Local Government Information Service (various issues); and the Polish authorities.

^¹About 1,600 state-owned enterprises were taken over from the central authorities in the context of privatization.

^²Untied transfers were limited to 0.9 percent of all central government revenues by the December 1993 Law on Local Government Finances.

Table A8.

Monetary Survey¹

(In trillions of zlotys unless otherwise indicated; stocks at end of year)

Source: National Sank of Poland.

^¹The monetary accounting system was changed at the beginning of December 1991, hence data for previous years are not directly comparable and are not presented.

^²Figures in the Version 1 column are comparable with the 1991 figures, while Version 2 column figures are comparable with the 1993 figures. The difference between Version 1 and Version 2 for 1992 is that interest due but not paid is included as credit to the nongovernment sector in Version 2 (and in 1993), with an offsetting entry in other items net.

Table A8.

Monetary Survey¹

(In trillions of zlotys unless otherwise indicated; stocks at end of year)

				1992²
			1991	Version 1	Version 2	1993
Net international reserves			71.3	128.0	128.0	186.9
	In millions of U.S. dollars		6,505	8,120	8,120	8,755
Net domestic assets			189.7	283.1	283.1	372.4
	Credit to nongovernment		193.6	243.5	251.2	332.0
		Households	7.2	12.0	12.0	22.6
		Economic units	186.4	231.5	239.2	309.4
	Net credit to general government		88.3	190.0	187.7	300.3
		Of which: Without domestic debt indexed to the dollar	28.6	110.9	108.6	202.5
	Other assets net		–92.2	–150.5	–155.8	–259.9
Broad money			261.0	411.1	411.1	559.2
	Currency in circulation		56.2	78.0	78.0	99.8
	Zloty deposits		140.4	231.2	231.2	298.5
		Households	68.6	121.7	121.7	162.7
		Economic units	71.8	109.5	109.5	135.9
	Foreign currency deposits		64.5	101.9	101.9	160.9
		Households	61.2	98.3	98.3	154.3
		Economic units	3.2	3.6	3.6	6.6
Memorandum items:
	Foreign currency deposits (in millions of U.S. dollars)		5,885	6,464	6,464	7,539
	Foreign currency deposits/broad money (in percent)		24.7	24.8	24.8	28.8
	Exchange rate (zlotys per US$ I)		10,957	15,767	15,767	21,344

Source: National Sank of Poland.

^¹The monetary accounting system was changed at the beginning of December 1991, hence data for previous years are not directly comparable and are not presented.

Table A8.

Monetary Survey¹

(In trillions of zlotys unless otherwise indicated; stocks at end of year)

				1992²
			1991	Version 1	Version 2	1993
Net international reserves			71.3	128.0	128.0	186.9
	In millions of U.S. dollars		6,505	8,120	8,120	8,755
Net domestic assets			189.7	283.1	283.1	372.4
	Credit to nongovernment		193.6	243.5	251.2	332.0
		Households	7.2	12.0	12.0	22.6
		Economic units	186.4	231.5	239.2	309.4
	Net credit to general government		88.3	190.0	187.7	300.3
		Of which: Without domestic debt indexed to the dollar	28.6	110.9	108.6	202.5
	Other assets net		–92.2	–150.5	–155.8	–259.9
Broad money			261.0	411.1	411.1	559.2
	Currency in circulation		56.2	78.0	78.0	99.8
	Zloty deposits		140.4	231.2	231.2	298.5
		Households	68.6	121.7	121.7	162.7
		Economic units	71.8	109.5	109.5	135.9
	Foreign currency deposits		64.5	101.9	101.9	160.9
		Households	61.2	98.3	98.3	154.3
		Economic units	3.2	3.6	3.6	6.6
Memorandum items:
	Foreign currency deposits (in millions of U.S. dollars)		5,885	6,464	6,464	7,539
	Foreign currency deposits/broad money (in percent)		24.7	24.8	24.8	28.8
	Exchange rate (zlotys per US$ I)		10,957	15,767	15,767	21,344

Source: National Sank of Poland.

^¹The monetary accounting system was changed at the beginning of December 1991, hence data for previous years are not directly comparable and are not presented.

Table A9.

Competitiveness and External Sector Performance

Sources: Polish authorities: IMF staff estimates: and IMF, International Financial Statistics and Direction of Trade Statistics.

^¹IMF staff estimates for external account statistics. For the CPI-based competitiveness indicator, the 1993 figure is as of November 1993.

^²Convertible currency transactions (excludes trade in nonconvertible currencies).

^³A positive change indicates a real appreciation.

^⁴Percentage share of Polish exports in Germany’s imports from a sample of Eastern European countries, including Albania. Bulgaria, former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and former Yugoslavia.

Table A9.

Competitiveness and External Sector Performance

		1989	1990	1991	1992	1993¹
Export value growth (in percent)²		4.51	43.41	17.46	9.69	–2.94
Import value growth (in percent)²		16.30	17.91	46.94	6.11	17.75
Trade balance²
	In millions of U.S. dollars	240	2,214	51	512	–2,293
	In percent of GDP	0.4	3.6	0.1	0.6	–2.7
Current account²
	In millions of U.S. dollars	–1,843	668	–2,222	–270	–2,287
	In percent of GDP	–2.7	1.1	–2.8	–0.3	–2.7
	Change in gross official reserves (in millions of U.S. dollars)	415.0	2,417.0	–866.0	473.0	–7.0
Gross reserves (in months of imports of goods and nonfactor services)		3.3	5.5	3.3	3.5	3.0
Competitiveness:		(Percent change from previous year) ³
	REER^CPI	…	–17.4	54.7	0.1	7.0
	REER^PPI¹	…	4.4	26.9	1.7	–7.5
	REER^ULC	…	–21.6	54.9	–5.5	–15.6
	Unit labor costs (ULC)	…	426.1	85.1	22.0	24.0
	Labor productivity (manufacturing)	…	–14.9	–7.5	12.1	10.5
	Market share (in percent)⁴	21.1	26.5	27.7	26.8	30.3

Sources: Polish authorities: IMF staff estimates: and IMF, International Financial Statistics and Direction of Trade Statistics.

^¹IMF staff estimates for external account statistics. For the CPI-based competitiveness indicator, the 1993 figure is as of November 1993.

^²Convertible currency transactions (excludes trade in nonconvertible currencies).

^³A positive change indicates a real appreciation.

Table A9.

Competitiveness and External Sector Performance

		1989	1990	1991	1992	1993¹
Export value growth (in percent)²		4.51	43.41	17.46	9.69	–2.94
Import value growth (in percent)²		16.30	17.91	46.94	6.11	17.75
Trade balance²
	In millions of U.S. dollars	240	2,214	51	512	–2,293
	In percent of GDP	0.4	3.6	0.1	0.6	–2.7
Current account²
	In millions of U.S. dollars	–1,843	668	–2,222	–270	–2,287
	In percent of GDP	–2.7	1.1	–2.8	–0.3	–2.7
	Change in gross official reserves (in millions of U.S. dollars)	415.0	2,417.0	–866.0	473.0	–7.0
Gross reserves (in months of imports of goods and nonfactor services)		3.3	5.5	3.3	3.5	3.0
Competitiveness:		(Percent change from previous year) ³
	REER^CPI	…	–17.4	54.7	0.1	7.0
	REER^PPI¹	…	4.4	26.9	1.7	–7.5
	REER^ULC	…	–21.6	54.9	–5.5	–15.6
	Unit labor costs (ULC)	…	426.1	85.1	22.0	24.0
	Labor productivity (manufacturing)	…	–14.9	–7.5	12.1	10.5
	Market share (in percent)⁴	21.1	26.5	27.7	26.8	30.3

Sources: Polish authorities: IMF staff estimates: and IMF, International Financial Statistics and Direction of Trade Statistics.

^¹IMF staff estimates for external account statistics. For the CPI-based competitiveness indicator, the 1993 figure is as of November 1993.

^²Convertible currency transactions (excludes trade in nonconvertible currencies).

^³A positive change indicates a real appreciation.

Table A10.

Selected Economic Indicators

Sources Polish authorities, and IMF staff estimates.

Table A10.

Selected Economic Indicators

	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
Real GDP (percent change)	–10.0	–4.8	5.6	5.6	5.1	4.2	2.0	4.1	0.2	–11.6	–7.6	1.5	4.0
Consumer prices (percent change)	21.2	100.8	22.1	15.0	15.1	17.8	25.2	60.2	251.1	585.8	70.3	43.0	35.3
Producer prices (percent change)	9.2	122.3	15.3	14.5	16.2	17.8	26.6	59.8	212.8	622.4	48.1	28.5	32.2
Central government balance (in percent of GDP)	–11.4	–2.9	–2.1	–2.2	–1.2	–1.1	–3.5	–1.4	–6.1	0.7	–7.0	–6.8	–3.4
Trade balance (in billions of U.S. dollars)	–2.2	–0.1	0.3	0.7	0.4	0.6	0.8	1.1	0.2	2.2	0.1	0.5	–2.3
Current account (in billions of U.S. dollars)	–4.0	–1.9	–1.6	–1.1	–1.2	–1.0	–0.6	–0.3	–1.8	0.7	–2.2	–0.3	–2.3

Sources Polish authorities, and IMF staff estimates.

Table A10.

Selected Economic Indicators

	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
Real GDP (percent change)	–10.0	–4.8	5.6	5.6	5.1	4.2	2.0	4.1	0.2	–11.6	–7.6	1.5	4.0
Consumer prices (percent change)	21.2	100.8	22.1	15.0	15.1	17.8	25.2	60.2	251.1	585.8	70.3	43.0	35.3
Producer prices (percent change)	9.2	122.3	15.3	14.5	16.2	17.8	26.6	59.8	212.8	622.4	48.1	28.5	32.2
Central government balance (in percent of GDP)	–11.4	–2.9	–2.1	–2.2	–1.2	–1.1	–3.5	–1.4	–6.1	0.7	–7.0	–6.8	–3.4
Trade balance (in billions of U.S. dollars)	–2.2	–0.1	0.3	0.7	0.4	0.6	0.8	1.1	0.2	2.2	0.1	0.5	–2.3
Current account (in billions of U.S. dollars)	–4.0	–1.9	–1.6	–1.1	–1.2	–1.0	–0.6	–0.3	–1.8	0.7	–2.2	–0.3	–2.3

Sources Polish authorities, and IMF staff estimates.

Table A11.

Privatization Routes

(Number of firms)

Source: Polish Ministry of Privatization, Dynamika Prywatyzacji (various issues). Notes. State Enterprise Act, Article 19, refers so liquidation of nonviable (nonpayers of tax) firms. Privatization Act, Article 37, refers to liquidation of viable firms.

Table A11.

Privatization Routes

(Number of firms)

			Q3–Q4 1991	Q1–Q2 1991	Q3–Q4 1991	Total 1991	Q1–Q2 1992	Q3–Q4 1992	Total 1992	Q1–Q2 1993	Q3–Q4 1993	Total 1993
			(State enterprises assigned to privatization path)
Total stock			72	343	1,028	1,028	1,475	1,751	1,751	1,949	2,185	2,185
	By sale of equity (Art. 6)		0	0	65	65	178	183	183	185	186	186
	By liquidation		72	343	963	963	1,297	1,568	1,568	1,764	1,999	1,999
		State Enterprise Act, Art. 19	28	173	536	536	723	853	853	967	1,082	1,082
		Privatization Act, Art. 37	44	170	427	427	574	715	715	797	917	917
Memorandum item:
	By commercialization (Art. 5)		58	162	244	244	286	301	301	316	336	336
	Art. 5 and Art. 6		58	162	309	309	464	484	484	501	522	522
	Total number of remaining stateowned enterprises		8,441	8,098	7,413	7,413	6,966	6,690	6,690	6,492	6,256	6,256
		In percent of total	100.0	95.9	87.8	87.8	82.5	79.3	79.3	76.9	74.1	74.1
Total flow			72	271	695	956	447	276	723	198	236	434
	By sale of equity (Art. 6)		0	0	65	65	113	5	118	2	1	3
	By liquidation		72	271	620	891	334	271	605	196	235	431
		State Enterprise Act, Art. 19	28	145	363	508	187	130	317	114	115	229
		Privatization Act, Art. 37	44	126	257	383	147	141	288	82	120	202
Memorandum item:			58	104	82	186	42	15	57	15	20	35
	By commercialization (Art. 5)		58	104	147	251	155	20	175	17	21	38
			(State enterprises whose privatization was completed)
Total stock			0	100	263	263	527	700	700	892	1,065	1,065
	By sale of equity (Art. 6)		0	0	65	65	178	183	183	185	186	186
	By liquidation		0	100	198	198	349	517	517	707	879	879
		state Enterprise Act, Art. 19	0	21	44	44	78	118	118	126	172	172
		Privatization Act, Art. 37	0	79	154	154	271	399	399	581	707	707
Memorandum item:
	Total number of remaining stateowned Owend enterprises		8,441	8,341	8,178	8,178	7,914	7,741	7,741	7,549	7,376	7,376
		In percent of total	100.0	98.8	96.9	96.9	93.8	91.7	91.7	89.4	87.4	87.4
Total flow			0	100	163	263	264	173	437	192	173	365
	By sale of equity (Art. 6)		0	0	65	65	113	5	118	2	1	3
	By liquidation		0	100	98	198	151	168	319	190	172	362
		State Enterprise Act. Art, 19	0	21	23	44	34	40	74	8	46	54
		Privatization Act, Art. 37	0	79	75	154	117	128	245	182	126	308

Table A11.

Privatization Routes

(Number of firms)

			Q3–Q4 1991	Q1–Q2 1991	Q3–Q4 1991	Total 1991	Q1–Q2 1992	Q3–Q4 1992	Total 1992	Q1–Q2 1993	Q3–Q4 1993	Total 1993
			(State enterprises assigned to privatization path)
Total stock			72	343	1,028	1,028	1,475	1,751	1,751	1,949	2,185	2,185
	By sale of equity (Art. 6)		0	0	65	65	178	183	183	185	186	186
	By liquidation		72	343	963	963	1,297	1,568	1,568	1,764	1,999	1,999
		State Enterprise Act, Art. 19	28	173	536	536	723	853	853	967	1,082	1,082
		Privatization Act, Art. 37	44	170	427	427	574	715	715	797	917	917
Memorandum item:
	By commercialization (Art. 5)		58	162	244	244	286	301	301	316	336	336
	Art. 5 and Art. 6		58	162	309	309	464	484	484	501	522	522
	Total number of remaining stateowned enterprises		8,441	8,098	7,413	7,413	6,966	6,690	6,690	6,492	6,256	6,256
		In percent of total	100.0	95.9	87.8	87.8	82.5	79.3	79.3	76.9	74.1	74.1
Total flow			72	271	695	956	447	276	723	198	236	434
	By sale of equity (Art. 6)		0	0	65	65	113	5	118	2	1	3
	By liquidation		72	271	620	891	334	271	605	196	235	431
		State Enterprise Act, Art. 19	28	145	363	508	187	130	317	114	115	229
		Privatization Act, Art. 37	44	126	257	383	147	141	288	82	120	202
Memorandum item:			58	104	82	186	42	15	57	15	20	35
	By commercialization (Art. 5)		58	104	147	251	155	20	175	17	21	38
			(State enterprises whose privatization was completed)
Total stock			0	100	263	263	527	700	700	892	1,065	1,065
	By sale of equity (Art. 6)		0	0	65	65	178	183	183	185	186	186
	By liquidation		0	100	198	198	349	517	517	707	879	879
		state Enterprise Act, Art. 19	0	21	44	44	78	118	118	126	172	172
		Privatization Act, Art. 37	0	79	154	154	271	399	399	581	707	707
Memorandum item:
	Total number of remaining stateowned Owend enterprises		8,441	8,341	8,178	8,178	7,914	7,741	7,741	7,549	7,376	7,376
		In percent of total	100.0	98.8	96.9	96.9	93.8	91.7	91.7	89.4	87.4	87.4
Total flow			0	100	163	263	264	173	437	192	173	365
	By sale of equity (Art. 6)		0	0	65	65	113	5	118	2	1	3
	By liquidation		0	100	98	198	151	168	319	190	172	362
		State Enterprise Act. Art, 19	0	21	23	44	34	40	74	8	46	54
		Privatization Act, Art. 37	0	79	75	154	117	128	245	182	126	308

Table A12.

Basic Data by Ownership Sector

(Figures on top indicate public sector; figures in parentheses indicate private sector as a percent of total in each category)

Source: Polish Central Statistical Office, Biuletyn Statystyczny (Supplement, January 1994).

^¹End-of-period.

^²Legal entities according to the REGON register (which excludes natural persons carrying out economic activity and private civil companies).

^³Excluding private agriculture.

^⁴Gross financial result divided by cost of total income acquisition.

Table A12.

Basic Data by Ownership Sector

(Figures on top indicate public sector; figures in parentheses indicate private sector as a percent of total in each category)

		1992	Q1 1993	Q2 1993	Q3 1993	Q4 1993
Number of businesses¹ ²		53,554 (66)	53,608 (67)	53,479 (69)	53,322 (70)	51,768 (72)
Employment (in thousands)¹ ³		6,397 (29)	6,306 (30)	6,131 (31)	6,017 (32)	…
	of which: Industry	2,309 (29)	2,250 (31)	2,187 (33)	2,138 (34)	2,078 (36)
	Of which: Construction	298 (61)	271 (64)	245 (66)	214 (70)	196 (71)
	Of which’ Trade	150 (81)	146 (82)	138 (83)	128 (83)	124 (83)
Average monthly gross wages;(in thousands of zlotys)		2,962 (96)	3,804 (90)	3,848 (93)	3,912 (95)	…
	Of which’ Industry	3,151 (90)	4,011 (86)	4,128 (87)	4,221 (89)	4,518 (88)
	Of which: Construction	2,910 (105)	3,375 (101)	3,556 (101)	3,627 (102)	3,783 (102)
	Of which: Trade	3,292 (94)	4,036 (94)	4,453 (93)	4,421 (95)	4,641 (94)
Sold production of industry (in trillions of zlotys)		681 (31)	195 (32)	406 (33)	613 (37)	869 (37)
Sold production of construction (in trillions of zlotys)		30 (79)	5 (82)	12 (83)	18 (85)	25 (86)
Profit rates⁴		(In percent)
	Public sector	3.0	4.1	4.3	4.6	…
	Private sector	—	1.4	2.0	1.8	…

Source: Polish Central Statistical Office, Biuletyn Statystyczny (Supplement, January 1994).

^¹End-of-period.

^²Legal entities according to the REGON register (which excludes natural persons carrying out economic activity and private civil companies).

^³Excluding private agriculture.

^⁴Gross financial result divided by cost of total income acquisition.

Table A12.

Basic Data by Ownership Sector

(Figures on top indicate public sector; figures in parentheses indicate private sector as a percent of total in each category)

		1992	Q1 1993	Q2 1993	Q3 1993	Q4 1993
Number of businesses¹ ²		53,554 (66)	53,608 (67)	53,479 (69)	53,322 (70)	51,768 (72)
Employment (in thousands)¹ ³		6,397 (29)	6,306 (30)	6,131 (31)	6,017 (32)	…
	of which: Industry	2,309 (29)	2,250 (31)	2,187 (33)	2,138 (34)	2,078 (36)
	Of which: Construction	298 (61)	271 (64)	245 (66)	214 (70)	196 (71)
	Of which’ Trade	150 (81)	146 (82)	138 (83)	128 (83)	124 (83)
Average monthly gross wages;(in thousands of zlotys)		2,962 (96)	3,804 (90)	3,848 (93)	3,912 (95)	…
	Of which’ Industry	3,151 (90)	4,011 (86)	4,128 (87)	4,221 (89)	4,518 (88)
	Of which: Construction	2,910 (105)	3,375 (101)	3,556 (101)	3,627 (102)	3,783 (102)
	Of which: Trade	3,292 (94)	4,036 (94)	4,453 (93)	4,421 (95)	4,641 (94)
Sold production of industry (in trillions of zlotys)		681 (31)	195 (32)	406 (33)	613 (37)	869 (37)
Sold production of construction (in trillions of zlotys)		30 (79)	5 (82)	12 (83)	18 (85)	25 (86)
Profit rates⁴		(In percent)
	Public sector	3.0	4.1	4.3	4.6	…
	Private sector	—	1.4	2.0	1.8	…

Source: Polish Central Statistical Office, Biuletyn Statystyczny (Supplement, January 1994).

^¹End-of-period.

^²Legal entities according to the REGON register (which excludes natural persons carrying out economic activity and private civil companies).

^³Excluding private agriculture.

^⁴Gross financial result divided by cost of total income acquisition.

Table A13.

Recommended Property Conversions of State–Owned Enterprises as a Function of Size and Financial Status

Source: Polish Ministry of Privatization. Explanatory Notes: Management by committee on the basis of Article 65 of the Law on State-Owned Enterprises: Bank settlement procedures on the basis of Article 5 of the Law on the Financial Restructuring of Enterprises and Banks; Exchange of debt for equity on the basis of Article 43 of the Law on the Financial Restructuring of Enterprises and Banks; Paid-in contribution to the company on the basis of Article 37, paragraph I, item 2, of the Law on the Privatization of State-Owned Enterprises; Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury on the basis of Article 5 of the Law on the Privatization of State-Owned Enterprises and then a “trade sale”: or capital privatization for active investors: Liquidation on the basis of Article 19 of the Law on State-Owned Enterprises; Bankruptcy on the basis of bankruptcy law (Executive Order from the President of the Republic of Poland dated October 24, 1934); Sale of the enterprise on the basis of Article 37, paragraph I, item I, of the Law on the Privatization of State-Owned Enterprises; Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury on the basis of Article 6 of the Law on the Privatization of State-Owned Enterprises and then participation in the National Investment Fund program: Leasing the enterprise on the basis of Article 37, paragraph I, item 3, of the Law on the Privatization of State-Owned Enterprises: Conversion into a budgetary unit on the basis of Article 16 of the Budget Act; and Municipal ownership of a state-owned enterprise on the basis of Article 5 of the law on territorial self-government and the civil servants in autonomous administrations.

Table A13.

Recommended Property Conversions of State–Owned Enterprises as a Function of Size and Financial Status

	Financial Status of the State-Owned Enterprise
Size of Enterprise	Poor (Persistent debt, negative profitability)	Average (Reasonable debt, profitability near zero)	Good (Accounts receivable exceed accounts payable, profitability exceeds 5 percent)
Large (700–30.000 employees: property value of more than ZI 300 billion)	Management by committee Bank settlement procedures Exchange of debt for equity Government guarantees/grants Paid-in contribution to the company Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury and “trade sale” Liquidation Bankruptcy	Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury and “trade sale” Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury and National Investment Fund Management by committee Bank settlement procedures Exchange of debt for equity	Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury and the sale of shares on the stock exchange plus “trade sale” Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury (without privatization) No conversion (status quo)
Average (300–700 employees, property value of up to ZI 400 billion)	Management by committee Bank settlement procedures Exchange of debt for equity Sale of the enterprise Liquidation Bankruptcy	Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury and the National Investment Fund Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury and “trade sale” Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury and management contract Management by committee Sale of the enterprise	Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury and “trade sale” Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury and the National Investment Fund Leasing the enterprise Paid-in contribution to the company Sale of the enterprise No conversion (status quo) Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury (without privatization)
Small (20-300 employees:	Management by committee Sale of the enterprise Paid-in contribution to the company Liquidation Bankruptcy Municipal ownership of the state-owned enterprise Conversion into a budgetary unit	Sale of the enterprise Management by committee Municipal ownership of the state-owned enterprise Conversion into a budgetary unit	Leasing the enterprise Sale of the enterprise Paid-in contribution to the company Municipal ownership of the state-owned enterprise Conversion into a budgetary unit

Table A13.

Recommended Property Conversions of State–Owned Enterprises as a Function of Size and Financial Status

	Financial Status of the State-Owned Enterprise
Size of Enterprise	Poor (Persistent debt, negative profitability)	Average (Reasonable debt, profitability near zero)	Good (Accounts receivable exceed accounts payable, profitability exceeds 5 percent)
Large (700–30.000 employees: property value of more than ZI 300 billion)	Management by committee Bank settlement procedures Exchange of debt for equity Government guarantees/grants Paid-in contribution to the company Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury and “trade sale” Liquidation Bankruptcy	Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury and “trade sale” Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury and National Investment Fund Management by committee Bank settlement procedures Exchange of debt for equity	Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury and the sale of shares on the stock exchange plus “trade sale” Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury (without privatization) No conversion (status quo)
Average (300–700 employees, property value of up to ZI 400 billion)	Management by committee Bank settlement procedures Exchange of debt for equity Sale of the enterprise Liquidation Bankruptcy	Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury and the National Investment Fund Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury and “trade sale” Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury and management contract Management by committee Sale of the enterprise	Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury and “trade sale” Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury and the National Investment Fund Leasing the enterprise Paid-in contribution to the company Sale of the enterprise No conversion (status quo) Conversion into a company unit of the state Treasury (without privatization)
Small (20-300 employees:	Management by committee Sale of the enterprise Paid-in contribution to the company Liquidation Bankruptcy Municipal ownership of the state-owned enterprise Conversion into a budgetary unit	Sale of the enterprise Management by committee Municipal ownership of the state-owned enterprise Conversion into a budgetary unit	Leasing the enterprise Sale of the enterprise Paid-in contribution to the company Municipal ownership of the state-owned enterprise Conversion into a budgetary unit

Table A14.

Balance of Payments¹

(In millions of U.S. dollars)

Sources: Polish Ministry of Finance; National Bank of Poland; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Convertible currency trade on a payments basis from commercial banks.

Table A14.

Balance of Payments¹

(In millions of U.S. dollars)

				1989	1990	1991	1992	Est. 1993
Trade balance				240	2,214	51	512	–2,293
	Exports			7,575	10,863	12,760	13,997	13,585
	Imports			7,335	8,649	12,709	13,485	15,878
		Of which: Oil and gas imports		—	—	2,553	2,261	1,655
Nonfactor services (net)				–228	–150	237	344	369
	Receipts			767	1,327	1,577	1,612	1,846
	Payments			995	1,477	1,341	1,268	1,477
Interest (net)				–3,087	–3,329	–2,862	–1,740	–1,392
	Receipts			382	581	541	527	400
	Payments due			3,469	3,910	3,403	2,267	1,792
		Of which: Paid		–	474	865	1,097	827
Transfers (net)				1,232	1,933	353	528	929
	Private			1,144	1,676	308	230	821
	Official (including debt converted)			88	257	45	298	108
Investment income				—	—	–	65	139
Transfer of profits				—	—	—	—	39
Current account balance				–1,843	668	–2,222	–270	–2,287
Capital account				–1,531	–2,350	–7,954	373	1,524
Medium-and long-term capital (net)				–1,442	–2,526	–6,059	–292	–471
	Disbursements			226	428	786	562	922
	Amortization due			1,668	2,954	6,845	854	1,393
		Of which: Paid		—	369	347	443	903
Credit extended				—	42	13	—1	11
Direct investment				36	10	117	284	580
Short-term capital				–125	–236	–1,254	598	1,095
Error and omissions				—	360	–713	38	92
Valuation adjustment				–	–	–58	–254	217
Overall balance				–3,374	–1,682	–10,176	103	–764
Net reserves, official and banks (–, increase)				–356	–4,442	1,317	–1,614	–634
	Net reserves, official (—, increase)			–200	–2,153	1,201	–485	–173
		Gross official reserves (—, increase)		–415	–2,417	866	–473	7
		Liabilities (–, increase)		215	264	335	–12	–180
			Of which: IMF credit, net	—	500	322	—	–138
	Change in other NIR of banking system			–156	–2,289	116	–1,128	–461
	Gross (—, Increase)			—	–1,989	250	–1,414	–370
	Liabilities			—	–300	–134	286	–91
Debt relief				332	9,054	4,362	202	—
	Principal and (arrears)			—	—	2,939	202	—
	Interest			—	—	1,443	—	—
Change in arrears				3,192	–2,930	4,477	1,309	1,397

Sources: Polish Ministry of Finance; National Bank of Poland; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Convertible currency trade on a payments basis from commercial banks.

Table A14.

Balance of Payments¹

(In millions of U.S. dollars)

				1989	1990	1991	1992	Est. 1993
Trade balance				240	2,214	51	512	–2,293
	Exports			7,575	10,863	12,760	13,997	13,585
	Imports			7,335	8,649	12,709	13,485	15,878
		Of which: Oil and gas imports		—	—	2,553	2,261	1,655
Nonfactor services (net)				–228	–150	237	344	369
	Receipts			767	1,327	1,577	1,612	1,846
	Payments			995	1,477	1,341	1,268	1,477
Interest (net)				–3,087	–3,329	–2,862	–1,740	–1,392
	Receipts			382	581	541	527	400
	Payments due			3,469	3,910	3,403	2,267	1,792
		Of which: Paid		–	474	865	1,097	827
Transfers (net)				1,232	1,933	353	528	929
	Private			1,144	1,676	308	230	821
	Official (including debt converted)			88	257	45	298	108
Investment income				—	—	–	65	139
Transfer of profits				—	—	—	—	39
Current account balance				–1,843	668	–2,222	–270	–2,287
Capital account				–1,531	–2,350	–7,954	373	1,524
Medium-and long-term capital (net)				–1,442	–2,526	–6,059	–292	–471
	Disbursements			226	428	786	562	922
	Amortization due			1,668	2,954	6,845	854	1,393
		Of which: Paid		—	369	347	443	903
Credit extended				—	42	13	—1	11
Direct investment				36	10	117	284	580
Short-term capital				–125	–236	–1,254	598	1,095
Error and omissions				—	360	–713	38	92
Valuation adjustment				–	–	–58	–254	217
Overall balance				–3,374	–1,682	–10,176	103	–764
Net reserves, official and banks (–, increase)				–356	–4,442	1,317	–1,614	–634
	Net reserves, official (—, increase)			–200	–2,153	1,201	–485	–173
		Gross official reserves (—, increase)		–415	–2,417	866	–473	7
		Liabilities (–, increase)		215	264	335	–12	–180
			Of which: IMF credit, net	—	500	322	—	–138
	Change in other NIR of banking system			–156	–2,289	116	–1,128	–461
	Gross (—, Increase)			—	–1,989	250	–1,414	–370
	Liabilities			—	–300	–134	286	–91
Debt relief				332	9,054	4,362	202	—
	Principal and (arrears)			—	—	2,939	202	—
	Interest			—	—	1,443	—	—
Change in arrears				3,192	–2,930	4,477	1,309	1,397

Sources: Polish Ministry of Finance; National Bank of Poland; and IMF staff estimates.

^¹Convertible currency trade on a payments basis from commercial banks.

Table A15.

Current Account of Balance of Payments in Convertible and Nonconvertible Currencies¹

(In millions of U.S. dollars)

Source: Polish authorities.

^¹Represents the summation of transactions, expressed in U.S. dollars. Transactions in transferable rubles were converted into U.S. dollars at the cross commercial rate.

Table A15.

Current Account of Balance of Payments in Convertible and Nonconvertible Currencies¹

(In millions of U.S. dollars)

			1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
Exports f.o.b.
	In convertible currencies		4,543	4,806	5,324	5,120	5,316	6,163	7,248	7,575	10,863	12,760	13,997	13,585
	In nonconvertible currencies		5,914	6,194	6,476	5,762	6,242	5,439	5,963	4,337	4,151	546	47	13
Imports f.o.b.
	In convertible currencies		4,275	3,890	3,944	4,032	4,281	5,123	6,307	7,335	8,649	12,709	13,485	15,878
	In nonconvertible currencies		6,379	6,692	7,018	6,404	6,633	5,680	5,757	4,122	2,276	368	90	202
Trade balance
	In convertible currencies		268	916	1,380	1,088	1,035	1,040	941	240	2,214	51	512	–2,293
	In nonconvertible currencies		–465	–498	–542	–642 –391	–241	206	214	1,875	178	–43	–189
Services and unrequited transfers, net In convertible currencies			–2,540	–2,328	–2,154	–1,706	–1,700	–1,457	–1,521	–2,083	–1,546	–2,274	–782 6
		Of which: Interest payments, net	–2,947	–2,736	–2,549	–2,444	–2,557	–2,815	–2,855	–3,087	–3,329	–2,863	–1,740	–1,392
	In nonconvertible currencies		109	150	37	84	108	80	72	77	125	63	64	38
		Of which: Interest payments, net	–117	–54	–89	–110	–106	–100	–100	–85	–37	15	60	31
Current account1
	In convertible currencies		–2,272	–1,412	–774	–618	–665	–417	–580	–1,843	668	–2,222	–270	–2,287
	In nonconvertible currencies		–356	–348	–505	–558	–283	–161	278	291	2,000	241	21	–151

Source: Polish authorities.

^¹Represents the summation of transactions, expressed in U.S. dollars. Transactions in transferable rubles were converted into U.S. dollars at the cross commercial rate.

Table A15.

Current Account of Balance of Payments in Convertible and Nonconvertible Currencies¹

(In millions of U.S. dollars)

			1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
Exports f.o.b.
	In convertible currencies		4,543	4,806	5,324	5,120	5,316	6,163	7,248	7,575	10,863	12,760	13,997	13,585
	In nonconvertible currencies		5,914	6,194	6,476	5,762	6,242	5,439	5,963	4,337	4,151	546	47	13
Imports f.o.b.
	In convertible currencies		4,275	3,890	3,944	4,032	4,281	5,123	6,307	7,335	8,649	12,709	13,485	15,878
	In nonconvertible currencies		6,379	6,692	7,018	6,404	6,633	5,680	5,757	4,122	2,276	368	90	202
Trade balance
	In convertible currencies		268	916	1,380	1,088	1,035	1,040	941	240	2,214	51	512	–2,293
	In nonconvertible currencies		–465	–498	–542	–642 –391	–241	206	214	1,875	178	–43	–189
Services and unrequited transfers, net In convertible currencies			–2,540	–2,328	–2,154	–1,706	–1,700	–1,457	–1,521	–2,083	–1,546	–2,274	–782 6
		Of which: Interest payments, net	–2,947	–2,736	–2,549	–2,444	–2,557	–2,815	–2,855	–3,087	–3,329	–2,863	–1,740	–1,392
	In nonconvertible currencies		109	150	37	84	108	80	72	77	125	63	64	38
		Of which: Interest payments, net	–117	–54	–89	–110	–106	–100	–100	–85	–37	15	60	31
Current account1
	In convertible currencies		–2,272	–1,412	–774	–618	–665	–417	–580	–1,843	668	–2,222	–270	–2,287
	In nonconvertible currencies		–356	–348	–505	–558	–283	–161	278	291	2,000	241	21	–151

Source: Polish authorities.

^¹Represents the summation of transactions, expressed in U.S. dollars. Transactions in transferable rubles were converted into U.S. dollars at the cross commercial rate.

Table A16.

Evolution of Customs Tariff Structure¹

(Percentage rates)

Sources: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; and Polish authorities.

^¹Based on average frequency, including suspended tariffs and tariffs on duty–free tariff quotas.

^²Estimates based on CN classification. Appendix Table A17 contains the detailed tariff structure based on the CN classification.

Table A16.

Evolution of Customs Tariff Structure¹

(Percentage rates)

Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HCDDCS)			January 1989	August 1990 to August 1991	August 1991	December 1993²
All commodities			18.3	5.5	18.4	19.0
	Agriculture products		17.2	4.0	26.2	26.2
	Industrial products		18.7	…	16.3	17.0
		Mineral products	7.8	3.4	8.9	9.9
		Chemical products	13.5	3.9	14.1	137
		Plastics	19.9	5.5	15.0	14.9
		Fur and leather products	17.2	5.1	25.7	23.5
		Wood and paper products	16.7	7.4	13.4	13.4
		Textiles, footwear, clothing	22.2	9.7	20.6	21.4
		Industrial mineral and metal products	18.4	4.2	14.7	17.6
		Machinery, transport equipment, precision instruments	21.9	3.9	16.1	16.6
		Jewelry, arms, art objects, miscellaneous manufactured products	19.9	11.6	19.1	17.0

Sources: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; and Polish authorities.

^¹Based on average frequency, including suspended tariffs and tariffs on duty–free tariff quotas.

^²Estimates based on CN classification. Appendix Table A17 contains the detailed tariff structure based on the CN classification.

Table A16.

Evolution of Customs Tariff Structure¹

(Percentage rates)

Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HCDDCS)			January 1989	August 1990 to August 1991	August 1991	December 1993²
All commodities			18.3	5.5	18.4	19.0
	Agriculture products		17.2	4.0	26.2	26.2
	Industrial products		18.7	…	16.3	17.0
		Mineral products	7.8	3.4	8.9	9.9
		Chemical products	13.5	3.9	14.1	137
		Plastics	19.9	5.5	15.0	14.9
		Fur and leather products	17.2	5.1	25.7	23.5
		Wood and paper products	16.7	7.4	13.4	13.4
		Textiles, footwear, clothing	22.2	9.7	20.6	21.4
		Industrial mineral and metal products	18.4	4.2	14.7	17.6
		Machinery, transport equipment, precision instruments	21.9	3.9	16.1	16.6
		Jewelry, arms, art objects, miscellaneous manufactured products	19.9	11.6	19.1	17.0

Sources: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; and Polish authorities.

^¹Based on average frequency, including suspended tariffs and tariffs on duty–free tariff quotas.

^²Estimates based on CN classification. Appendix Table A17 contains the detailed tariff structure based on the CN classification.

Table A17.

Tariff Structure, as of December 1993

(Percentage rates)

^¹Frequency–weighted.

^²Frequency–weighted, accounting for suspended tariffs and tariff quotas.

^³Based on imports (from the Polish Central Statistical Office) for the first eight months of 1993.

Table A17.

Tariff Structure, as of December 1993

(Percentage rates)

			Average¹	Effective Average²	Trade–Weighted Effective Average³
All commodities			19.0	15.5	11.6
	Agricultural products		26.2	21.9	18.2
		Animal products	23.7	24.2	21.4
		Vegetable products	I9.5	19.2	14.8
		Fats and oils	20.9	18.6	17.5
		Prepared foodstuffs	36.3	24.3	21.3
	Industrial products		17.0	14.6	10.7
		Mineral products	99	2.0	1.3
		Chemical products	13.7	13.0	9.5
		Plastics	14.9	14.9	14.4
		Leather products	23.5	14.6	12.5
		Wood products	13.5	14.0	11.6
		Wood pulp products	13.5	10.8	8.2
		Textile products	21.4	18.2	16.9
		Footwear	22.2	20.3	20.3
		Stone products	16.1	14.9	13.5
		Precious materials	13.3	18.3	16.8
		Base metal products	17.7	17.5	13.1
		Mechanical and electrical machinery	16.0	15.7	7.4
		Transport equipment	19.2	27.5	24.3
		Optical products	16.1	15.5	8.8
		Arms	3S.0	35.0	34.3
		Miscellaneous manufactured products	18.5	18.3	17.3
		Art	—	—	—

^¹Frequency–weighted.

^²Frequency–weighted, accounting for suspended tariffs and tariff quotas.

^³Based on imports (from the Polish Central Statistical Office) for the first eight months of 1993.

Table A17.

Tariff Structure, as of December 1993

(Percentage rates)

			Average¹	Effective Average²	Trade–Weighted Effective Average³
All commodities			19.0	15.5	11.6
	Agricultural products		26.2	21.9	18.2
		Animal products	23.7	24.2	21.4
		Vegetable products	I9.5	19.2	14.8
		Fats and oils	20.9	18.6	17.5
		Prepared foodstuffs	36.3	24.3	21.3
	Industrial products		17.0	14.6	10.7
		Mineral products	99	2.0	1.3
		Chemical products	13.7	13.0	9.5
		Plastics	14.9	14.9	14.4
		Leather products	23.5	14.6	12.5
		Wood products	13.5	14.0	11.6
		Wood pulp products	13.5	10.8	8.2
		Textile products	21.4	18.2	16.9
		Footwear	22.2	20.3	20.3
		Stone products	16.1	14.9	13.5
		Precious materials	13.3	18.3	16.8
		Base metal products	17.7	17.5	13.1
		Mechanical and electrical machinery	16.0	15.7	7.4
		Transport equipment	19.2	27.5	24.3
		Optical products	16.1	15.5	8.8
		Arms	3S.0	35.0	34.3
		Miscellaneous manufactured products	18.5	18.3	17.3
		Art	—	—	—

^¹Frequency–weighted.

^²Frequency–weighted, accounting for suspended tariffs and tariff quotas.

^³Based on imports (from the Polish Central Statistical Office) for the first eight months of 1993.

Table A18.

Protectionist Measures Introduced by the European Union, March 1992–December 1993

Table A18.

Protectionist Measures Introduced by the European Union, March 1992–December 1993

Product	Measure	Submeasure or Effect on Trade	Description	Introduction Date
Silicon	Dumping	Provisional duties	EU imposed provisional duties of 31% on imports of silicon after Commission determined that dumping at margins up to 61.5% had occurred.	7/6/92
Frozen strawberries and black currants	Subsidies	Final ruling	EU Commission decided 10 impose countervailing duties in amount of the difference between Polish prices and EU minimum import prices on imports of frozen strawberries and black currants.	10/01/92
Seamless steel tubes	Dumping	Preliminary ruling	EU imposed provisional antidumping duties on imports of seamless steel tubes (10.61*). They were imposed for four months pending an inquiry.	11/15/92
Steel tubes	Dumping	Preliminary ruling	EU made preliminary affirmative determination in dumping case involving steel tubes.	11/15/92
Hermalite pig iron	Dumping	Investigation	EU initiated a dumping investigation of imports of hermalite pig iron.	12/09/92
Ferro–silicon	Dumping	Final ruling	EU Council imposed definitive antidumping duties of 32% on imports of ferrosilicon.	12/14/92
Steel tubes	Dumping	Extension	EU extended for two months preliminary antidumping duties on imports of steel cubing.	3/8/92
Frozen black currants, strawberries	Minimum prices	Amendment	EU amended a regulation imposing minimum prices on imports of Frozen black currants and strawberries.	4/01/92
Live animals and fresh meat	Import prohibition	Introduction	EU imposed import prohibition on animals and fresh meat because of cases of foot–and–mouth disease in Italy.	5/10/93
Urea	Dumping	Investigation	EU Commission initiated a dumping investigation of imports of urea.	5/ 13/93
Urea ammonium nitrate	Dumping	Investigation	EU initiated a dumping investigation of imports of urea ammonium nitrate.	5/13/93
Steel tubes	Dumping	Final ruling	EU imposed definitive antidumping duties on imports of steel tubes (10.8%), duties effective 5/15/93.	5/15/93
Seamless pipes and tubes of iron and steel	Dumping	Final ruling	EU Commission imposed definitive antidumping duties (and there was a price undertaking) on imports of seamless pipes and tubes of iron and steel (1 1.7%)	5/15/93
Cherries	Minimum import	Introduction	EU Council agreed to introduce minimum port prices on cherries.	7/19/93

Table A18.

Protectionist Measures Introduced by the European Union, March 1992–December 1993

Product	Measure	Submeasure or Effect on Trade	Description	Introduction Date
Silicon	Dumping	Provisional duties	EU imposed provisional duties of 31% on imports of silicon after Commission determined that dumping at margins up to 61.5% had occurred.	7/6/92
Frozen strawberries and black currants	Subsidies	Final ruling	EU Commission decided 10 impose countervailing duties in amount of the difference between Polish prices and EU minimum import prices on imports of frozen strawberries and black currants.	10/01/92
Seamless steel tubes	Dumping	Preliminary ruling	EU imposed provisional antidumping duties on imports of seamless steel tubes (10.61*). They were imposed for four months pending an inquiry.	11/15/92
Steel tubes	Dumping	Preliminary ruling	EU made preliminary affirmative determination in dumping case involving steel tubes.	11/15/92
Hermalite pig iron	Dumping	Investigation	EU initiated a dumping investigation of imports of hermalite pig iron.	12/09/92
Ferro–silicon	Dumping	Final ruling	EU Council imposed definitive antidumping duties of 32% on imports of ferrosilicon.	12/14/92
Steel tubes	Dumping	Extension	EU extended for two months preliminary antidumping duties on imports of steel cubing.	3/8/92
Frozen black currants, strawberries	Minimum prices	Amendment	EU amended a regulation imposing minimum prices on imports of Frozen black currants and strawberries.	4/01/92
Live animals and fresh meat	Import prohibition	Introduction	EU imposed import prohibition on animals and fresh meat because of cases of foot–and–mouth disease in Italy.	5/10/93
Urea	Dumping	Investigation	EU Commission initiated a dumping investigation of imports of urea.	5/ 13/93
Urea ammonium nitrate	Dumping	Investigation	EU initiated a dumping investigation of imports of urea ammonium nitrate.	5/13/93
Steel tubes	Dumping	Final ruling	EU imposed definitive antidumping duties on imports of steel tubes (10.8%), duties effective 5/15/93.	5/15/93
Seamless pipes and tubes of iron and steel	Dumping	Final ruling	EU Commission imposed definitive antidumping duties (and there was a price undertaking) on imports of seamless pipes and tubes of iron and steel (1 1.7%)	5/15/93
Cherries	Minimum import	Introduction	EU Council agreed to introduce minimum port prices on cherries.	7/19/93

Table A19.

Summary of Nontariff Trade Barriers, 1994

Table A20.

Trade Balances with Different Country Groupings¹

(In millions of U.S. donors)

Source: Polish authorities.

^¹Based on invoices from the public sector. Differs from payments data owing to leads and lags and the exclusion of private sector data, Exports are f.o.b.; imports are c.i.f. Data for trade settled in transferable rubles (TRs) were converted into U.S. dollars using cross rates derived from the commercial rates of the zloty vis-à-vis the TR and the dollar.

^²Includes trade with members of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) settled in TRs.

^³Includes China, former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Table A20.

Trade Balances with Different Country Groupings¹

(In millions of U.S. donors)

		1988	1989	1990	1991	1992
Trade with members of the CMEA settled in transferable rubles (TRs)
	Exports	5,523	4,530	2,290	163	…
	Imports	4,955	3,260	1,356	119	…
Trade balance		566	1,270	934	44	…
Trade with members of the CM EA settled in convertible currencies
	Exports	214	198	1,123	1,933	2,040.0²
	Imports	103	140	1,002	2,315	2,605.6²
Trade balance		111	56	121	—382	—565.6²
Trade with other socialist countries³
	Exports	757	744	550	116	189.8
	Imports	798	794	512	165	292.9
Trade balance		—41	—50	38	—49	—103.1
Trade with developed nonsocialist countries
	Exports	6,077	6,611	8,373	8,311	9,477.1
	Imports	5,865	5,658	4,950	4,541	11,512.7
Trade balance		212	953	3,423	3,770	—2,035.6
Trade with developing nonsocialist countries
	Exports	1,388	1,383	1,291	1,121	1,479.8
	Imports	990	807	593	867	1,496.6
Trade balance		398	576	698	254	—16.8
Overall trade balance
	Exports	13,960	13,466	13,627	11,644	13,186.6
	Imports	12,712	10,659	8,413	8,007	15,912.9
Trade balance		1,248	2,807	5,214	3,637	—2,726.3
Memorandum items:
	Trade with members of the CMEA settled in convertible currencies (as percent of total trade with CMEA)
	Exports	3.7	4.2	32.9	92.2	—
	Imports	2.0	4.1	42.4	95.1	—

Source: Polish authorities.

^²Includes trade with members of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) settled in TRs.

^³Includes China, former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Table A20.

Trade Balances with Different Country Groupings¹

(In millions of U.S. donors)

		1988	1989	1990	1991	1992
Trade with members of the CMEA settled in transferable rubles (TRs)
	Exports	5,523	4,530	2,290	163	…
	Imports	4,955	3,260	1,356	119	…
Trade balance		566	1,270	934	44	…
Trade with members of the CM EA settled in convertible currencies
	Exports	214	198	1,123	1,933	2,040.0²
	Imports	103	140	1,002	2,315	2,605.6²
Trade balance		111	56	121	—382	—565.6²
Trade with other socialist countries³
	Exports	757	744	550	116	189.8
	Imports	798	794	512	165	292.9
Trade balance		—41	—50	38	—49	—103.1
Trade with developed nonsocialist countries
	Exports	6,077	6,611	8,373	8,311	9,477.1
	Imports	5,865	5,658	4,950	4,541	11,512.7
Trade balance		212	953	3,423	3,770	—2,035.6
Trade with developing nonsocialist countries
	Exports	1,388	1,383	1,291	1,121	1,479.8
	Imports	990	807	593	867	1,496.6
Trade balance		398	576	698	254	—16.8
Overall trade balance
	Exports	13,960	13,466	13,627	11,644	13,186.6
	Imports	12,712	10,659	8,413	8,007	15,912.9
Trade balance		1,248	2,807	5,214	3,637	—2,726.3
Memorandum items:
	Trade with members of the CMEA settled in convertible currencies (as percent of total trade with CMEA)
	Exports	3.7	4.2	32.9	92.2	—
	Imports	2.0	4.1	42.4	95.1	—

Source: Polish authorities.

^²Includes trade with members of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) settled in TRs.

^³Includes China, former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Table A21.

Composition of Exports by Type and Destination¹

(Percentage)

Source: Polish authorities.

^¹Omits exports to nonsocialist, nondeveloped countries, which represented about 10 percent of all exports in 1988 and 11 percent in 1992.

Table A21.

Composition of Exports by Type and Destination¹

(Percentage)

		1988			1992
		To socialist and former socialist countries (1)	To developed countries (2)	To (l) + (2). weighted by shares of total trade (3)	To socialist and former socialist countries (1)	To developed countries (2)	To (l) + (2). weighted by shares of total trade (3)
Food, live animals		2.9	17.5	8.9	19.2	12.3	12.0
Beverages, tobacco		0.3	0.8	0.4	2.0	0.2	0.4
Inedible crude materials		2 7	9.4	54	7.3	8.8	7.5
Mineral fuels		8.5	12.4	9.3	16.3	9.7	10.1
Oils, animal fat		—	0.2	0.1	—	0.2	0.1
Chemicals		7.6	8.6	7.2	9.9	8.2	8.6
Manufactured classified by material		11.3	24.9	16.0	14.2	28.7	23.0
Machinery, transport equipment		53.7	13.5	30.8	21.3	17.2	16.0
Miscellaneous manufactured articles		7.1	9.7	7.5	7.3	14.1	11.3
Other		6.0	2.9	4.2	0.5	0.6	0.5
		100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Memorandum item:
	Share of total trade	46.3	43.5	89.8	16.9	71.9	88.9

Source: Polish authorities.

^¹Omits exports to nonsocialist, nondeveloped countries, which represented about 10 percent of all exports in 1988 and 11 percent in 1992.

Table A21.

Composition of Exports by Type and Destination¹

(Percentage)

		1988			1992
		To socialist and former socialist countries (1)	To developed countries (2)	To (l) + (2). weighted by shares of total trade (3)	To socialist and former socialist countries (1)	To developed countries (2)	To (l) + (2). weighted by shares of total trade (3)
Food, live animals		2.9	17.5	8.9	19.2	12.3	12.0
Beverages, tobacco		0.3	0.8	0.4	2.0	0.2	0.4
Inedible crude materials		2 7	9.4	54	7.3	8.8	7.5
Mineral fuels		8.5	12.4	9.3	16.3	9.7	10.1
Oils, animal fat		—	0.2	0.1	—	0.2	0.1
Chemicals		7.6	8.6	7.2	9.9	8.2	8.6
Manufactured classified by material		11.3	24.9	16.0	14.2	28.7	23.0
Machinery, transport equipment		53.7	13.5	30.8	21.3	17.2	16.0
Miscellaneous manufactured articles		7.1	9.7	7.5	7.3	14.1	11.3
Other		6.0	2.9	4.2	0.5	0.6	0.5
		100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Memorandum item:
	Share of total trade	46.3	43.5	89.8	16.9	71.9	88.9

Source: Polish authorities.

^¹Omits exports to nonsocialist, nondeveloped countries, which represented about 10 percent of all exports in 1988 and 11 percent in 1992.

Table A22.

Commodity Composition of Exports

Sources: Polish authorities: and IMF staff estimates.

Table A22.

Commodity Composition of Exports

		Share
EU Customs Nomenclature Category		1991	1992	1993	Change in Share. 1991–93
Section 1 Animal products		7.3	5.3	3.8	–3.5
Section 2 Vegetable products		6.0	5.6	3.1	–3.0
Section 3 Fats and oils		0.3	0.2	0.1	–0.1
Section 4 Prepared foodstuffs		4.3	3.6	3.2	–1.2
Section 5 Mineral products		15.0	13.8	11.7	–3.2
Section 6 Chemical products		8.9	7.3	5.9	–3.0
Section 7 Plastics		2.2	2.7	2.3	0.2
Section 8 Leather products		1.1	1.0	1.0	–0.0
Section 9 Wood products		4.4	4.7	5.0	0.6
Section 10 Wood pulp products		1.0	1.4	1.4	0.3
Section 11 Textile products		4.4	7.2	12.8	8.4
Section 12 Footwear		0.9	1.0	2.2	1.3
Section 13 Stone products		2.9	1.9	1.8	–1.1
Section 14 Precious materials		1.0	0.8	0.8	–0.2
Section 15 Base metal products		19.0	19.5	17.6	–1.4
Section 16 Mechanical and electrical machinery		9.4	11.1	10.3	0.9
Section 17 Transport equipment		5.2	8.2	11.0	5.8
Section 18 Optical products		1.0	0.7	0.6	–0.4
Section 19 Arms		0.2	0.2	0.1	–0.2
Section 20 Miscellaneous manufactured products		3.2	3.9	5.0	1.8
Section 21 Art		2.2	0.0	0.2	–2.0
Factor intensity
	Natural–resource intensive	55.0	51.2	42.7	–12.3
	Unskilled–labor intensive	18.0	18.7	27.1	9.0
	Capitalitechnicalfskilled–labor intensive	26.9	30.2	30.2	3.3
Agriculture		17.9	14.7	10.2	–7.7
Industrial		82.1	85.3	89.8	7.7
	Manufacturing	54.5	61.8	67.9	13.4
	Energy and raw material	17.0	16.0	13.9	–3.1
	Other	10.6	7.6	8.1	–2.5

Sources: Polish authorities: and IMF staff estimates.

Table A22.

Commodity Composition of Exports

		Share
EU Customs Nomenclature Category		1991	1992	1993	Change in Share. 1991–93
Section 1 Animal products		7.3	5.3	3.8	–3.5
Section 2 Vegetable products		6.0	5.6	3.1	–3.0
Section 3 Fats and oils		0.3	0.2	0.1	–0.1
Section 4 Prepared foodstuffs		4.3	3.6	3.2	–1.2
Section 5 Mineral products		15.0	13.8	11.7	–3.2
Section 6 Chemical products		8.9	7.3	5.9	–3.0
Section 7 Plastics		2.2	2.7	2.3	0.2
Section 8 Leather products		1.1	1.0	1.0	–0.0
Section 9 Wood products		4.4	4.7	5.0	0.6
Section 10 Wood pulp products		1.0	1.4	1.4	0.3
Section 11 Textile products		4.4	7.2	12.8	8.4
Section 12 Footwear		0.9	1.0	2.2	1.3
Section 13 Stone products		2.9	1.9	1.8	–1.1
Section 14 Precious materials		1.0	0.8	0.8	–0.2
Section 15 Base metal products		19.0	19.5	17.6	–1.4
Section 16 Mechanical and electrical machinery		9.4	11.1	10.3	0.9
Section 17 Transport equipment		5.2	8.2	11.0	5.8
Section 18 Optical products		1.0	0.7	0.6	–0.4
Section 19 Arms		0.2	0.2	0.1	–0.2
Section 20 Miscellaneous manufactured products		3.2	3.9	5.0	1.8
Section 21 Art		2.2	0.0	0.2	–2.0
Factor intensity
	Natural–resource intensive	55.0	51.2	42.7	–12.3
	Unskilled–labor intensive	18.0	18.7	27.1	9.0
	Capitalitechnicalfskilled–labor intensive	26.9	30.2	30.2	3.3
Agriculture		17.9	14.7	10.2	–7.7
Industrial		82.1	85.3	89.8	7.7
	Manufacturing	54.5	61.8	67.9	13.4
	Energy and raw material	17.0	16.0	13.9	–3.1
	Other	10.6	7.6	8.1	–2.5

Sources: Polish authorities: and IMF staff estimates.

Table A23.

Commodity Composition of Imports

Sources: Polish authorities; and IMF staff estimates.

Table A23.

Commodity Composition of Imports

		Share
EU Customs Nomenclature Category		1991	1992	1993	Change in Share, 1991–93
Section 1 Animal products		2.6	2.7	2.1	–0.5
Section 2 Vegetable products		3.8	4.2	5.5	1.7
Section 3 Fats and oils		0.6	0.8	0.7	0.1
Section 4 Prepared Foodstuffs		6.8	4.7	4.0	–2.8
Section 5 Mineral products		21.4	19.2	12.6	–8.8
Section 6 Chemical products		8.3	11.6	11.3	3.0
Section 7 Plastics		3.4	4.9	5.2	1.8
Section 8 Leather products		0.4	0.2	0.7	0.2
Section 9 Wood products		0.2	0.3	0.4	0.2
Section 10 Wood pulp products		2.5	4.0	4.0	1.5
Section 11 Textile products		6.0	4.3	9.2	3.2
Section 12 Footwear		0.9	0.6	0.9	0.0
Section 13 Stone products		1.5	1.6	1.7	0.1
Section 14 Precious materials		0.1	0.1	0.1	–0.1
Section 15 Base metal products		4.2	5.2	6.0	1.7
Section 16 Mechanical and electrical machinery		24.6	25.4	23.9	–0.7
Section 17 Transport equipment		7.8	5.0	6.6	–1.2
Section 18 Optical products		2.7	3.1	3.2	0.5
Section 19 Arms		1.8	1.9	0.1	–1.8
Section 20 Miscellaneous manufactured products		0.0	0.1	1.8	1.8
Section 21 Art		0.2	0.0	0.1	–0.1
Factor intensity
	Natural–resource intensive	42.6	41.0	35.7	–6.9
	Unskilled–labor intensive	8.7	7.0	14.0	5.2
	Capital/technical/skilled–labor intensive	48.7	52.0	50.3	1.7
Agriculture		13.9	12.4	12.4	–1.5
Industrial		86.1	87.6	87.6	1.5
	Manufacturing	59.7	62.2	68.2	8.4
	Energy and raw material	24.0	23.3	16.7	–7.4
	Other	2.3	2.1	2.8	0.5

Sources: Polish authorities; and IMF staff estimates.

Table A23.

Commodity Composition of Imports

		Share
EU Customs Nomenclature Category		1991	1992	1993	Change in Share, 1991–93
Section 1 Animal products		2.6	2.7	2.1	–0.5
Section 2 Vegetable products		3.8	4.2	5.5	1.7
Section 3 Fats and oils		0.6	0.8	0.7	0.1
Section 4 Prepared Foodstuffs		6.8	4.7	4.0	–2.8
Section 5 Mineral products		21.4	19.2	12.6	–8.8
Section 6 Chemical products		8.3	11.6	11.3	3.0
Section 7 Plastics		3.4	4.9	5.2	1.8
Section 8 Leather products		0.4	0.2	0.7	0.2
Section 9 Wood products		0.2	0.3	0.4	0.2
Section 10 Wood pulp products		2.5	4.0	4.0	1.5
Section 11 Textile products		6.0	4.3	9.2	3.2
Section 12 Footwear		0.9	0.6	0.9	0.0
Section 13 Stone products		1.5	1.6	1.7	0.1
Section 14 Precious materials		0.1	0.1	0.1	–0.1
Section 15 Base metal products		4.2	5.2	6.0	1.7
Section 16 Mechanical and electrical machinery		24.6	25.4	23.9	–0.7
Section 17 Transport equipment		7.8	5.0	6.6	–1.2
Section 18 Optical products		2.7	3.1	3.2	0.5
Section 19 Arms		1.8	1.9	0.1	–1.8
Section 20 Miscellaneous manufactured products		0.0	0.1	1.8	1.8
Section 21 Art		0.2	0.0	0.1	–0.1
Factor intensity
	Natural–resource intensive	42.6	41.0	35.7	–6.9
	Unskilled–labor intensive	8.7	7.0	14.0	5.2
	Capital/technical/skilled–labor intensive	48.7	52.0	50.3	1.7
Agriculture		13.9	12.4	12.4	–1.5
Industrial		86.1	87.6	87.6	1.5
	Manufacturing	59.7	62.2	68.2	8.4
	Energy and raw material	24.0	23.3	16.7	–7.4
	Other	2.3	2.1	2.8	0.5

Sources: Polish authorities; and IMF staff estimates.

Table A24.

Servicing of Medium–Term and Long–Term Debt in Convertible Currencies

Source: IMF staff compilation from data provided by the Polish authorities.

Table A24.

Servicing of Medium–Term and Long–Term Debt in Convertible Currencies

			1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
			(In billions of U.S. dollars)
Debt–service payments due in respect to current period’s obligations			6.6	6.9	10.2	3.1	3.2
	Of which:
		Principal	3.1	3.0	6.8	0.9	1.4
		Interest	3.5	3.9	3.4	2.3	1.8
Debt service paid in respect to current period’s obligations			1.6	0.7	1.2	1.5	1.7
	Of which:
		Principal	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.9
		Interest	1.1	0.4	0.9	1.1	0.8
Cash settlement of arrears			–	–	0.1	–	–
			(In percent of exports of goods and nonfactor services in convertible currencies)
Debt service due in respect to current period’s obligations			79	56	71	20	21
Debt service paid in respect to current period’s obligations			19	6	8	10	11
	Of which:
		Principal	6	2	2	3	6
		Interest	13	4	6	7	5
Debt service rescheduled			20	41	31	–	–
Incurrence of new arrears			40	10	31	8	9
Cash settlement of arrears			–	–	1	–	–

Source: IMF staff compilation from data provided by the Polish authorities.

Table A24.

Servicing of Medium–Term and Long–Term Debt in Convertible Currencies

			1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
			(In billions of U.S. dollars)
Debt–service payments due in respect to current period’s obligations			6.6	6.9	10.2	3.1	3.2
	Of which:
		Principal	3.1	3.0	6.8	0.9	1.4
		Interest	3.5	3.9	3.4	2.3	1.8
Debt service paid in respect to current period’s obligations			1.6	0.7	1.2	1.5	1.7
	Of which:
		Principal	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.9
		Interest	1.1	0.4	0.9	1.1	0.8
Cash settlement of arrears			–	–	0.1	–	–
			(In percent of exports of goods and nonfactor services in convertible currencies)
Debt service due in respect to current period’s obligations			79	56	71	20	21
Debt service paid in respect to current period’s obligations			19	6	8	10	11
	Of which:
		Principal	6	2	2	3	6
		Interest	13	4	6	7	5
Debt service rescheduled			20	41	31	–	–
Incurrence of new arrears			40	10	31	8	9
Cash settlement of arrears			–	–	1	–	–

Source: IMF staff compilation from data provided by the Polish authorities.

Table A25.

Scheduled Debt Service by Creditor

(In millions of U.S. dollars)

Source: Polish authorities.

Table A25.

Scheduled Debt Service by Creditor

(In millions of U.S. dollars)

		1990	1991	1992	1993
Paris Club/other guaranteed/Jumbo
	Interest	2,519	1,940	620	535
	Principal	2,467	2,907	69	79
Former CMEA banks and Russian Federation interest		198	193	133	124
	Principal	62	114	242	292
London Club (including revolving facility)
	Interest	856	1,030	1,140	906
	Principal	145	3,521	165	157
Other commercial creditors
	Interest	249	87	139	119
	Principal	280	303	378	865
World Bank interest		–	17	44	43
	Principal	–	–	–	–
International Monetary Fund
	Charges	25	63	74	49
	Repurchases	–	–	–	138
Other multilateral institutions
	Interest	2	–	4	11
	Principal	–	–	–	–
Interest on short–term debt		–	70	113	5
Total (including IMF)		6,803	10,245	3,120	3,323
	Interest	3,849	3,400	2,267	1,792
	Principal	2,954	6,845	854	1,531

Source: Polish authorities.

Table A25.

Scheduled Debt Service by Creditor

(In millions of U.S. dollars)

		1990	1991	1992	1993
Paris Club/other guaranteed/Jumbo
	Interest	2,519	1,940	620	535
	Principal	2,467	2,907	69	79
Former CMEA banks and Russian Federation interest		198	193	133	124
	Principal	62	114	242	292
London Club (including revolving facility)
	Interest	856	1,030	1,140	906
	Principal	145	3,521	165	157
Other commercial creditors
	Interest	249	87	139	119
	Principal	280	303	378	865
World Bank interest		–	17	44	43
	Principal	–	–	–	–
International Monetary Fund
	Charges	25	63	74	49
	Repurchases	–	–	–	138
Other multilateral institutions
	Interest	2	–	4	11
	Principal	–	–	–	–
Interest on short–term debt		–	70	113	5
Total (including IMF)		6,803	10,245	3,120	3,323
	Interest	3,849	3,400	2,267	1,792
	Principal	2,954	6,845	854	1,531

Source: Polish authorities.

Table A26.

Foreign Investment in Poland by Commodity

(In millions of U.S. dollars and percentages)

Source’ Polish State Foreign Investment Agency.

^¹Includes equity and loans from investors.

Table A26.

Foreign Investment in Poland by Commodity

(In millions of U.S. dollars and percentages)

	Disbursements¹	Percent	Commitments	Percent	Total	Percent	Number of Companies	Percent
Electrical engineering products		566	18.6	2,007	43.8	2,573	33.7	25	12.7
Food processing		450	14.8	41.8	9.1	868	11.4	37	18.8
Financial services		435	14.3	28.8	6.3	72.3	9.5	16	8.1
Construction services		351	11.6	172	3.7	52.3	6.9	15	7.6
Chemicals		230	7.6	40	0.9	270	3.5	14	7.1
Wood and paper products		225	7.4	297	6.5	522	6.8	10	5.1
Telecommunications		217	7.1	413	9.0	630	8.3	10	5.1
Trade		155	5.1	104	2.3	258	3.4	31	15.7
Mineral products		117	3.8	196	4.3	313	4.1	7	3.6
Energy products		109	3.6	301	6.6	410	5.4	9	4.6
Light products		103	3.4	199	4.3	302	4.0	8	4.1
Metal products		40	1.3	150	3.3	190	2.5	4	2.0
Transportation		15	0.5	–	–	15	0.2	5	2.5
Other products		14	0.5	3	0.1	17	0.2	3	1.5
Agricultural products		8	0.3	–	–	8	0.1	2	1.0
Insurance		4	0.1	–	–	4	0.1	1	0.5
	Total	3,041	100.0	4,587	100.0	7,628	100.0	197	100.0
Memorandum item:
	Total industry	1,856	61.0	3,611	78.7	5,466	71.7	117	59.4

Source’ Polish State Foreign Investment Agency.

^¹Includes equity and loans from investors.

Table A26.

Foreign Investment in Poland by Commodity

(In millions of U.S. dollars and percentages)

	Disbursements¹	Percent	Commitments	Percent	Total	Percent	Number of Companies	Percent
Electrical engineering products		566	18.6	2,007	43.8	2,573	33.7	25	12.7
Food processing		450	14.8	41.8	9.1	868	11.4	37	18.8
Financial services		435	14.3	28.8	6.3	72.3	9.5	16	8.1
Construction services		351	11.6	172	3.7	52.3	6.9	15	7.6
Chemicals		230	7.6	40	0.9	270	3.5	14	7.1
Wood and paper products		225	7.4	297	6.5	522	6.8	10	5.1
Telecommunications		217	7.1	413	9.0	630	8.3	10	5.1
Trade		155	5.1	104	2.3	258	3.4	31	15.7
Mineral products		117	3.8	196	4.3	313	4.1	7	3.6
Energy products		109	3.6	301	6.6	410	5.4	9	4.6
Light products		103	3.4	199	4.3	302	4.0	8	4.1
Metal products		40	1.3	150	3.3	190	2.5	4	2.0
Transportation		15	0.5	–	–	15	0.2	5	2.5
Other products		14	0.5	3	0.1	17	0.2	3	1.5
Agricultural products		8	0.3	–	–	8	0.1	2	1.0
Insurance		4	0.1	–	–	4	0.1	1	0.5
	Total	3,041	100.0	4,587	100.0	7,628	100.0	197	100.0
Memorandum item:
	Total industry	1,856	61.0	3,611	78.7	5,466	71.7	117	59.4

Source’ Polish State Foreign Investment Agency.

^¹Includes equity and loans from investors.

I.Imports
	I. Licensing
		Not required except for’
			Alcoholic beverages: wine with 22 percent alcohol		Military equipment
				content, vermouth, denaturated alcohol, beer	Radioactive material
			Dairy products		Casein and casein glue
			Cigarettes, cigars		Natural gas
			Pluck, giblets		Coal
			Poultry and turkeys		Temporary imports of capital goods
			Fuels (crude oil, oil fractions)
	2. Quotas
		Not imposed except on:
			Alcohol: various quotas on denaturated alcohol and		Engine oil (700.000 tons)
				several alcoholic beverages	Petrol (16,000,000 tons)
			Cigars (20 million) and cigarettes (5 billion)
	3. Preferential tariff quotas
		Vehicle parts for assembly of new cars			Paper
		Wheat			Several chemical products
		Barley			Computers
		Oats			Several foils and wires
		Vehicles			Select construction industry articles
			Without catalytic convertor: 25,000		Paper from Finland (ECU 6 million)
			With catalytic convertor: 8,500		Fuels from Finland (475,000 tons)
		Trucks: 120			Baltic herring and fish from EFTA countries (3,000 tons and 50 tons respectively)
			Electronic parts
			Mackerel		Certain farm products from CEFTA countries
	4. Import prohibitions
		Vodka and nandenaturated alcohol			Cars more than 10 years old, trucks more than 6 years old
		Two–stroke engines			Trade with Iraq. Serbia, and Montenegro
II. Exports
	1. Licensing
		Not required except for:
			Weapons		Ethyl alcohol; colored and other alcoholic beverages
			Radioactive materials		Mineral oils
			Military equipment		Natural gas
			Goods on the basis of bilateral arrangements		Casein and casein glue
			Coal		Scrap metal
			Certain dairy products
	2. Quotas
		On Polish exports subject to international agreement: e.g., sheep to the EU. textiles to the EU, Canada, Norway			Rawhide (1,400 tons)
	3. Export prohibitions
		Live geese and goose eggs			Trade with Iraq (except food) and Serbia and Montenegro (except articles meeting humanitarian needs)
		Protein feed and oats
		On a temporary basis: dairy products, nondenaturated alcohol, vodkas, other alcoholic beverages, engine oils and gasoline, natural gas, rawhide waste, steel, and nonferrous scrap

I.Imports
	I. Licensing
		Not required except for’
			Alcoholic beverages: wine with 22 percent alcohol		Military equipment
				content, vermouth, denaturated alcohol, beer	Radioactive material
			Dairy products		Casein and casein glue
			Cigarettes, cigars		Natural gas
			Pluck, giblets		Coal
			Poultry and turkeys		Temporary imports of capital goods
			Fuels (crude oil, oil fractions)
	2. Quotas
		Not imposed except on:
			Alcohol: various quotas on denaturated alcohol and		Engine oil (700.000 tons)
				several alcoholic beverages	Petrol (16,000,000 tons)
			Cigars (20 million) and cigarettes (5 billion)
	3. Preferential tariff quotas
		Vehicle parts for assembly of new cars			Paper
		Wheat			Several chemical products
		Barley			Computers
		Oats			Several foils and wires
		Vehicles			Select construction industry articles
			Without catalytic convertor: 25,000		Paper from Finland (ECU 6 million)
			With catalytic convertor: 8,500		Fuels from Finland (475,000 tons)
		Trucks: 120			Baltic herring and fish from EFTA countries (3,000 tons and 50 tons respectively)
			Electronic parts
			Mackerel		Certain farm products from CEFTA countries
	4. Import prohibitions
		Vodka and nandenaturated alcohol			Cars more than 10 years old, trucks more than 6 years old
		Two–stroke engines			Trade with Iraq. Serbia, and Montenegro
II. Exports
	1. Licensing
		Not required except for:
			Weapons		Ethyl alcohol; colored and other alcoholic beverages
			Radioactive materials		Mineral oils
			Military equipment		Natural gas
			Goods on the basis of bilateral arrangements		Casein and casein glue
			Coal		Scrap metal
			Certain dairy products
	2. Quotas
		On Polish exports subject to international agreement: e.g., sheep to the EU. textiles to the EU, Canada, Norway			Rawhide (1,400 tons)
	3. Export prohibitions
		Live geese and goose eggs			Trade with Iraq (except food) and Serbia and Montenegro (except articles meeting humanitarian needs)
		Protein feed and oats
		On a temporary basis: dairy products, nondenaturated alcohol, vodkas, other alcoholic beverages, engine oils and gasoline, natural gas, rawhide waste, steel, and nonferrous scrap

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