Selected References
Aho, C. Michael, and Thomas A. Bayard, “American Trade Adjustment Assistance After Five Years,” World Economy, Vol. 3, No. 3 (November 1980), pp. 359–76.
Anjaria, S.J., “The MTN and Tariff Reduction,” Finance and Development, Vol. 12, No. 4 (December 1975), pp. 25–28.
Anjaria, S.J., “Nontariff Issues in the MTN,” Finance and Development, Vol. 13, No. 2 (June 1976), pp. 21–24.
Australia, Government of, Annual Report of the Australian Industries Assistance Commission, 1979/80 (Canberra, 1980).
Balassa, Bela, “The Tokyo Round and the Developing Countries,” World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 370 (Washington, February 1980).
Balassa, Bela, “Structural Change in Trade in Manufactured Goods Between Industrial and Developing Countries,” World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 396 (Washington, June 1980).
Balassa, Bela, “The Newly Industrializing Developing Countries After the Oil Crisis,” World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 437 (Washington, October 1980).
Balassa, Bela, and others, World Trade: Constraints and Opportunities in the 80’s, Atlantic Institute for International Affairs (Paris, 1979).
Baldwin, Robert E., and Tracy Murray, “MFN Tariff Reductions and Developing Country Trade Benefits Under the GSP,” Economic Journal, Vol. 87, No. 345 (March 1977), pp. 30–46.
Birnberg, Thomas B., “Trade Reform Options: Economic Effects on Developing and Developed Countries,” in Policy Alternatives for a New International Economic Order, ed. by William R. Cline (New York, 1979), pp. 215–83.
Cable, Vincent, “British Protectionism and LDC Imports,” ODI Review, No. 2 (London, 1977), pp. 29–48.
Cline, William R., and others, Trade Negotiations in the Tokyo Round: A Quantitative Assessment, Brookings Institution (Washington, 1978).
Commission of the European Communities, “Report on Two Years’ Operation of the Multifibre Arrangement by Reference to the Textile Policy Objectives Established by the Community in 1977,” COM(80)438 final/2 (Brussels, October 3, 1980).
Curzon, Gerard, “L’état de l’ordre commercial mondial et perspectives pour l’avenir,” Revue suisse d’Economie Politique et de Statistique, 116th year (Geneva, September 1980), pp. 287–99.
Curzon, Gerard, and Victoria Curzon, “The Multi-Tier GATT System,” in The New Economic Nationalism, ed. by Otto Hieronymi, Battelle Geneva Research Center (London, 1979).
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Basic Instruments and Selected Documents: Twenty-Fifth Supplement (Geneva, January 1979); and Twenty-Sixth Supplement (Geneva, March 1980).
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), The Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations: Report by the Director-General of GATT (Geneva, April 1979).
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), The Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, Vol. II: Supplementary Report by the Director-General of GATT (Geneva, January 1980).
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), GATT Activities in 1979 and Conclusion of the Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations (1973–1979) (Geneva, April 1980).
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Survey of Developments in Commercial Policy, No. 9, May–August 1980 (Geneva, October 15, 1980).
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), International Trade, 1979/80 (Geneva, 1980); and International Trade, 1978/79 (Geneva, 1979).
Ginman, Peter J., Thomas A. Pugel, and Ingo Walter, “Tokyo Round Concessions and Exports from Developing Countries,” Trade and Development, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (Autumn 1980), pp. 83–95.
Hughes, Helen, and Jean Waelbroeck, “Trade and Protection in the 1970s: Can the Growth of Developing Country Exports Continue in the 1980s?” (unpublished, World Bank, February 13, 1980).
Jackson, John H., World Trade and the Law of GATT: A Legal Analysis of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (New York, 1969).
Keesing, Donald, “World Trade and Output of Manufactures: Structural Trends and Developing Countries’ Exports,” World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 316 (Washington, January 1979).
Keesing, Donald, and Martin Wolf, Textile Quotas Against Developing Countries, Thames Essay No. 23, Trade Policy Research Center (London, 1980).
Midland Bank, “Export Credit Facilities: An International Comparison,” Midland Bank Review (London, Autumn 1980), pp. 20–29.
Murray, Tracy “The ‘Tokyo Round’ and Latin America” (unpublished paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Economic Association, held in Washington, May 1979).
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Activities of OECD in 1979: Report by the Secretary-General (Paris, 1980). Also, this report for 1978 and 1976.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Case for Positive Adjustment Policies: A Compendium of OECD Documents, 1978/79 (Paris, June 1979).
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), “Facing the Future: Mastering the Probable and Managing the Unpredictable,” Interfutures (Paris, 1979).
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Measures of Assistance to Shipbuilding, 1979 (Paris, September 1980).
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), “OECD Shipbuilding Statistics,” OECD Press Releases (Paris, 1980, 1981).
Pitrone, Antonio, “Community Generalized Tariff Preferences: The 1980 Scheme and Future Guidelines” (undated paper, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels).
Sapir, André, and Ernest Lutz, “Trade in Non-Factor Services: Past Trends and Current Issues,” World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 410 (Washington, August 1980).
Tumlir, Jan, “Need for an International Discussion on Anti-Trust Law,” The State of the World Economy, International Chamber of Commerce, Paris, in collaboration with the Trade Policy Research Center (London, 1980).
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Fifth Session, Multilateral Trade Negotiations: Evaluation and Further Recommendations Arising Therefrom (Manila, May 7, 1979).
U.S. Department of State, Press Release on Bilateral Textile Arrangements, various issues (Washington, 1980).
U.S. Federal Trade Commission, Comments of the Staff of the Federal Trade Commission Before the USITC on its TA-201-44 Investigation on the Motor Vehicles Industry, U.S. International Trade Commission (Washington, October 6, 1980).
U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means, Report to the Congress on the First Five Years’ Operation of the U.S. Generalized System of Preferences (Washington, April 17, 1980).
U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means, Auto Situation, Subcommittee on Trade (Washington, 1980).
U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means, United States-Japan Trade Report, Subcommittee on Trade (Washington, September 5, 1980).
U.S. International Trade Commission, Color Televison Receivers and Sub-assemblies Thereof, USITC Publication 1068 (Washington, May 1980).
U.S. International Trade Commission, Color Television Receivers: U.S. Production, Shipments, Inventories, Imports, Employment, Man Hours, and Prices, (Washington, quarterly issues, 1978–81).
U.S. International Trade Commission, USITC News, various issues (Washington, 1980).
U.S. International Trade Commission, Operation of the Trade Agreement Program, 31st Report, 1979, USITC Publication 1121 (Washington, 1980).
U.S. International Trade Commission, Study of the Petrochemical Industries in the Countries of the Northern Portion of the Western Hemisphere, USITC Publication 1123 (Washington, January 1981).
U.S. International Trade Commission, Synthetic Organic Chemicals, USITC Publication 1099 (Washington, 1980).
U.S. International Trade Commission, United States Trade Agreements Act of 1979, Public Law 96–39 (Washington, July 26, 1979).
U.S. President, Office of the, “Increases in the Rate of Duty for Certain Textile Articles from the European Communities,” A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America, The White House, Office of the Press Secretary (Washington, September 18, 1980).
Appendix I Status of MTN Agreements1
As of March 31, 1981.
The United Kingdom accepts in respect of some of its territories.
Code on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties.
Customs Valuation Code.
Amendments to the Antidumping Code.
| Agreement | Accepted by | Signed, Subject to Ratification/Condition, by |
|---|---|---|
| Geneva (1979) Protocol to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade | Argentina, Austria, Chile, Czechoslovakia, European Community (Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, United Kingdom), Finland, Hungary, Iceland, Jamaica, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United States | Canada, European Community (Belgium), Israel, Singapore, Spain, Yugoslavia |
| Protocol Supplementary to the Geneva (1979) Protocol to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade | Australia, Dominican Republic, Egypt, European Community, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Peru, Singapore, Uruguay | Brazil, Canada, Chile, Israel, Ivory Coast, Spain, Zaïre |
| Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade | Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, European Community (Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, United Kingdom), Finland, Greece, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Romania, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, United States | Argentina, European Community (Belgium, Netherlands), Spain, Yugoslavia |
| Agreement on Government Procurement | Canada, Finland, Japan, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom2 | Austria, European Community, United States |
| Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade3 | Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, European Community, Finland, India, Japan, Korea, Norway, Pakistan, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom,2 United States, Uruguay | Yugoslavia |
| Agreement on Bovine Meat | Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, European Community, Finland, Hungary, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, United Kingdom,2 United States, Uruguay | Argentina, Yugoslavia |
| International Dairy Arrangement, April 12, 1979 | Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, European Community, Finland, Hungary, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United States, Uruguay | Argentina |
| Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade4 | Austria, Canada, European Community, Finland, Hungary, India, Japan, Norway, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom,2 United States | Argentina, Korea, Spain, Yugoslavia |
| Protocol to the Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade4 | European Community, Finland, Hungary, India, Japan, Norway, Romania, Sweden, United Kingdom2 | Argentina, Austria, Spain, Switzerland, United States, Yugoslavia |
| Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures | Australia, Austria, Canada, Chile, Czechoslovakia, European Community, Finland, Hungary, India, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom,2 United States | Argentina, Yugoslavia |
| Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft | Austria, European Community (Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands), Greece, Japan, Norway, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom,2 United States | Canada, European Community (Belgium, Italy) |
| Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade5 | Austria, Brazil, Canada, Czechoslovakia, European Community, Finland, Hungary, Japan, Norway, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom,2 United States | Japan, Spain, Yugoslavia |
As of March 31, 1981.
The United Kingdom accepts in respect of some of its territories.
Code on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties.
Customs Valuation Code.
Amendments to the Antidumping Code.
| Agreement | Accepted by | Signed, Subject to Ratification/Condition, by |
|---|---|---|
| Geneva (1979) Protocol to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade | Argentina, Austria, Chile, Czechoslovakia, European Community (Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, United Kingdom), Finland, Hungary, Iceland, Jamaica, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United States | Canada, European Community (Belgium), Israel, Singapore, Spain, Yugoslavia |
| Protocol Supplementary to the Geneva (1979) Protocol to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade | Australia, Dominican Republic, Egypt, European Community, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Peru, Singapore, Uruguay | Brazil, Canada, Chile, Israel, Ivory Coast, Spain, Zaïre |
| Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade | Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, European Community (Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, United Kingdom), Finland, Greece, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Romania, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, United States | Argentina, European Community (Belgium, Netherlands), Spain, Yugoslavia |
| Agreement on Government Procurement | Canada, Finland, Japan, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom2 | Austria, European Community, United States |
| Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade3 | Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, European Community, Finland, India, Japan, Korea, Norway, Pakistan, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom,2 United States, Uruguay | Yugoslavia |
| Agreement on Bovine Meat | Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, European Community, Finland, Hungary, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, United Kingdom,2 United States, Uruguay | Argentina, Yugoslavia |
| International Dairy Arrangement, April 12, 1979 | Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, European Community, Finland, Hungary, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United States, Uruguay | Argentina |
| Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade4 | Austria, Canada, European Community, Finland, Hungary, India, Japan, Norway, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom,2 United States | Argentina, Korea, Spain, Yugoslavia |
| Protocol to the Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade4 | European Community, Finland, Hungary, India, Japan, Norway, Romania, Sweden, United Kingdom2 | Argentina, Austria, Spain, Switzerland, United States, Yugoslavia |
| Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures | Australia, Austria, Canada, Chile, Czechoslovakia, European Community, Finland, Hungary, India, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom,2 United States | Argentina, Yugoslavia |
| Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft | Austria, European Community (Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands), Greece, Japan, Norway, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom,2 United States | Canada, European Community (Belgium, Italy) |
| Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade5 | Austria, Brazil, Canada, Czechoslovakia, European Community, Finland, Hungary, Japan, Norway, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom,2 United States | Japan, Spain, Yugoslavia |
As of March 31, 1981.
The United Kingdom accepts in respect of some of its territories.
Code on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties.
Customs Valuation Code.
Amendments to the Antidumping Code.
Appendix II GATT Classifications
Classification of Countries and Regions
Following the definitions used in the GATT publication, International Trade, 1979/80, the trading world is divided into:
(a) Industrial countries
United States, Canada, Japan, European Community member countries, EFTA member countries, Gibraltar, Greece, Malta, Spain, Turkey, and Yugoslavia;
(b) Oil exporting developing countries
Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela;
(c) Non-oil exporting developing countries
All developing countries except oil exporting developing countries;
(d) Eastern trading countries
Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, U.S.S.R., China, Mongolia, North Korea, and Viet Nam;
(e) Nonindustrial countries
Australia., New Zealand, and South Africa.
For certain commodities, such as shipbuilding and steel, industrial countries are defined to include all members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Classification of Commodities
In Tables 6, 32, and 33, broad commodity groups of semimanufactures and engineering goods include the following categories:
(a) Semimanufactures
Iron and steel, chemicals, and other semimanufactures;
(b) Engineering goods
Machinery for specialized industries, office and telecommunications equipment, road motor vehicles, other machinery and transport equipment, and household appliances;
(c) Total trade
Includes the categories “not included elsewhere” and “not classified according to kind.”
Intra-Community Trade
Unless otherwise specified, trade data include intra-Community trade.
Import Penetration
Import penetration is defined as the ratio of imports to apparent consumption (i.e., production plus imports minus exports). Import penetration by developing countries in industrial countries’ markets of manufactures is defined in nominal terms; otherwise it is calculated in volume terms.
Appendix III Data on Antidumping, Safeguards, and Similar Actions
United States: Antidumping, Countervailing Duties, and Escape Clause Actions During 1978–801
Includes antidumping duties denoted by A, countervailing duties denoted by C, and escape clause actions denoted by E. Escape clause investigations exclude orderly marketing agreements and voluntary export restraints. Figures in parentheses indicate the number of actions involved when more than one was taken. Many of the actions listed do not apply to all exporting countries.
United States: Antidumping, Countervailing Duties, and Escape Clause Actions During 1978–801
| Commodity | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ampicillin trihydrate | C | ||
| Bicycle tires and tubes | C | A | |
| Bolts, nuts, and large screws | E | ||
| Carbon steel plate | A | ||
| Certain iron metal casting | C | ||
| Certain industrial electric motors | A | ||
| Certain industrial fasteners | C | ||
| Citizens’ band transceivers | E | ||
| Clothespins | E | ||
| Condenser paper | A(2) | ||
| Countertop microwave ovens | A | ||
| Dextrins and solubles or chemically treated starches derived from potato starch | C | ||
| Ferrochrome, ferromanganese, silicone manganese, and ferrosilicone | C | ||
| Fish | C | ||
| Handbags | C | ||
| High carbon ferrochromium | E | ||
| Impression fabric | A | ||
| Industrial fasteners | C | ||
| Iron or steel chains | C | ||
| Leather garments | C | ||
| Men’s and boys’ apparel | C | ||
| Methanol | A | ||
| Nonelectric cookware | E | ||
| Nonrubber footwear | C | ||
| Optic liquid level sensing systems | C | ||
| Perchlorethylene | A(3) | ||
| Pig iron | C | ||
| Plied worsted spun acrylic machine knitting yarn | A | ||
| Polyvinyl chloride sheets | A | ||
| Portable electric typewriter | A | ||
| Railway track maintenance equipment | A | ||
| Textiles and apparel (men’s and boys’) | C(4) | ||
| Sodium nitrate | A | ||
| Spun acrylic yarn | A | ||
| Steel wire strand | A | ||
| Sugar | A | ||
| Sugar, raw and refined | C | ||
| Viscose rayon staple fiber | A | C(2)A(3) |
Includes antidumping duties denoted by A, countervailing duties denoted by C, and escape clause actions denoted by E. Escape clause investigations exclude orderly marketing agreements and voluntary export restraints. Figures in parentheses indicate the number of actions involved when more than one was taken. Many of the actions listed do not apply to all exporting countries.
United States: Antidumping, Countervailing Duties, and Escape Clause Actions During 1978–801
| Commodity | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ampicillin trihydrate | C | ||
| Bicycle tires and tubes | C | A | |
| Bolts, nuts, and large screws | E | ||
| Carbon steel plate | A | ||
| Certain iron metal casting | C | ||
| Certain industrial electric motors | A | ||
| Certain industrial fasteners | C | ||
| Citizens’ band transceivers | E | ||
| Clothespins | E | ||
| Condenser paper | A(2) | ||
| Countertop microwave ovens | A | ||
| Dextrins and solubles or chemically treated starches derived from potato starch | C | ||
| Ferrochrome, ferromanganese, silicone manganese, and ferrosilicone | C | ||
| Fish | C | ||
| Handbags | C | ||
| High carbon ferrochromium | E | ||
| Impression fabric | A | ||
| Industrial fasteners | C | ||
| Iron or steel chains | C | ||
| Leather garments | C | ||
| Men’s and boys’ apparel | C | ||
| Methanol | A | ||
| Nonelectric cookware | E | ||
| Nonrubber footwear | C | ||
| Optic liquid level sensing systems | C | ||
| Perchlorethylene | A(3) | ||
| Pig iron | C | ||
| Plied worsted spun acrylic machine knitting yarn | A | ||
| Polyvinyl chloride sheets | A | ||
| Portable electric typewriter | A | ||
| Railway track maintenance equipment | A | ||
| Textiles and apparel (men’s and boys’) | C(4) | ||
| Sodium nitrate | A | ||
| Spun acrylic yarn | A | ||
| Steel wire strand | A | ||
| Sugar | A | ||
| Sugar, raw and refined | C | ||
| Viscose rayon staple fiber | A | C(2)A(3) |
Includes antidumping duties denoted by A, countervailing duties denoted by C, and escape clause actions denoted by E. Escape clause investigations exclude orderly marketing agreements and voluntary export restraints. Figures in parentheses indicate the number of actions involved when more than one was taken. Many of the actions listed do not apply to all exporting countries.
United States: Other Trade Actions During 1979–801
Actions to retaliate unfair trading practices (restrictive actions of foreign countries) denoted by U, and actions to retaliate unfair import practices (mostly patent infringement) denoted by UI.
United States: Other Trade Actions During 1979–801
| Commodity | 1979 | 1980 |
|---|---|---|
| Automatic crankpin grinders | UI | |
| Certain apparatus for the production of copper rods | UI | |
| Certain rotary scraping tools | UI | |
| Certain surveying devices | UI | |
| Leather | U | |
| Marine insurance | U | |
| Pump top insulated containers | UI | |
| Television advertising | U | |
| Wheat flour | U |
Actions to retaliate unfair trading practices (restrictive actions of foreign countries) denoted by U, and actions to retaliate unfair import practices (mostly patent infringement) denoted by UI.
United States: Other Trade Actions During 1979–801
| Commodity | 1979 | 1980 |
|---|---|---|
| Automatic crankpin grinders | UI | |
| Certain apparatus for the production of copper rods | UI | |
| Certain rotary scraping tools | UI | |
| Certain surveying devices | UI | |
| Leather | U | |
| Marine insurance | U | |
| Pump top insulated containers | UI | |
| Television advertising | U | |
| Wheat flour | U |
Actions to retaliate unfair trading practices (restrictive actions of foreign countries) denoted by U, and actions to retaliate unfair import practices (mostly patent infringement) denoted by UI.
European Community: Trade Actions Under Safeguard and Antidumping Provisions, 1971–801
Does not include safeguard actions taken under bilateral agreements implementing the Multifiber Arrangement.
This column lists actions actually taken during a particular year, including actions taken on investigations launched in previous years.
P = price undertaking by foreign supplier; D = definitive antidumping/antisubsidy duties; Dp = provisional antidumping/antisubsidy duties; Q = quotas under safeguard actions; Q* = renewal of quotas.
Includes two antiexport-subsidy investigations.
European Community: Trade Actions Under Safeguard and Antidumping Provisions, 1971–801
| Number of Investigations Initiated | Number of Decisions Leading to Trade Actions2 | Nature of Actions Taken3 | Countries Affected by Trade Actions | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Safeguard | Antidumping | Total | Safeguard | Antidumping | Total | Safeguard | Antidumping | Safeguards | Antidumping |
| 1971 | — | 4 | 4 | — | 1 | 1 | — | P | Yugoslavia | |
| 1972 | — | 8 | 8 | — | 4 | 4 | — | 4P | Czechoslovakia, Japan, Romania, Spain | |
| 1973 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 3Q | 3P | All sources of imports | Japan, Korea, Taiwan |
| 1974 | — | 2 | 2 | — | 3 | 3 | — | 3P | Japan, Korea, Taiwan | |
| 1975 | — | 3 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 1976 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6Q | Dp, P | Bulgaria, German Dem. Rep., Czechoslovakia, U.S.S.R. | Hungary, Taiwan |
| 1977 | 6 | 14 | 20 | 6 | 14 | 20 | 2Q | 2Dp, 4D, 8P | Bangladesh, India, Japan, Spain, Thailand, Yugoslavia | Brazil, Japan, Mexico, Romania, South Africa, Taiwan, Turkey |
| 1978 | — | 86 | 86 | 1 | 73 | 74 | Q* | 25Dp, 13D, 35P | Taiwan | Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, German Dem. Rep., Finland, Greece, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Poland, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, United States, U.S.S.R. |
| 1979 | — | 604 | 60 | 6 | 26 | 32 | 6Q* | 10Dp, 4D, 12P | Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, German Dem. Rep., India, Thailand | Brazil, Bulgaria, Greece, Norway, Romania, Spain, United States, U.S.S.R. (plus antisubsidy) |
| 1980 | 3 | 13 | 16 | 2 | 34 | 36 | 2Q | 6Dp, 4D, 24P | United States | Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, German Dem. Rep., Finland, Hong Kong, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, United States, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia |
Does not include safeguard actions taken under bilateral agreements implementing the Multifiber Arrangement.
This column lists actions actually taken during a particular year, including actions taken on investigations launched in previous years.
P = price undertaking by foreign supplier; D = definitive antidumping/antisubsidy duties; Dp = provisional antidumping/antisubsidy duties; Q = quotas under safeguard actions; Q* = renewal of quotas.
Includes two antiexport-subsidy investigations.
European Community: Trade Actions Under Safeguard and Antidumping Provisions, 1971–801
| Number of Investigations Initiated | Number of Decisions Leading to Trade Actions2 | Nature of Actions Taken3 | Countries Affected by Trade Actions | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Safeguard | Antidumping | Total | Safeguard | Antidumping | Total | Safeguard | Antidumping | Safeguards | Antidumping |
| 1971 | — | 4 | 4 | — | 1 | 1 | — | P | Yugoslavia | |
| 1972 | — | 8 | 8 | — | 4 | 4 | — | 4P | Czechoslovakia, Japan, Romania, Spain | |
| 1973 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 3Q | 3P | All sources of imports | Japan, Korea, Taiwan |
| 1974 | — | 2 | 2 | — | 3 | 3 | — | 3P | Japan, Korea, Taiwan | |
| 1975 | — | 3 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 1976 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6Q | Dp, P | Bulgaria, German Dem. Rep., Czechoslovakia, U.S.S.R. | Hungary, Taiwan |
| 1977 | 6 | 14 | 20 | 6 | 14 | 20 | 2Q | 2Dp, 4D, 8P | Bangladesh, India, Japan, Spain, Thailand, Yugoslavia | Brazil, Japan, Mexico, Romania, South Africa, Taiwan, Turkey |
| 1978 | — | 86 | 86 | 1 | 73 | 74 | Q* | 25Dp, 13D, 35P | Taiwan | Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, German Dem. Rep., Finland, Greece, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Poland, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, United States, U.S.S.R. |
| 1979 | — | 604 | 60 | 6 | 26 | 32 | 6Q* | 10Dp, 4D, 12P | Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, German Dem. Rep., India, Thailand | Brazil, Bulgaria, Greece, Norway, Romania, Spain, United States, U.S.S.R. (plus antisubsidy) |
| 1980 | 3 | 13 | 16 | 2 | 34 | 36 | 2Q | 6Dp, 4D, 24P | United States | Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, German Dem. Rep., Finland, Hong Kong, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, United States, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia |
Does not include safeguard actions taken under bilateral agreements implementing the Multifiber Arrangement.
This column lists actions actually taken during a particular year, including actions taken on investigations launched in previous years.
P = price undertaking by foreign supplier; D = definitive antidumping/antisubsidy duties; Dp = provisional antidumping/antisubsidy duties; Q = quotas under safeguard actions; Q* = renewal of quotas.
Includes two antiexport-subsidy investigations.
Antidumping Actions in Selected Countries, 1977/78 and 1978/79
July 1.
Including price undertakings.
Antidumping Actions in Selected Countries, 1977/78 and 1978/79
| Australia | Austria | Canada | Finland | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Action | 1977/78 | 1978/79 | 1977/78 | 1978/79 | 1977/78 | 1978/79 | 1977/78 | 1978/79 | |
| Cases pending at beginning of period1 | 17 | 23 | — | — | 14 | 10 | — | — | |
| Investigations opened during period | 26 | 20 | — | 1 | 19 | 13 | — | 2 | |
| Cases on which provisional action was taken | 7 | 9 | — | — | 18 | 12 | — | 1 | |
| Cases on which final decision was reached | 22 | 27 | — | 2 | 17 | 16 | — | 1 | |
| Antidumping duties imposed | 1 | 8 | — | 1 | 13 | 8 | — | — | |
| Cases settled through “arrangements”2 | 5 | 4 | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | |
| Cases terminated | 16 | 15 | — | — | 4 | 8 | — | 1 | |
| Revocation of antidumping duties | 4 | 1 | — | — | 2 | 2 | — | — | |
| Cases pending at end of period | 23 | 20 | — | — | 10 | 7 | — | 1 | |
July 1.
Including price undertakings.
Antidumping Actions in Selected Countries, 1977/78 and 1978/79
| Australia | Austria | Canada | Finland | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Action | 1977/78 | 1978/79 | 1977/78 | 1978/79 | 1977/78 | 1978/79 | 1977/78 | 1978/79 | |
| Cases pending at beginning of period1 | 17 | 23 | — | — | 14 | 10 | — | — | |
| Investigations opened during period | 26 | 20 | — | 1 | 19 | 13 | — | 2 | |
| Cases on which provisional action was taken | 7 | 9 | — | — | 18 | 12 | — | 1 | |
| Cases on which final decision was reached | 22 | 27 | — | 2 | 17 | 16 | — | 1 | |
| Antidumping duties imposed | 1 | 8 | — | 1 | 13 | 8 | — | — | |
| Cases settled through “arrangements”2 | 5 | 4 | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | |
| Cases terminated | 16 | 15 | — | — | 4 | 8 | — | 1 | |
| Revocation of antidumping duties | 4 | 1 | — | — | 2 | 2 | — | — | |
| Cases pending at end of period | 23 | 20 | — | — | 10 | 7 | — | 1 | |
July 1.
Including price undertakings.
Appendix IV Data on Sectoral Trade
Electronic Products: Japanese Exports of Color Television Sets, 1978–80
(In thousands of units)
Electronic Products: Japanese Exports of Color Television Sets, 1978–80
(In thousands of units)
| January–August | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Destination | 1978 | 1979 | 1979 | 1980 | |
| European Community | 533.9 | 501.2 | 327.2 | 485.0 | |
| Belgium | 9.6 | 18.7 | 9.8 | 12.9 | |
| Denmark | 4.8 | 5.5 | 4.5 | 4.2 | |
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 209.3 | 201.0 | 130.6 | 265.2 | |
| France | 49.4 | 41.5 | 29.4 | 46.8 | |
| Ireland | 3.4 | 5.6 | 3.4 | 2.3 | |
| Italy | 0.2 | 1.1 | — | 0.2 | |
| Netherlands | 61.5 | 30.2 | 17.2 | 22.4 | |
| United Kingdom | 195.7 | 197.6 | 132.3 | 131.0 | |
| United States | 1,056.3 | 517.6 | 387.6 | 282.9 | |
| World | 3,102.0 | 2,761.1 | 1,645.7 | 2,353.0 | |
Electronic Products: Japanese Exports of Color Television Sets, 1978–80
(In thousands of units)
| January–August | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Destination | 1978 | 1979 | 1979 | 1980 | |
| European Community | 533.9 | 501.2 | 327.2 | 485.0 | |
| Belgium | 9.6 | 18.7 | 9.8 | 12.9 | |
| Denmark | 4.8 | 5.5 | 4.5 | 4.2 | |
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 209.3 | 201.0 | 130.6 | 265.2 | |
| France | 49.4 | 41.5 | 29.4 | 46.8 | |
| Ireland | 3.4 | 5.6 | 3.4 | 2.3 | |
| Italy | 0.2 | 1.1 | — | 0.2 | |
| Netherlands | 61.5 | 30.2 | 17.2 | 22.4 | |
| United Kingdom | 195.7 | 197.6 | 132.3 | 131.0 | |
| United States | 1,056.3 | 517.6 | 387.6 | 282.9 | |
| World | 3,102.0 | 2,761.1 | 1,645.7 | 2,353.0 | |
Footwear: Share of Imports in Consumption of Footwear with Leather Uppers in Selected Industrial Countries, 1975, 1977, and 1979
(In per cent)
Import share of all nonrubber footwear.
Footwear: Share of Imports in Consumption of Footwear with Leather Uppers in Selected Industrial Countries, 1975, 1977, and 1979
(In per cent)
| Country | 1975 | 1977 | 1979 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 54 | 66 | 66 | |
| Denmark | 54 | 64 | 74 | |
| France | 29 | 32 | 37 | |
| United Kingdom | 28 | 35 | 42 | |
| Netherlands | 71 | 82 | 87 | |
| Austria | 65 | 94 | … | |
| Sweden | 76 | 83 | … | |
| Switzerland | 72 | 77 | … | |
| United States | 30 | 35 | 47 | 1 |
Import share of all nonrubber footwear.
Footwear: Share of Imports in Consumption of Footwear with Leather Uppers in Selected Industrial Countries, 1975, 1977, and 1979
(In per cent)
| Country | 1975 | 1977 | 1979 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 54 | 66 | 66 | |
| Denmark | 54 | 64 | 74 | |
| France | 29 | 32 | 37 | |
| United Kingdom | 28 | 35 | 42 | |
| Netherlands | 71 | 82 | 87 | |
| Austria | 65 | 94 | … | |
| Sweden | 76 | 83 | … | |
| Switzerland | 72 | 77 | … | |
| United States | 30 | 35 | 47 | 1 |
Import share of all nonrubber footwear.
Footwear: U.S. Production, Imports, and Apparent Consumption of Nonrubber Footwear, 1978–80
Includes exports which totaled 6.9 million pairs in 1978 and 9.3 million pairs in 1979.
Footwear: U.S. Production, Imports, and Apparent Consumption of Nonrubber Footwear, 1978–80
| 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (In millions of pairs) | |||
| Production | 418.9 | 398.1 | 394.0 |
| Imports | 373.5 | 404.6 | 355.0 |
| Apparent consumption1 | 792.5 | 802.6 | 759.0 |
| (In per cent) | |||
| Ratio of imports to apparent consumption | 47.0 | 50.0 | 48.0 |
Includes exports which totaled 6.9 million pairs in 1978 and 9.3 million pairs in 1979.
Footwear: U.S. Production, Imports, and Apparent Consumption of Nonrubber Footwear, 1978–80
| 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (In millions of pairs) | |||
| Production | 418.9 | 398.1 | 394.0 |
| Imports | 373.5 | 404.6 | 355.0 |
| Apparent consumption1 | 792.5 | 802.6 | 759.0 |
| (In per cent) | |||
| Ratio of imports to apparent consumption | 47.0 | 50.0 | 48.0 |
Includes exports which totaled 6.9 million pairs in 1978 and 9.3 million pairs in 1979.
Shipbuilding: World Production and Shares of Major Producers, 1975–80
(In thousands of gross tons1 and per cent)
Although compensated gross tons provide a better measure of production and capacity utilization, this table was prepared in gross tons since no data for the “Rest of the world” were available in compensated gross tons.
Shipbuilding: World Production and Shares of Major Producers, 1975–80
(In thousands of gross tons1 and per cent)
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Production | Per cent of world Production | Production | Per cent of world Production | Production | Per cent of world Production | |||
| OECD countries | 29,541 | 86.4 | 29,542 | 87.1 | 23,280 | 84.6 | ||
| European Community | 7,700 | 22.5 | 7,762 | 22.9 | 5,450 | 19.8 | ||
| Other Europe | 5,323 | 15.6 | 4,780 | 14.1 | 4,801 | 17.4 | ||
| North America | 650 | 1.9 | 998 | 2.9 | 1,221 | 4.4 | ||
| Japan | 15,808 | 46.2 | 15,935 | 47.0 | 11,676 | 42.4 | ||
| Other | 60 | 0.2 | 67 | 0.2 | 132 | 0.5 | ||
| Rest of the world | 4,661 | 13.6 | 4,380 | 12.9 | 4,252 | 15.4 | ||
| Total | 34,202 | 100.0 | 33,922 | 100.0 | 27,532 | 100.0 | ||
| 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | ||||||
| Production | Per cent of world Production | Production | Per cent of world Production | Production | Per cent of world Production | |||
| OECD countries | 13,662 | 77.6 | 10,860 | 79.1 | 9,614 | 78.6 | ||
| European Community | 3,836 | 21.8 | 2,716 | 19.8 | 1,781 | 14.6 | ||
| Other Europe | 2,834 | 16.1 | 1,992 | 14.5 | 1,270 | 10.4 | ||
| North America | 1,316 | 7.5 | 1,485 | 10.8 | 670 | 5.5 | ||
| Japan | 5,630 | 32.0 | 4,659 | 33.9 | 5,886 | 48.1 | ||
| Other | 46 | 0.3 | 8 | — | 7 | 0.1 | ||
| Rest of the world | 3,938 | 22.4 | 2,866 | 20.9 | 2,617 | 21.4 | ||
| Total | 17,600 | 100.0 | 13,726 | 100.0 | 12,231 | 100.0 | ||
Although compensated gross tons provide a better measure of production and capacity utilization, this table was prepared in gross tons since no data for the “Rest of the world” were available in compensated gross tons.
Shipbuilding: World Production and Shares of Major Producers, 1975–80
(In thousands of gross tons1 and per cent)
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Production | Per cent of world Production | Production | Per cent of world Production | Production | Per cent of world Production | |||
| OECD countries | 29,541 | 86.4 | 29,542 | 87.1 | 23,280 | 84.6 | ||
| European Community | 7,700 | 22.5 | 7,762 | 22.9 | 5,450 | 19.8 | ||
| Other Europe | 5,323 | 15.6 | 4,780 | 14.1 | 4,801 | 17.4 | ||
| North America | 650 | 1.9 | 998 | 2.9 | 1,221 | 4.4 | ||
| Japan | 15,808 | 46.2 | 15,935 | 47.0 | 11,676 | 42.4 | ||
| Other | 60 | 0.2 | 67 | 0.2 | 132 | 0.5 | ||
| Rest of the world | 4,661 | 13.6 | 4,380 | 12.9 | 4,252 | 15.4 | ||
| Total | 34,202 | 100.0 | 33,922 | 100.0 | 27,532 | 100.0 | ||
| 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | ||||||
| Production | Per cent of world Production | Production | Per cent of world Production | Production | Per cent of world Production | |||
| OECD countries | 13,662 | 77.6 | 10,860 | 79.1 | 9,614 | 78.6 | ||
| European Community | 3,836 | 21.8 | 2,716 | 19.8 | 1,781 | 14.6 | ||
| Other Europe | 2,834 | 16.1 | 1,992 | 14.5 | 1,270 | 10.4 | ||
| North America | 1,316 | 7.5 | 1,485 | 10.8 | 670 | 5.5 | ||
| Japan | 5,630 | 32.0 | 4,659 | 33.9 | 5,886 | 48.1 | ||
| Other | 46 | 0.3 | 8 | — | 7 | 0.1 | ||
| Rest of the world | 3,938 | 22.4 | 2,866 | 20.9 | 2,617 | 21.4 | ||
| Total | 17,600 | 100.0 | 13,726 | 100.0 | 12,231 | 100.0 | ||
Although compensated gross tons provide a better measure of production and capacity utilization, this table was prepared in gross tons since no data for the “Rest of the world” were available in compensated gross tons.
Shipbuilding: Total New Orders, 1976–80
(In thousands of gross tons)
Members of the Association of West European Shipbuilders, which includes European Community member countries, Finland, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden.
Shipbuilding: Total New Orders, 1976–80
(In thousands of gross tons)
| 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Europe1 | 1,770 | 2,817 | 2,292 | 4,345 | 4,288 | |
| Japan | 8,677 | 6,438 | 3,189 | 6,813 | 10,053 | |
| Rest of the world | 2,489 | 2,504 | 2,861 | 5,745 | … | |
| Total | 12,936 | 11,759 | 8,342 | 16,903 | … | |
Members of the Association of West European Shipbuilders, which includes European Community member countries, Finland, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden.
Shipbuilding: Total New Orders, 1976–80
(In thousands of gross tons)
| 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Europe1 | 1,770 | 2,817 | 2,292 | 4,345 | 4,288 | |
| Japan | 8,677 | 6,438 | 3,189 | 6,813 | 10,053 | |
| Rest of the world | 2,489 | 2,504 | 2,861 | 5,745 | … | |
| Total | 12,936 | 11,759 | 8,342 | 16,903 | … | |
Members of the Association of West European Shipbuilders, which includes European Community member countries, Finland, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden.
Steel: Production, Apparent Consumption, and Employment, 1974 and 1978–80
Estimates based on data for the first nine months of the year.
Includes oil exporting developing countries.
Includes South Africa, Eastern Europe, U.S.S.R., China, and Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.
Apparent consumption equals production plus net imports.
Steel: Production, Apparent Consumption, and Employment, 1974 and 1978–80
| 1974 | 1978 | 1979 | 19801 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude steel production | |||||
| (In millions of tons) | |||||
| OECD countries | 457.6 | 412.8 | 433.0 | 401.1 | |
| United States | 132.2 | 124.0 | 123.3 | 98.0 | |
| European Community | 155.6 | 132.6 | 140.0 | 132.0 | |
| Japan | 117.1 | 102.1 | 111.8 | 111.0 | |
| Canada | 13.6 | 14.9 | 15.9 | 16.8 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 8.0 | 7.8 | 8.3 | 8.7 | |
| Other | 31.1 | 31.4 | 33.7 | 34.6 | |
| Developing countries2 | 30.9 | 47.8 | 54.9 | 60.2 | |
| Others3 | 220.1 | 255.7 | 257.5 | 265.7 | |
| World | 708.6 | 716.3 | 745.4 | 727.0 | |
| Apparent consumption4 | |||||
| (In millions of ingot tons equivalent) | |||||
| OECD countries | 415.7 | 380.7 | 406.8 | 385.0 | |
| United States | 145.6 | 148.7 | 143.9 | 121.5 | |
| European Community | 124.3 | 108.7 | 120.8 | 116.9 | |
| Japan | 80.7 | 70.6 | 84.1 | 86.0 | |
| Canada | 15.6 | 13.9 | 15.6 | 16.0 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 8.8 | 5.8 | 7.2 | 7.6 | |
| Other | 40.7 | 33.0 | 35.2 | 37.0 | |
| Developing countries2 | 74.3 | 91.0 | 96.7 | 104.5 | |
| Others3 | 231.0 | 269.7 | 272.0 | 278.0 | |
| World | 721.0 | 741.4 | 775.5 | 767.5 | |
| Employment | |||||
| (In thousands of workers) | |||||
| OECD countries | 1,933.6 | 1,741.1 | … | … | |
| United States | 522.0 | 471.7 | 476.3 | 458.4 | |
| European Community | 780.0 | 678.3 | 654.6 | … | |
| Japan | 323.9 | 302.5 | 281.5 | … | |
| Canada | … | … | … | … | |
| Australia and New Zealand | … | … | … | … | |
| Other | … | … | … | … | |
| Developing countries2 | … | … | … | … | |
| Others3 | … | … | … | … | |
| World | … | … | … | … | |
Estimates based on data for the first nine months of the year.
Includes oil exporting developing countries.
Includes South Africa, Eastern Europe, U.S.S.R., China, and Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.
Apparent consumption equals production plus net imports.
Steel: Production, Apparent Consumption, and Employment, 1974 and 1978–80
| 1974 | 1978 | 1979 | 19801 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude steel production | |||||
| (In millions of tons) | |||||
| OECD countries | 457.6 | 412.8 | 433.0 | 401.1 | |
| United States | 132.2 | 124.0 | 123.3 | 98.0 | |
| European Community | 155.6 | 132.6 | 140.0 | 132.0 | |
| Japan | 117.1 | 102.1 | 111.8 | 111.0 | |
| Canada | 13.6 | 14.9 | 15.9 | 16.8 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 8.0 | 7.8 | 8.3 | 8.7 | |
| Other | 31.1 | 31.4 | 33.7 | 34.6 | |
| Developing countries2 | 30.9 | 47.8 | 54.9 | 60.2 | |
| Others3 | 220.1 | 255.7 | 257.5 | 265.7 | |
| World | 708.6 | 716.3 | 745.4 | 727.0 | |
| Apparent consumption4 | |||||
| (In millions of ingot tons equivalent) | |||||
| OECD countries | 415.7 | 380.7 | 406.8 | 385.0 | |
| United States | 145.6 | 148.7 | 143.9 | 121.5 | |
| European Community | 124.3 | 108.7 | 120.8 | 116.9 | |
| Japan | 80.7 | 70.6 | 84.1 | 86.0 | |
| Canada | 15.6 | 13.9 | 15.6 | 16.0 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 8.8 | 5.8 | 7.2 | 7.6 | |
| Other | 40.7 | 33.0 | 35.2 | 37.0 | |
| Developing countries2 | 74.3 | 91.0 | 96.7 | 104.5 | |
| Others3 | 231.0 | 269.7 | 272.0 | 278.0 | |
| World | 721.0 | 741.4 | 775.5 | 767.5 | |
| Employment | |||||
| (In thousands of workers) | |||||
| OECD countries | 1,933.6 | 1,741.1 | … | … | |
| United States | 522.0 | 471.7 | 476.3 | 458.4 | |
| European Community | 780.0 | 678.3 | 654.6 | … | |
| Japan | 323.9 | 302.5 | 281.5 | … | |
| Canada | … | … | … | … | |
| Australia and New Zealand | … | … | … | … | |
| Other | … | … | … | … | |
| Developing countries2 | … | … | … | … | |
| Others3 | … | … | … | … | |
| World | … | … | … | … | |
Estimates based on data for the first nine months of the year.
Includes oil exporting developing countries.
Includes South Africa, Eastern Europe, U.S.S.R., China, and Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.
Apparent consumption equals production plus net imports.
Steel: Share of Imports in Apparent Consumption and Capacity Utilization, 1978–80
(In per cent)
Estimates based on data for the first nine months of the year.
Steel: Share of Imports in Apparent Consumption and Capacity Utilization, 1978–80
(In per cent)
| United States | European Community | Japan | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | 1979 | 19801 | 1978 | 1979 | 19801 | 1978 | 1979 | 19801 | |
| Share of imports in apparent consumption | 18.1 | 15.2 | 13.0 | 12.0 | 11.7 | 11.5 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 1.7 |
| Capacity utilization | 86.6 | 88.1 | 71.0 | 65.6 | 69.0 | 64.6 | 67.5 | 73.0 | 71.8 |
| (In millions of tons) | |||||||||
| Memorandum item: | |||||||||
| Installed capacity | 143.2 | 140.0 | 139.0 | 202.1 | 202.9 | 204.3 | 151.3 | 153.0 | 154.6 |
Estimates based on data for the first nine months of the year.
Steel: Share of Imports in Apparent Consumption and Capacity Utilization, 1978–80
(In per cent)
| United States | European Community | Japan | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | 1979 | 19801 | 1978 | 1979 | 19801 | 1978 | 1979 | 19801 | |
| Share of imports in apparent consumption | 18.1 | 15.2 | 13.0 | 12.0 | 11.7 | 11.5 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 1.7 |
| Capacity utilization | 86.6 | 88.1 | 71.0 | 65.6 | 69.0 | 64.6 | 67.5 | 73.0 | 71.8 |
| (In millions of tons) | |||||||||
| Memorandum item: | |||||||||
| Installed capacity | 143.2 | 140.0 | 139.0 | 202.1 | 202.9 | 204.3 | 151.3 | 153.0 | 154.6 |
Estimates based on data for the first nine months of the year.
Steel: Imports, Exports, and Net Trade Balance, 1978–80
(In millions of ingot tons equivalent)
Estimates based on data for the first nine months of the year.
Excludes intra-Community trade.
Steel: Imports, Exports, and Net Trade Balance, 1978–80
(In millions of ingot tons equivalent)
| 1978 | 1979 | 19801 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imports | Exports | Net trade | Imports | Exports | Net trade | Imports | Exports | Net trade | ||
| OECD countries | 56.3 | 108.6 | 52.3 | 55.0 | 105.2 | 50.2 | … | … | 50.0 | |
| United States | 24.5 | 2.9 | –21.6 | 20.3 | 3.3 | –17.0 | 16.0 | 3.3 | –12.7 | |
| European Community2 | 13.1 | 43.6 | 30.5 | 13.9 | 40.7 | 26.8 | 13.5 | 37.1 | 23.6 | |
| Japan | 0.5 | 40.2 | 39.7 | 1.9 | 39.7 | 37.8 | 1.5 | 38.0 | 36.5 | |
| Other | 18.2 | 21.9 | 3.7 | 18.9 | 21.5 | 2.6 | … | … | 2.6 | |
| Rest of the world | 85.5 | 33.5 | –52.0 | 83.9 | 33.7 | –50.2 | … | … | –50.0 | |
Estimates based on data for the first nine months of the year.
Excludes intra-Community trade.
Steel: Imports, Exports, and Net Trade Balance, 1978–80
(In millions of ingot tons equivalent)
| 1978 | 1979 | 19801 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imports | Exports | Net trade | Imports | Exports | Net trade | Imports | Exports | Net trade | ||
| OECD countries | 56.3 | 108.6 | 52.3 | 55.0 | 105.2 | 50.2 | … | … | 50.0 | |
| United States | 24.5 | 2.9 | –21.6 | 20.3 | 3.3 | –17.0 | 16.0 | 3.3 | –12.7 | |
| European Community2 | 13.1 | 43.6 | 30.5 | 13.9 | 40.7 | 26.8 | 13.5 | 37.1 | 23.6 | |
| Japan | 0.5 | 40.2 | 39.7 | 1.9 | 39.7 | 37.8 | 1.5 | 38.0 | 36.5 | |
| Other | 18.2 | 21.9 | 3.7 | 18.9 | 21.5 | 2.6 | … | … | 2.6 | |
| Rest of the world | 85.5 | 33.5 | –52.0 | 83.9 | 33.7 | –50.2 | … | … | –50.0 | |
Estimates based on data for the first nine months of the year.
Excludes intra-Community trade.
Steel: Supplying Countries with Which the European Community Maintained Bilateral Agreements in 19801
New agreements are expected to be negotiated in 1981 with Korea and certain East European trading countries.
Steel: Supplying Countries with Which the European Community Maintained Bilateral Agreements in 19801
| Country |
|---|
| Australia |
| Austria |
| Brazil |
| Bulgaria |
| Czechoslovakia |
| Finland |
| Hungary |
| Japan |
| Norway |
| Poland |
| Romania |
| Spain |
| Sweden |
New agreements are expected to be negotiated in 1981 with Korea and certain East European trading countries.
Steel: Supplying Countries with Which the European Community Maintained Bilateral Agreements in 19801
| Country |
|---|
| Australia |
| Austria |
| Brazil |
| Bulgaria |
| Czechoslovakia |
| Finland |
| Hungary |
| Japan |
| Norway |
| Poland |
| Romania |
| Spain |
| Sweden |
New agreements are expected to be negotiated in 1981 with Korea and certain East European trading countries.
Textiles and Clothing: Production by Regions, 1963–791
(Change in volume in per cent)
For classification of countries, see Appendix II.
Includes oil exporting as well as non-oil exporting developing countries.
Textiles and Clothing: Production by Regions, 1963–791
(Change in volume in per cent)
| 1963–73 | 1973–79 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Textiles | |||||
| World | 5.0 | 2.0 | |||
| Industrial countries | 4.5 | — | |||
| European Community | 2.0 | –0.5 | |||
| United States | 4.5 | — | |||
| Japan | 7.5 | –1.5 | |||
| Developing countries2 | 4.5 | 3.0 | |||
| Eastern trading countries | 6.0 | 4.5 | |||
| Clothing | |||||
| World | 4.0 | 2.0 | |||
| Industrial countries | 2.0 | 1.0 | |||
| European Community | 1.5 | — | |||
| United States | 2.5 | –2.0 | |||
| Japan | 7.5 | –2.0 | |||
| Developing countries2 | 5.5 | 3.5 | |||
| Eastern trading countries | 7.0 | 5.0 | |||
For classification of countries, see Appendix II.
Includes oil exporting as well as non-oil exporting developing countries.
Textiles and Clothing: Production by Regions, 1963–791
(Change in volume in per cent)
| 1963–73 | 1973–79 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Textiles | |||||
| World | 5.0 | 2.0 | |||
| Industrial countries | 4.5 | — | |||
| European Community | 2.0 | –0.5 | |||
| United States | 4.5 | — | |||
| Japan | 7.5 | –1.5 | |||
| Developing countries2 | 4.5 | 3.0 | |||
| Eastern trading countries | 6.0 | 4.5 | |||
| Clothing | |||||
| World | 4.0 | 2.0 | |||
| Industrial countries | 2.0 | 1.0 | |||
| European Community | 1.5 | — | |||
| United States | 2.5 | –2.0 | |||
| Japan | 7.5 | –2.0 | |||
| Developing countries2 | 5.5 | 3.5 | |||
| Eastern trading countries | 7.0 | 5.0 | |||
For classification of countries, see Appendix II.
Includes oil exporting as well as non-oil exporting developing countries.
Textiles and Clothing: Exports by Regions, 1973–791
(In billions of U.S. dollars)
For classification of countries, see Appendix II.
Textiles and Clothing: Exports by Regions, 1973–791
(In billions of U.S. dollars)
| Destination | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial countries | Non-oil exporting developing countries | ||||||||||
| Origin | 1973 | 1975 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1973 | 1975 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | |
| Textiles | |||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 12.28 | 13.70 | 17.14 | 20.70 | 25.50 | 2.41 | 2.62 | 3.34 | 3.80 | 4.50 | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 2.10 | 1.93 | 2.80 | 3.55 | 4.30 | 1.04 | 1.34 | 2.05 | 2.55 | … | |
| Eastern trading countries | 0.62 | 0.69 | 0.85 | 1.10 | 1.40 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.60 | 0.80 | … | |
| World | 15.30 | 16.57 | 21.10 | 25.80 | 31.80 | 3.92 | 4.47 | 6.05 | 7.20 | … | |
| Clothing | |||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 6.11 | 7.77 | 10.13 | 12.31 | 15.40 | 0.45 | 0.54 | 0.75 | 0.88 | 1.05 | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 3.23 | 4.45 | 7.30 | 9.10 | 10.90 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.57 | 0.70 | … | |
| Eastern trading countries | 0.45 | 0.54 | 0.90 | 1.15 | 1.60 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.25 | … | |
| World | 9.81 | 12.79 | 18.35 | 22.60 | 28.00 | 0.89 | 1.04 | 1.55 | 1.90 | … | |
| Destination | |||||||||||
| Oil exporting developing countries | Eastern trading countries | ||||||||||
| 1973 | 1975 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1973 | 1975 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | ||
| Textiles | |||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 0.83 | 1.42 | 1.97 | 2.13 | 2.10 | 0.82 | 1.26 | 1.40 | 1.45 | 1.70 | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 0.35 | 0.49 | 0.67 | 0.80 | … | 0.31 | 0.48 | 0.53 | 0.40 | … | |
| Eastern trading countries | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.35 | … | 0.53 | 0.70 | 0.85 | 1.05 | … | |
| World | 1.31 | 2.11 | 3.00 | 3.35 | … | 1.67 | 2.45 | 2.80 | 2.90 | … | |
| Clothing | |||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 0.09 | 0.24 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.55 | 0.26 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.40 | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 0.12 | 0.30 | 0.53 | 0.60 | … | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.16 | … | |
| Eastern trading countries | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.15 | … | 1.16 | 1.50 | 1.75 | 2.10 | … | |
| World | 0.25 | 0.63 | 1.15 | 1.25 | … | 1.50 | 2.01 | 2.25 | 2.65 | … | |
For classification of countries, see Appendix II.
Textiles and Clothing: Exports by Regions, 1973–791
(In billions of U.S. dollars)
| Destination | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial countries | Non-oil exporting developing countries | ||||||||||
| Origin | 1973 | 1975 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1973 | 1975 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | |
| Textiles | |||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 12.28 | 13.70 | 17.14 | 20.70 | 25.50 | 2.41 | 2.62 | 3.34 | 3.80 | 4.50 | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 2.10 | 1.93 | 2.80 | 3.55 | 4.30 | 1.04 | 1.34 | 2.05 | 2.55 | … | |
| Eastern trading countries | 0.62 | 0.69 | 0.85 | 1.10 | 1.40 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.60 | 0.80 | … | |
| World | 15.30 | 16.57 | 21.10 | 25.80 | 31.80 | 3.92 | 4.47 | 6.05 | 7.20 | … | |
| Clothing | |||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 6.11 | 7.77 | 10.13 | 12.31 | 15.40 | 0.45 | 0.54 | 0.75 | 0.88 | 1.05 | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 3.23 | 4.45 | 7.30 | 9.10 | 10.90 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.57 | 0.70 | … | |
| Eastern trading countries | 0.45 | 0.54 | 0.90 | 1.15 | 1.60 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.25 | … | |
| World | 9.81 | 12.79 | 18.35 | 22.60 | 28.00 | 0.89 | 1.04 | 1.55 | 1.90 | … | |
| Destination | |||||||||||
| Oil exporting developing countries | Eastern trading countries | ||||||||||
| 1973 | 1975 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1973 | 1975 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | ||
| Textiles | |||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 0.83 | 1.42 | 1.97 | 2.13 | 2.10 | 0.82 | 1.26 | 1.40 | 1.45 | 1.70 | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 0.35 | 0.49 | 0.67 | 0.80 | … | 0.31 | 0.48 | 0.53 | 0.40 | … | |
| Eastern trading countries | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.35 | … | 0.53 | 0.70 | 0.85 | 1.05 | … | |
| World | 1.31 | 2.11 | 3.00 | 3.35 | … | 1.67 | 2.45 | 2.80 | 2.90 | … | |
| Clothing | |||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 0.09 | 0.24 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.55 | 0.26 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.40 | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 0.12 | 0.30 | 0.53 | 0.60 | … | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.16 | … | |
| Eastern trading countries | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.15 | … | 1.16 | 1.50 | 1.75 | 2.10 | … | |
| World | 0.25 | 0.63 | 1.15 | 1.25 | … | 1.50 | 2.01 | 2.25 | 2.65 | … | |
For classification of countries, see Appendix II.
Textiles and Clothing: Exports by Major Trading Regions, 1975–791
(Percentage of world export earnings and percentage rate of change over the preceding year)
For classification of countries, see Appendix II.
Includes exports of oil exporting developing countries, which are not shown separately in this table.
Textiles and Clothing: Exports by Major Trading Regions, 1975–791
(Percentage of world export earnings and percentage rate of change over the preceding year)
| Industrial Countries | Non-Oil Exporting Developing Countries | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | ||
| Textile exports | |||||||||||
| Share in world total | 74.1 | 72.5 | 72.1 | 71.1 | 71.3 | 16.7 | 19.0 | 18.5 | 18.8 | … | |
| Annual change in value of exports | –5.1 | 12.4 | 10.9 | 17.7 | 20.3 | –10.1 | 30.4 | 8.6 | 21.4 | … | |
| Clothing exports | |||||||||||
| Share in world total | 53.9 | 49.1 | 50.0 | 49.0 | 50.2 | 32.1 | 38.4 | 37.1 | 37.4 | … | |
| Annual change in value of exports | 11.8 | 11.8 | 19.2 | 20.1 | 23.6 | 12.4 | 46.9 | 11.2 | 23.4 | … | |
| Textile and clothing exports | |||||||||||
| Share in world total | 66.4 | 63.3 | 63.1 | 61.9 | 62.5 | 22.8 | 26.8 | 26.2 | 26.5 | … | |
| Annual change in value of exports | –0.4 | 12.5 | 13.0 | 18.4 | 21.4 | 1.0 | 39.4 | 10.5 | 22.2 | … | |
| Eastern Trading Countries | World2 | ||||||||||
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | ||
| Textile exports | |||||||||||
| Share in world total | 7.8 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 8.4 | … | ||||||
| Annual change in value of exports | 9.1 | 6.3 | 18.2 | 30.8 | –5.0 | 14.8 | 11.4 | 19.5 | 19.9 | ||
| Clothing exports | … | ||||||||||
| Share in world total | 13.0 | 12.0 | 12.5 | 12.8 | … | ||||||
| Annual change in value of exports | 11.4 | 8.4 | 20.4 | 25.4 | … | 11.7 | 22.6 | 15.2 | 22.5 | 20.8 | |
| Textile and clothing exports | |||||||||||
| Share in world total | 10.0 | 9.0 | 9.6 | 10.2 | … | ||||||
| Annual change in value of exports | 10.5 | 7.4 | 19.4 | 27.9 | … | 0.8 | 17.8 | 12.9 | 20.7 | 20.3 | |
For classification of countries, see Appendix II.
Includes exports of oil exporting developing countries, which are not shown separately in this table.
Textiles and Clothing: Exports by Major Trading Regions, 1975–791
(Percentage of world export earnings and percentage rate of change over the preceding year)
| Industrial Countries | Non-Oil Exporting Developing Countries | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | ||
| Textile exports | |||||||||||
| Share in world total | 74.1 | 72.5 | 72.1 | 71.1 | 71.3 | 16.7 | 19.0 | 18.5 | 18.8 | … | |
| Annual change in value of exports | –5.1 | 12.4 | 10.9 | 17.7 | 20.3 | –10.1 | 30.4 | 8.6 | 21.4 | … | |
| Clothing exports | |||||||||||
| Share in world total | 53.9 | 49.1 | 50.0 | 49.0 | 50.2 | 32.1 | 38.4 | 37.1 | 37.4 | … | |
| Annual change in value of exports | 11.8 | 11.8 | 19.2 | 20.1 | 23.6 | 12.4 | 46.9 | 11.2 | 23.4 | … | |
| Textile and clothing exports | |||||||||||
| Share in world total | 66.4 | 63.3 | 63.1 | 61.9 | 62.5 | 22.8 | 26.8 | 26.2 | 26.5 | … | |
| Annual change in value of exports | –0.4 | 12.5 | 13.0 | 18.4 | 21.4 | 1.0 | 39.4 | 10.5 | 22.2 | … | |
| Eastern Trading Countries | World2 | ||||||||||
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | ||
| Textile exports | |||||||||||
| Share in world total | 7.8 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 8.4 | … | ||||||
| Annual change in value of exports | 9.1 | 6.3 | 18.2 | 30.8 | –5.0 | 14.8 | 11.4 | 19.5 | 19.9 | ||
| Clothing exports | … | ||||||||||
| Share in world total | 13.0 | 12.0 | 12.5 | 12.8 | … | ||||||
| Annual change in value of exports | 11.4 | 8.4 | 20.4 | 25.4 | … | 11.7 | 22.6 | 15.2 | 22.5 | 20.8 | |
| Textile and clothing exports | |||||||||||
| Share in world total | 10.0 | 9.0 | 9.6 | 10.2 | … | ||||||
| Annual change in value of exports | 10.5 | 7.4 | 19.4 | 27.9 | … | 0.8 | 17.8 | 12.9 | 20.7 | 20.3 | |
For classification of countries, see Appendix II.
Includes exports of oil exporting developing countries, which are not shown separately in this table.
Textiles and Clothing: Effects of the Tokyo Round Tariff Reductions
(In per cent)
Import-weighted ad-valorem tariffs.
Actual tariffs applied, which were lower than the tariffs permitted under GATT commitments.
In accordance with the Trade Agreements Act of 1979, the U.S. tariff cuts are subject to a “snapback clause,” which will restore textile and clothing tariffs to their pre-MTN levels if the MFA does not continue to be in effect or if a suitable substitute arrangement is not put in its place.
Textiles and Clothing: Effects of the Tokyo Round Tariff Reductions
(In per cent)
| Tariff Rates1 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Countries | All dutiable manufactures | Textiles | Clothing | |||
| Canada | ||||||
| Pre-MTN2 | 12.8 | 21.5 | 22.9 | |||
| Post-MTN | 9.1 | 15.1 | 21.2 | |||
| European Community | ||||||
| Pre-MTN | 10.0 | 11.7 | 16.0 | |||
| Post-MTN | 7.1 | 8.6 | 12.1 | |||
| Japan | ||||||
| Pre-MTN2 | 15.3 | 10.5 | 13.5 | |||
| Post-MTN | 13.4 | 9.0 | 13.2 | |||
| United States | ||||||
| Pre-MTN | 8.1 | 17.0 | 25.9 | |||
| Post-MTN | 5.6 | 11.4 | 3 | 21.1 | 3 | |
Import-weighted ad-valorem tariffs.
Actual tariffs applied, which were lower than the tariffs permitted under GATT commitments.
In accordance with the Trade Agreements Act of 1979, the U.S. tariff cuts are subject to a “snapback clause,” which will restore textile and clothing tariffs to their pre-MTN levels if the MFA does not continue to be in effect or if a suitable substitute arrangement is not put in its place.
Textiles and Clothing: Effects of the Tokyo Round Tariff Reductions
(In per cent)
| Tariff Rates1 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Countries | All dutiable manufactures | Textiles | Clothing | |||
| Canada | ||||||
| Pre-MTN2 | 12.8 | 21.5 | 22.9 | |||
| Post-MTN | 9.1 | 15.1 | 21.2 | |||
| European Community | ||||||
| Pre-MTN | 10.0 | 11.7 | 16.0 | |||
| Post-MTN | 7.1 | 8.6 | 12.1 | |||
| Japan | ||||||
| Pre-MTN2 | 15.3 | 10.5 | 13.5 | |||
| Post-MTN | 13.4 | 9.0 | 13.2 | |||
| United States | ||||||
| Pre-MTN | 8.1 | 17.0 | 25.9 | |||
| Post-MTN | 5.6 | 11.4 | 3 | 21.1 | 3 | |
Import-weighted ad-valorem tariffs.
Actual tariffs applied, which were lower than the tariffs permitted under GATT commitments.
In accordance with the Trade Agreements Act of 1979, the U.S. tariff cuts are subject to a “snapback clause,” which will restore textile and clothing tariffs to their pre-MTN levels if the MFA does not continue to be in effect or if a suitable substitute arrangement is not put in its place.
Textiles and Clothing: Bilateral Agreements to Restrict Trade Under Article 4 of the Multifiber Arrangement Maintained in 19801
Agreements notified to the Textiles Surveillance Body between January 1, 1978 and September 20, 1980. In addition, four bilateral agreements were signed under Article 3: 4, including three by Austria with Brazil, Hong Kong, and Korea and one by Canada with Brazil.
Not including agreements with “preferential” countries.
Textiles and Clothing: Bilateral Agreements to Restrict Trade Under Article 4 of the Multifiber Arrangement Maintained in 19801
| Importing Country | Exporting Country |
|---|---|
| Austria | Egypt, Hong Kong, India, Korea, Macao, Pakistan |
| Canada | Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand |
| European Community2 | Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, Guatemala, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Uruguay, Yugoslavia |
| Finland | Hong Kong, India, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand |
| Sweden | Hong Kong, India, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Yugoslavia |
| United States | Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Haiti, Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, Japan, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Yugoslavia |
Agreements notified to the Textiles Surveillance Body between January 1, 1978 and September 20, 1980. In addition, four bilateral agreements were signed under Article 3: 4, including three by Austria with Brazil, Hong Kong, and Korea and one by Canada with Brazil.
Not including agreements with “preferential” countries.
Textiles and Clothing: Bilateral Agreements to Restrict Trade Under Article 4 of the Multifiber Arrangement Maintained in 19801
| Importing Country | Exporting Country |
|---|---|
| Austria | Egypt, Hong Kong, India, Korea, Macao, Pakistan |
| Canada | Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand |
| European Community2 | Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, Guatemala, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Uruguay, Yugoslavia |
| Finland | Hong Kong, India, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand |
| Sweden | Hong Kong, India, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Yugoslavia |
| United States | Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Haiti, Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, Japan, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Yugoslavia |
Agreements notified to the Textiles Surveillance Body between January 1, 1978 and September 20, 1980. In addition, four bilateral agreements were signed under Article 3: 4, including three by Austria with Brazil, Hong Kong, and Korea and one by Canada with Brazil.
Not including agreements with “preferential” countries.
Chemicals: Production in Major Producing Countries, 1978–80
(In millions of metric tons, unless otherwise specified)
In millions of gallons.
Chemicals: Production in Major Producing Countries, 1978–80
(In millions of metric tons, unless otherwise specified)
| Inorganic Chemicals | Organic Chemicals | Synthetic Fibers | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Countries | Ammonia | Sodium hydroxide | Sulfuric acid | Benzene | Butadiene | Ethylene | Propylene | Polyethylene | Nylon | Polyester | Synthetic rubber | |
| United States | ||||||||||||
| 1978 | 17.12 | 11.31 | 41.31 | 1.4881 | 1.59 | 11.73 | 5.90 | 5.14 | 1.16 | 1.72 | … | |
| 1979 | 18.52 | 12.77 | 43.12 | 1.6721 | 1.63 | 13.56 | 6.44 | 5.81 | 1.23 | 1.90 | … | |
| 1980 | 19.20 | 11.90 | 44.70 | 1.5401 | 1.33 | 12.84 | 6.12 | 5.35 | 1.06 | 1.79 | … | |
| Japan | ||||||||||||
| 1979 | … | 3.02 | 6.58 | 2.18 | 0.67 | 3.28 | 3.05 | 2.17 | … | … | 1.11 | |
| 1979 (Jan.–July) | … | 1.64 | 3.78 | 1.21 | 0.38 | 1.79 | 1.79 | 1.21 | … | … | 0.63 | |
| 1980 (Jan.–July) | … | 1.93 | 4.02 | 1.32 | 0.37 | 1.95 | 1.67 | 1.21 | … | … | 0.68 | |
| Canada | ||||||||||||
| 1978 | 2.40 | … | 3.26 | 0.49 | … | 0.83 | … | 0.48 | … | … | … | |
| 1979 | 2.41 | … | 3.69 | 0.63 | … | 1.07 | … | 0.59 | … | … | … | |
| 1980 | 2.60 | … | 4.50 | 0.57 | … | 1.30 | … | 0.57 | … | … | … | |
| European Community | ||||||||||||
| 1978 | … | … | … | 1.76 | 1.51 | 9.92 | 5.62 | … | … | … | … | |
| 1979 | … | … | … | 2.26 | 1.64 | 10.97 | 5.98 | … | … | … | … | |
| Brazil | ||||||||||||
| 1978 | 0.26 | 0.57 | 1.58 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.40 | 0.24 | 0.05 | … | … | … | |
| 1979 | 0.33 | 0.58 | 1.89 | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.63 | 0.38 | 0.12 | … | … | … | |
| Mexico | ||||||||||||
| 1978 | 1.58 | 0.25 | 2.37 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.14 | — | 0.10 | … | … | |
| 1979 | 1.65 | 0.23 | 2.43 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.34 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.10 | … | … | |
In millions of gallons.
Chemicals: Production in Major Producing Countries, 1978–80
(In millions of metric tons, unless otherwise specified)
| Inorganic Chemicals | Organic Chemicals | Synthetic Fibers | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Countries | Ammonia | Sodium hydroxide | Sulfuric acid | Benzene | Butadiene | Ethylene | Propylene | Polyethylene | Nylon | Polyester | Synthetic rubber | |
| United States | ||||||||||||
| 1978 | 17.12 | 11.31 | 41.31 | 1.4881 | 1.59 | 11.73 | 5.90 | 5.14 | 1.16 | 1.72 | … | |
| 1979 | 18.52 | 12.77 | 43.12 | 1.6721 | 1.63 | 13.56 | 6.44 | 5.81 | 1.23 | 1.90 | … | |
| 1980 | 19.20 | 11.90 | 44.70 | 1.5401 | 1.33 | 12.84 | 6.12 | 5.35 | 1.06 | 1.79 | … | |
| Japan | ||||||||||||
| 1979 | … | 3.02 | 6.58 | 2.18 | 0.67 | 3.28 | 3.05 | 2.17 | … | … | 1.11 | |
| 1979 (Jan.–July) | … | 1.64 | 3.78 | 1.21 | 0.38 | 1.79 | 1.79 | 1.21 | … | … | 0.63 | |
| 1980 (Jan.–July) | … | 1.93 | 4.02 | 1.32 | 0.37 | 1.95 | 1.67 | 1.21 | … | … | 0.68 | |
| Canada | ||||||||||||
| 1978 | 2.40 | … | 3.26 | 0.49 | … | 0.83 | … | 0.48 | … | … | … | |
| 1979 | 2.41 | … | 3.69 | 0.63 | … | 1.07 | … | 0.59 | … | … | … | |
| 1980 | 2.60 | … | 4.50 | 0.57 | … | 1.30 | … | 0.57 | … | … | … | |
| European Community | ||||||||||||
| 1978 | … | … | … | 1.76 | 1.51 | 9.92 | 5.62 | … | … | … | … | |
| 1979 | … | … | … | 2.26 | 1.64 | 10.97 | 5.98 | … | … | … | … | |
| Brazil | ||||||||||||
| 1978 | 0.26 | 0.57 | 1.58 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.40 | 0.24 | 0.05 | … | … | … | |
| 1979 | 0.33 | 0.58 | 1.89 | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.63 | 0.38 | 0.12 | … | … | … | |
| Mexico | ||||||||||||
| 1978 | 1.58 | 0.25 | 2.37 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.14 | — | 0.10 | … | … | |
| 1979 | 1.65 | 0.23 | 2.43 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.34 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.10 | … | … | |
In millions of gallons.
Chemicals: World Trade by Major Trading Regions, 1973 and 1977–79
(In billions of U.S. dollars, f.o.b.)
Includes trade with EFTA countries, other Western European countries, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.
Chemicals: World Trade by Major Trading Regions, 1973 and 1977–79
(In billions of U.S. dollars, f.o.b.)
| Canada | European Community | Japan | United States | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Exports to | Imports to | Exports to | Imports from | Exports to | Imports from | Exports to | Imports from | |
| Canada | 1973 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.89 | 0.58 | ||
| 1977 | 0.37 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 1.64 | 1.36 | |||
| 1978 | 0.47 | 0.30 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 1.89 | 1.85 | |||
| 1979 | 0.50 | 0.34 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 2.22 | 2.51 | |||
| European Community | 1973 | 0.11 | 0.23 | 11.33 | 11.56 | 0.28 | 0.67 | 1.71 | 1.11 |
| 1977 | 0.16 | 0.38 | 21.84 | 22.18 | 0.48 | 0.92 | 3.24 | 2.43 | |
| 1978 | 0.28 | 0.49 | 27.56 | 27.06 | 0.59 | 1.20 | 4.07 | 2.95 | |
| 1979 | 0.35 | 0.56 | 38.13 | 37.82 | 0.74 | 1.56 | 5.18 | 3.10 | |
| Japan | 1973 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.58 | 0.28 | 0.69 | 0.28 | ||
| 1977 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.77 | 0.47 | 1.08 | 0.60 | |||
| 1978 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 1.02 | 0.59 | 1.26 | 0.66 | |||
| 1979 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 1.33 | 0.77 | 1.82 | 0.73 | |||
| United States | 1973 | 0.52 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.94 | 0.27 | 0.79 | ||
| 1977 | 1.29 | 1.93 | 2.50 | 3.72 | 0.59 | 1.28 | |||
| 1978 | 1.47 | 2.10 | 3.10 | 4.69 | 0.71 | 1.58 | |||
| 1979 | 2.11 | 2.64 | 3.27 | 6.01 | 0.79 | 2.27 | |||
| Oil exporting developing countries | 1973 | 0.01 | — | 0.91 | 0.03 | 0.15 | — | 0.25 | 0.01 |
| 1977 | 0.02 | — | 2.56 | 0.04 | 0.40 | 0.01 | 0.70 | 0.02 | |
| 1978 | 0.03 | — | 3.09 | 0.07 | 0.45 | 0.01 | 0.90 | 0.01 | |
| 1979 | 0.03 | — | 3.43 | 0.14 | 0.55 | 0.02 | 1.11 | 0.02 | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 1973 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 2.99 | 0.38 | 1.03 | 0.13 | 1.80 | 0.26 |
| 1977 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 5.15 | 0.74 | 2.15 | 0.34 | 3.43 | 0.57 | |
| 1978 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 6.38 | 0.91 | 2.57 | 0.40 | 4.99 | 0.69 | |
| 1979 | 0.34 | 0.06 | 8.02 | 1.24 | 3.13 | 0.57 | 7.23 | 0.78 | |
| Eastern trading countries | 1973 | — | 0.01 | 1.15 | 0.39 | 0.30 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.03 |
| 1977 | 0.01 | — | 2.70 | 1.11 | 0.61 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.06 | |
| 1978 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 3.21 | 1.27 | 0.74 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.11 | |
| 1979 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 4.00 | 1.85 | 0.79 | 0.18 | 0.33 | 0.17 | |
| Total trade1 | 1973 | 0.78 | 1.34 | 23.26 | 16.48 | 2.25 | 1.95 | 6.20 | 2.61 |
| 1977 | 1.73 | 2.53 | 44.50 | 31.75 | 4.65 | 3.14 | 11.67 | 5.77 | |
| 1978 | 2.18 | 2.89 | 55.04 | 39.51 | 5.51 | 3.94 | 14.74 | 7.26 | |
| 1979 | 3.20 | 3.55 | 71.95 | 54.21 | 6.61 | 5.40 | 19.95 | 8.44 | |
Includes trade with EFTA countries, other Western European countries, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.
Chemicals: World Trade by Major Trading Regions, 1973 and 1977–79
(In billions of U.S. dollars, f.o.b.)
| Canada | European Community | Japan | United States | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Exports to | Imports to | Exports to | Imports from | Exports to | Imports from | Exports to | Imports from | |
| Canada | 1973 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.89 | 0.58 | ||
| 1977 | 0.37 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 1.64 | 1.36 | |||
| 1978 | 0.47 | 0.30 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 1.89 | 1.85 | |||
| 1979 | 0.50 | 0.34 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 2.22 | 2.51 | |||
| European Community | 1973 | 0.11 | 0.23 | 11.33 | 11.56 | 0.28 | 0.67 | 1.71 | 1.11 |
| 1977 | 0.16 | 0.38 | 21.84 | 22.18 | 0.48 | 0.92 | 3.24 | 2.43 | |
| 1978 | 0.28 | 0.49 | 27.56 | 27.06 | 0.59 | 1.20 | 4.07 | 2.95 | |
| 1979 | 0.35 | 0.56 | 38.13 | 37.82 | 0.74 | 1.56 | 5.18 | 3.10 | |
| Japan | 1973 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.58 | 0.28 | 0.69 | 0.28 | ||
| 1977 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.77 | 0.47 | 1.08 | 0.60 | |||
| 1978 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 1.02 | 0.59 | 1.26 | 0.66 | |||
| 1979 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 1.33 | 0.77 | 1.82 | 0.73 | |||
| United States | 1973 | 0.52 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.94 | 0.27 | 0.79 | ||
| 1977 | 1.29 | 1.93 | 2.50 | 3.72 | 0.59 | 1.28 | |||
| 1978 | 1.47 | 2.10 | 3.10 | 4.69 | 0.71 | 1.58 | |||
| 1979 | 2.11 | 2.64 | 3.27 | 6.01 | 0.79 | 2.27 | |||
| Oil exporting developing countries | 1973 | 0.01 | — | 0.91 | 0.03 | 0.15 | — | 0.25 | 0.01 |
| 1977 | 0.02 | — | 2.56 | 0.04 | 0.40 | 0.01 | 0.70 | 0.02 | |
| 1978 | 0.03 | — | 3.09 | 0.07 | 0.45 | 0.01 | 0.90 | 0.01 | |
| 1979 | 0.03 | — | 3.43 | 0.14 | 0.55 | 0.02 | 1.11 | 0.02 | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 1973 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 2.99 | 0.38 | 1.03 | 0.13 | 1.80 | 0.26 |
| 1977 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 5.15 | 0.74 | 2.15 | 0.34 | 3.43 | 0.57 | |
| 1978 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 6.38 | 0.91 | 2.57 | 0.40 | 4.99 | 0.69 | |
| 1979 | 0.34 | 0.06 | 8.02 | 1.24 | 3.13 | 0.57 | 7.23 | 0.78 | |
| Eastern trading countries | 1973 | — | 0.01 | 1.15 | 0.39 | 0.30 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.03 |
| 1977 | 0.01 | — | 2.70 | 1.11 | 0.61 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.06 | |
| 1978 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 3.21 | 1.27 | 0.74 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.11 | |
| 1979 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 4.00 | 1.85 | 0.79 | 0.18 | 0.33 | 0.17 | |
| Total trade1 | 1973 | 0.78 | 1.34 | 23.26 | 16.48 | 2.25 | 1.95 | 6.20 | 2.61 |
| 1977 | 1.73 | 2.53 | 44.50 | 31.75 | 4.65 | 3.14 | 11.67 | 5.77 | |
| 1978 | 2.18 | 2.89 | 55.04 | 39.51 | 5.51 | 3.94 | 14.74 | 7.26 | |
| 1979 | 3.20 | 3.55 | 71.95 | 54.21 | 6.61 | 5.40 | 19.95 | 8.44 | |
Includes trade with EFTA countries, other Western European countries, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.
Petrochemicals: Capacity Utilization in the United States and in the European Community, 1978–80
(In percentage terms)
Average of the first and third quarter in 1978.
Average of all Community member countries except Ireland.
Petrochemicals: Capacity Utilization in the United States and in the European Community, 1978–80
(In percentage terms)
| Benzene | Butadiene | Ethylene | Propylene | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Producing Country | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | |||||
| United States | 70.0 | 1 | 74.7 | 63.9 | 82.0 | 1 | 90.6 | 69.5 | 79.5 | 1 | 92.0 | 78.0 | 68.0 | 1 | 73.0 | 62.5 | |
| European Community2 | … | … | … | 77.6 | 81.9 | … | 79.8 | 84.9 | … | 80.0 | 82.1 | … | |||||
| Benelux countries | … | … | … | 81.3 | 88.9 | … | 85.8 | 86.8 | … | 86.2 | 84.2 | … | |||||
| Denmark | … | … | … | … | … | … | 100.0 | … | … | 66.7 | … | … | |||||
| France | … | … | … | 94.2 | 93.0 | … | 85.2 | 93.3 | … | 84.3 | 88.3 | … | |||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | … | … | … | 77.2 | 88.9 | … | 74.2 | 83.4 | … | 74.7 | 80.1 | … | |||||
| Italy | … | … | … | 71.1 | 65.1 | … | 80.6 | 78.0 | … | 82.9 | 74.3 | … | |||||
| United Kingdom | … | … | … | 61.3 | 63.4 | … | 75.7 | 79.2 | … | 74.7 | 82.5 | … | |||||
Average of the first and third quarter in 1978.
Average of all Community member countries except Ireland.
Petrochemicals: Capacity Utilization in the United States and in the European Community, 1978–80
(In percentage terms)
| Benzene | Butadiene | Ethylene | Propylene | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Producing Country | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | |||||
| United States | 70.0 | 1 | 74.7 | 63.9 | 82.0 | 1 | 90.6 | 69.5 | 79.5 | 1 | 92.0 | 78.0 | 68.0 | 1 | 73.0 | 62.5 | |
| European Community2 | … | … | … | 77.6 | 81.9 | … | 79.8 | 84.9 | … | 80.0 | 82.1 | … | |||||
| Benelux countries | … | … | … | 81.3 | 88.9 | … | 85.8 | 86.8 | … | 86.2 | 84.2 | … | |||||
| Denmark | … | … | … | … | … | … | 100.0 | … | … | 66.7 | … | … | |||||
| France | … | … | … | 94.2 | 93.0 | … | 85.2 | 93.3 | … | 84.3 | 88.3 | … | |||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | … | … | … | 77.2 | 88.9 | … | 74.2 | 83.4 | … | 74.7 | 80.1 | … | |||||
| Italy | … | … | … | 71.1 | 65.1 | … | 80.6 | 78.0 | … | 82.9 | 74.3 | … | |||||
| United Kingdom | … | … | … | 61.3 | 63.4 | … | 75.7 | 79.2 | … | 74.7 | 82.5 | … | |||||
Average of the first and third quarter in 1978.
Average of all Community member countries except Ireland.
Chemicals: European Community’s Imports from the United States, 1978–79
(Import value index, 1977 = 100)
Chemicals: European Community’s Imports from the United States, 1978–79
(Import value index, 1977 = 100)
| Category | 1978 | 1979 |
|---|---|---|
| Inorganic | 142 | 160 |
| Organic | 95 | 116 |
| Pharmaceuticals | 102 | 132 |
| Fertilizers | 147 | 225 |
| Plastics (polymer) | 104 | 124 |
| Rubber | 102 | 143 |
| Miscellaneous | 122 | 136 |
Chemicals: European Community’s Imports from the United States, 1978–79
(Import value index, 1977 = 100)
| Category | 1978 | 1979 |
|---|---|---|
| Inorganic | 142 | 160 |
| Organic | 95 | 116 |
| Pharmaceuticals | 102 | 132 |
| Fertilizers | 147 | 225 |
| Plastics (polymer) | 104 | 124 |
| Rubber | 102 | 143 |
| Miscellaneous | 122 | 136 |
Motor Vehicles: World Production in Selected Countries, 1978–79
(In millions of units)
Includes automobiles, trucks, and buses.
Motor Vehicles: World Production in Selected Countries, 1978–79
(In millions of units)
| 1978 | 1979 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Automobiles | All motor vehicles1 | Automobiles | All motor vehicles1 | |
| United States | 9.2 | 12.9 | 8.4 | 11.5 | |
| Japan | 6.0 | 9.3 | 6.2 | 9.6 | |
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 3.9 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 4.2 | |
| France | 3.1 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.6 | |
| U.S.S.R. | 1.3 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 2.2 | |
| Italy | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.6 | |
| Canada | 1.1 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 1.6 | |
| United Kingdom | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.5 | |
| Brazil | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1.2 | |
| Spain | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | |
| Total | 28.8 | 39.4 | 28.1 | 38.1 | |
Includes automobiles, trucks, and buses.
Motor Vehicles: World Production in Selected Countries, 1978–79
(In millions of units)
| 1978 | 1979 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Automobiles | All motor vehicles1 | Automobiles | All motor vehicles1 | |
| United States | 9.2 | 12.9 | 8.4 | 11.5 | |
| Japan | 6.0 | 9.3 | 6.2 | 9.6 | |
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 3.9 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 4.2 | |
| France | 3.1 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.6 | |
| U.S.S.R. | 1.3 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 2.2 | |
| Italy | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.6 | |
| Canada | 1.1 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 1.6 | |
| United Kingdom | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.5 | |
| Brazil | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1.2 | |
| Spain | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | |
| Total | 28.8 | 39.4 | 28.1 | 38.1 | |
Includes automobiles, trucks, and buses.
Motor Vehicles: World Trade by Major Trading Regions, 1973 and 1978–79
(In billions of U.S. dollars)
Includes exports of Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the Eastern trading countries.
Motor Vehicles: World Trade by Major Trading Regions, 1973 and 1978–79
(In billions of U.S. dollars)
| Destination | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Origin | Year | North America | Western Europe | Japan | Oil exporting developing countries | Non-oil exporting developing countries | World |
| North America | 1973 | 8.77 | 0.52 | 0.09 | 0.37 | 0.85 | 10.84 |
| 1978 | 16.58 | 1.11 | 0.18 | 2.25 | 1.99 | 22.66 | |
| 1979 | 17.37 | 1.46 | 0.23 | 2.09 | 2.53 | 24.41 | |
| Western Europe | 1973 | 3.68 | 14.25 | 0.09 | 0.99 | 1.91 | 22.03 |
| 1978 | 5.89 | 34.38 | 0.34 | 4.01 | 4.31 | 50.86 | |
| 1979 | 6.70 | 44.08 | 0.44 | 4.02 | 5.25 | 62.76 | |
| Japan | 1973 | 2.53 | 0.76 | — | 0.34 | 0.78 | 4.90 |
| 1978 | 8.94 | 2.92 | — | 2.67 | 3.00 | 19.03 | |
| 1979 | 10.11 | 3.56 | — | 2.34 | 3.16 | 20.69 | |
| Non-oil exporting countries | 1973 | 0.10 | 0.02 | — | 0.02 | 0.24 | 0.38 |
| 1978 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 1.37 | |
| 1979 | 0.33 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.60 | 1.65 | |
| World1 | 1973 | 15.09 | 15.70 | 0.18 | 1.75 | 4.10 | 41.00 |
| 1978 | 31.75 | 38.78 | 0.52 | 9.27 | 10.40 | 98.98 | |
| 1979 | 35.16 | 49.48 | 0.72 | 8.85 | 12.31 | 115.36 | |
Includes exports of Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the Eastern trading countries.
Motor Vehicles: World Trade by Major Trading Regions, 1973 and 1978–79
(In billions of U.S. dollars)
| Destination | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Origin | Year | North America | Western Europe | Japan | Oil exporting developing countries | Non-oil exporting developing countries | World |
| North America | 1973 | 8.77 | 0.52 | 0.09 | 0.37 | 0.85 | 10.84 |
| 1978 | 16.58 | 1.11 | 0.18 | 2.25 | 1.99 | 22.66 | |
| 1979 | 17.37 | 1.46 | 0.23 | 2.09 | 2.53 | 24.41 | |
| Western Europe | 1973 | 3.68 | 14.25 | 0.09 | 0.99 | 1.91 | 22.03 |
| 1978 | 5.89 | 34.38 | 0.34 | 4.01 | 4.31 | 50.86 | |
| 1979 | 6.70 | 44.08 | 0.44 | 4.02 | 5.25 | 62.76 | |
| Japan | 1973 | 2.53 | 0.76 | — | 0.34 | 0.78 | 4.90 |
| 1978 | 8.94 | 2.92 | — | 2.67 | 3.00 | 19.03 | |
| 1979 | 10.11 | 3.56 | — | 2.34 | 3.16 | 20.69 | |
| Non-oil exporting countries | 1973 | 0.10 | 0.02 | — | 0.02 | 0.24 | 0.38 |
| 1978 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 1.37 | |
| 1979 | 0.33 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.60 | 1.65 | |
| World1 | 1973 | 15.09 | 15.70 | 0.18 | 1.75 | 4.10 | 41.00 |
| 1978 | 31.75 | 38.78 | 0.52 | 9.27 | 10.40 | 98.98 | |
| 1979 | 35.16 | 49.48 | 0.72 | 8.85 | 12.31 | 115.36 | |
Includes exports of Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the Eastern trading countries.
Motor Vehicles: U.S. Share of Imports in Consumption, 1975–June 1980
(In per cent)
Passenger automobiles, light trucks, and cab or chassis therefor.
Motor Vehicles: U.S. Share of Imports in Consumption, 1975–June 1980
(In per cent)
| Years | U.S. Producers Abroad |
Others | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quantity | |||
| 1975 | 10.8 | 13.4 | 24.2 |
| 1976 | 10.5 | 13.0 | 23.5 |
| 1977 | 10.4 | 13.3 | 23.7 |
| 1978 | 10.5 | 14.6 | 25.1 |
| 1979 | 9.9 | 16.8 | 26.7 |
| January–June 1979 | 10.0 | 14.2 | 24.2 |
| January–June 1980 | 12.3 | 23.5 | 35.8 |
| Value | |||
| 1975 | 10.6 | 9.8 | 20.4 |
| 1976 | 10.2 | 9.1 | 19.3 |
| 1977 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 18.8 |
| 1978 | 9.1 | 11.5 | 20.6 |
| 1979 | 9.0 | 13.8 | 22.8 |
| January-June 1979 | 9.2 | 12.0 | 21.2 |
| January-June 1980 | 11.0 | 19.2 | 30.2 |
Passenger automobiles, light trucks, and cab or chassis therefor.
Motor Vehicles: U.S. Share of Imports in Consumption, 1975–June 1980
(In per cent)
| Years | U.S. Producers Abroad |
Others | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quantity | |||
| 1975 | 10.8 | 13.4 | 24.2 |
| 1976 | 10.5 | 13.0 | 23.5 |
| 1977 | 10.4 | 13.3 | 23.7 |
| 1978 | 10.5 | 14.6 | 25.1 |
| 1979 | 9.9 | 16.8 | 26.7 |
| January–June 1979 | 10.0 | 14.2 | 24.2 |
| January–June 1980 | 12.3 | 23.5 | 35.8 |
| Value | |||
| 1975 | 10.6 | 9.8 | 20.4 |
| 1976 | 10.2 | 9.1 | 19.3 |
| 1977 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 18.8 |
| 1978 | 9.1 | 11.5 | 20.6 |
| 1979 | 9.0 | 13.8 | 22.8 |
| January-June 1979 | 9.2 | 12.0 | 21.2 |
| January-June 1980 | 11.0 | 19.2 | 30.2 |
Passenger automobiles, light trucks, and cab or chassis therefor.
Appendix V Data on Developing Countries’ Trade
Non-Oil Exporting Developing Countries: Shares in World Imports by Commodity Groups, 1973–791
(In per cent, based on value)
For classification of countries and commodities, see Appendix II.
Includes iron and steel, chemicals, and other semimanufactures.
Non-Oil Exporting Developing Countries: Shares in World Imports by Commodity Groups, 1973–791
(In per cent, based on value)
| Importing countries | 1973 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1973 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food | Semimanufactures2 | ||||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 26 | 26 | 28 | 31 | 27 | 28 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | |
| Oil exporting developing countries | 28 | 32 | 29 | 28 | 25 | … | 10 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 9 | … | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 25 | 25 | 29 | 30 | 26 | … | 10 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 12 | … | |
| Eastern trading countries | 23 | 35 | 33 | 38 | 38 | … | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | … | |
| Total | 26 | 27 | 29 | 31 | 28 | … | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | … | |
| Raw materials | Engineering goods | ||||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 19 | 17 | 18 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | |
| Oil exporting developing countries | 16 | 16 | 20 | 26 | 26 | … | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | … | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 36 | 32 | 35 | 32 | 33 | … | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | … | |
| Eastern trading countries | 31 | 30 | 25 | 28 | 25 | … | — | — | — | — | — | … | |
| Total | 22 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | … | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | … | |
| Ores and minerals | Textiles and clothing | ||||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 28 | 30 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 25 | 21 | 22 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 25 | |
| Oil exporting developing countries | 29 | 16 | 25 | 20 | 26 | … | 30 | 29 | 30 | 29 | 30 | … | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 31 | 32 | 34 | 36 | 35 | … | 28 | 30 | 35 | 34 | 36 | … | |
| Eastern trading countries | 20 | 23 | 20 | 16 | 16 | … | 12 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 10 | … | |
| Total | 28 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | … | 22 | 23 | 27 | 26 | 27 | … | |
| Fuels | Other consumer goods | ||||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 9 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 12 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 16 | |
| Oil exporting developing countries | 17 | 30 | 46 | 48 | 48 | … | 18 | 15 | 13 | 14 | 14 | … | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 15 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | … | 21 | 20 | 24 | 23 | 23 | … | |
| Eastern trading countries | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | … | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | … | |
| Total | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | … | 13 | 13 | 16 | 16 | 16 | … | |
| Nonferrous metals | Total manufactures | ||||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 27 | 22 | 24 | 23 | 21 | 20 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | |
| Oil exporting developing countries | 14 | 13 | 14 | 11 | 12 | … | 9 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 34 | 35 | 43 | 38 | 36 | … | 10 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | |
| Eastern trading countries | 8 | 7 | 11 | 11 | 9 | … | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
| Total | 25 | 22 | 24 | 23 | 22 | … | 7 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | |
| Total primary products | Total world imports | ||||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 20 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | |
| Oil exporting developing countries | 25 | 29 | 30 | 29 | 27 | 26 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 12 | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 24 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 19 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 15 | 15 | |
| Eastern trading countries | 20 | 23 | 21 | 22 | 20 | 19 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | |
| Total | 20 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 12 | |
For classification of countries and commodities, see Appendix II.
Includes iron and steel, chemicals, and other semimanufactures.
Non-Oil Exporting Developing Countries: Shares in World Imports by Commodity Groups, 1973–791
(In per cent, based on value)
| Importing countries | 1973 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1973 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food | Semimanufactures2 | ||||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 26 | 26 | 28 | 31 | 27 | 28 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | |
| Oil exporting developing countries | 28 | 32 | 29 | 28 | 25 | … | 10 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 9 | … | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 25 | 25 | 29 | 30 | 26 | … | 10 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 12 | … | |
| Eastern trading countries | 23 | 35 | 33 | 38 | 38 | … | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | … | |
| Total | 26 | 27 | 29 | 31 | 28 | … | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | … | |
| Raw materials | Engineering goods | ||||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 19 | 17 | 18 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | |
| Oil exporting developing countries | 16 | 16 | 20 | 26 | 26 | … | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | … | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 36 | 32 | 35 | 32 | 33 | … | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | … | |
| Eastern trading countries | 31 | 30 | 25 | 28 | 25 | … | — | — | — | — | — | … | |
| Total | 22 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | … | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | … | |
| Ores and minerals | Textiles and clothing | ||||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 28 | 30 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 25 | 21 | 22 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 25 | |
| Oil exporting developing countries | 29 | 16 | 25 | 20 | 26 | … | 30 | 29 | 30 | 29 | 30 | … | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 31 | 32 | 34 | 36 | 35 | … | 28 | 30 | 35 | 34 | 36 | … | |
| Eastern trading countries | 20 | 23 | 20 | 16 | 16 | … | 12 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 10 | … | |
| Total | 28 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | … | 22 | 23 | 27 | 26 | 27 | … | |
| Fuels | Other consumer goods | ||||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 9 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 12 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 16 | |
| Oil exporting developing countries | 17 | 30 | 46 | 48 | 48 | … | 18 | 15 | 13 | 14 | 14 | … | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 15 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | … | 21 | 20 | 24 | 23 | 23 | … | |
| Eastern trading countries | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | … | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | … | |
| Total | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | … | 13 | 13 | 16 | 16 | 16 | … | |
| Nonferrous metals | Total manufactures | ||||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 27 | 22 | 24 | 23 | 21 | 20 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | |
| Oil exporting developing countries | 14 | 13 | 14 | 11 | 12 | … | 9 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 34 | 35 | 43 | 38 | 36 | … | 10 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | |
| Eastern trading countries | 8 | 7 | 11 | 11 | 9 | … | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
| Total | 25 | 22 | 24 | 23 | 22 | … | 7 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | |
| Total primary products | Total world imports | ||||||||||||
| Industrial countries | 20 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | |
| Oil exporting developing countries | 25 | 29 | 30 | 29 | 27 | 26 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 12 | |
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 24 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 19 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 15 | 15 | |
| Eastern trading countries | 20 | 23 | 21 | 22 | 20 | 19 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | |
| Total | 20 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 12 | |
For classification of countries and commodities, see Appendix II.
Includes iron and steel, chemicals, and other semimanufactures.
Non-Oil Exporting Developing Countries: Trade Balances by Commodity Groups, 1973–791
(In billions of U.S. dollars)
For classification of countries and commodities, see Appendix II.
Provisional figures.
Non-Oil Exporting Developing Countries: Trade Balances by Commodity Groups, 1973–791
(In billions of U.S. dollars)
| 1973 | 1975 | 1976 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exports | Imports | Balance | Exports | Imports | Balance | Exports | Imports | Balance | ||||
| Primary products | 44.25 | 29.30 | 14.95 | 66.35 | 55.50 | 10.85 | 75.80 | 61.51 | 14.29 | |||
| Food | 22.05 | 13.05 | 9.00 | 31.24 | 19.91 | 11.33 | 35.50 | 19.55 | 15.95 | |||
| Raw materials | 7.69 | 4.40 | 3.29 | 7.06 | 4.54 | 2.52 | 9.20 | 5.68 | 3.52 | |||
| Ores and minerals | 4.12 | 0.86 | 3.26 | 6.30 | 1.35 | 4.95 | 6.20 | 1.33 | 4.87 | |||
| Fuels | 5.98 | 9.51 | –3.53 | 17.69 | 27.65 | –9.96 | 19.60 | 32.63 | –13.03 | |||
| Nonferrous metals | 4.40 | 1.46 | 2.94 | 4.06 | 2.06 | 2.00 | 5.30 | 2.31 | 2.99 | |||
| Manufactured products | 23.15 | 50.05 | –26.90 | 31.25 | 78.10 | –46.85 | 42.20 | 81.89 | –39.69 | |||
| Semimanufactures | 6.17 | 16.00 | –9.83 | 7.86 | 24.89 | –17.03 | 9.75 | 24.28 | –14.53 | |||
| Engineering products | 5.91 | 27.04 | –21.13 | 9.39 | 44.58 | –35.19 | 12.50 | 47.52 | –35.02 | |||
| Office and telecommunications equipment | 1.28 | 2.90 | –1.62 | 1.95 | 4.23 | –2.28 | 2.60 | 5.11 | –2.51 | |||
| Other machinery and transport equipment | 1.80 | 9.79 | –7.99 | 3.15 | 16.44 | –13.29 | 4.25 | 17.39 | –13.14 | |||
| Household appliances | 1.64 | 1.95 | –0.31 | 2.25 | 2.65 | –0.40 | 3.35 | 3.03 | 0.32 | |||
| Other engineering goods | 1.19 | 12.40 | –11.21 | 2.04 | 21.26 | –19.22 | 2.30 | 21.99 | –19.69 | |||
| Textiles | 4.05 | 3.92 | 0.13 | 4.45 | 4.47 | –0.02 | 5.90 | 5.15 | 0.75 | |||
| Clothing | 3.82 | 0.89 | 2.93 | 5.36 | 1.04 | 4.32 | 8.00 | 1.15 | 6.85 | |||
| Other consumer goods | 3.18 | 2.21 | 0.97 | 4.19 | 3.10 | 1.09 | 6.05 | 3.81 | 2.24 | |||
| Unclassified trade | 0.90 | 3.55 | –2.65 | 1.20 | 4.70 | –3.50 | 1.10 | 5.80 | –4.70 | |||
| Total trade | 68.30 | 82.90 | –14.60 | 98.80 | 138.30 | –39.50 | 119.10 | 149.20 | –30.10 | |||
| 1977 | 1978 | 19792 | ||||||||||
| Exports | Imports | Balance | Exports | Imports | Balance | Exports | Imports | Balance | ||||
| Primary products | 88.05 | 67.70 | 20.35 | 92.45 | 73.10 | 19.35 | 117.60 | 100.40 | 17.20 | |||
| Food | 44.00 | 20.50 | 23.50 | 44.85 | 24.50 | 20.35 | … | … | … | |||
| Raw materials | 10.45 | 6.75 | 3.70 | 11.50 | 7.65 | 3.85 | … | … | … | |||
| Ores and minerals | 6.50 | 1.60 | 4.90 | 6.80 | 1.85 | 4.95 | … | … | … | |||
| Fuels | 21.40 | 36.05 | –14.65 | 23.15 | 35.75 | –12.60 | … | … | –21.00 | |||
| Nonferrous metals | 5.70 | 2.80 | 2.90 | 6.10 | 3.35 | 2.75 | … | … | … | |||
| Manufactured products | 49.80 | 95.65 | –45.85 | 63.90 | 119.85 | –55.95 | 78.90 | 150.30 | –71.40 | |||
| Semimanufactures | 11.75 | 28.15 | –16.40 | 15.30 | 36.45 | –21.15 | … | … | … | |||
| Engineering products | 15.75 | 55.40 | –39.65 | 20.65 | 68.50 | –47.85 | … | … | … | |||
| Office and telecommunications equipment | 3.05 | 5.45 | –2.40 | 4.40 | 6.50 | –2.10 | … | … | … | |||
| Other machinery and transport equipment | 5.80 | 20.85 | –15.05 | 7.30 | 25.60 | –18.30 | … | … | … | |||
| Household appliances | 4.20 | 4.20 | — | 5.40 | 5.25 | 0.15 | … | … | … | |||
| Other engineering goods | 2.70 | 24.90 | –22.20 | 3.55 | 31.15 | –27.60 | … | … | … | |||
| Textiles | 6.30 | 6.05 | 0.25 | 7.65 | 7.20 | 0.45 | … | … | … | |||
| Clothing | 8.75 | 1.55 | 7.20 | 10.80 | 1.90 | 8.90 | … | … | … | |||
| Other consumer goods | 7.30 | 4.50 | 2.80 | 9.45 | 5.75 | 3.70 | … | … | … | |||
| Unclassified trade | 3.95 | 9.05 | –5.10 | 3.25 | 9.15 | –5.90 | 2.50 | 10.30 | –7.80 | |||
| Total trade | 141.80 | 172.30 | –30.50 | 159.60 | 202.10 | –42.50 | 199.00 | 261.00 | –62.00 | |||
For classification of countries and commodities, see Appendix II.
Provisional figures.
Non-Oil Exporting Developing Countries: Trade Balances by Commodity Groups, 1973–791
(In billions of U.S. dollars)
| 1973 | 1975 | 1976 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exports | Imports | Balance | Exports | Imports | Balance | Exports | Imports | Balance | ||||
| Primary products | 44.25 | 29.30 | 14.95 | 66.35 | 55.50 | 10.85 | 75.80 | 61.51 | 14.29 | |||
| Food | 22.05 | 13.05 | 9.00 | 31.24 | 19.91 | 11.33 | 35.50 | 19.55 | 15.95 | |||
| Raw materials | 7.69 | 4.40 | 3.29 | 7.06 | 4.54 | 2.52 | 9.20 | 5.68 | 3.52 | |||
| Ores and minerals | 4.12 | 0.86 | 3.26 | 6.30 | 1.35 | 4.95 | 6.20 | 1.33 | 4.87 | |||
| Fuels | 5.98 | 9.51 | –3.53 | 17.69 | 27.65 | –9.96 | 19.60 | 32.63 | –13.03 | |||
| Nonferrous metals | 4.40 | 1.46 | 2.94 | 4.06 | 2.06 | 2.00 | 5.30 | 2.31 | 2.99 | |||
| Manufactured products | 23.15 | 50.05 | –26.90 | 31.25 | 78.10 | –46.85 | 42.20 | 81.89 | –39.69 | |||
| Semimanufactures | 6.17 | 16.00 | –9.83 | 7.86 | 24.89 | –17.03 | 9.75 | 24.28 | –14.53 | |||
| Engineering products | 5.91 | 27.04 | –21.13 | 9.39 | 44.58 | –35.19 | 12.50 | 47.52 | –35.02 | |||
| Office and telecommunications equipment | 1.28 | 2.90 | –1.62 | 1.95 | 4.23 | –2.28 | 2.60 | 5.11 | –2.51 | |||
| Other machinery and transport equipment | 1.80 | 9.79 | –7.99 | 3.15 | 16.44 | –13.29 | 4.25 | 17.39 | –13.14 | |||
| Household appliances | 1.64 | 1.95 | –0.31 | 2.25 | 2.65 | –0.40 | 3.35 | 3.03 | 0.32 | |||
| Other engineering goods | 1.19 | 12.40 | –11.21 | 2.04 | 21.26 | –19.22 | 2.30 | 21.99 | –19.69 | |||
| Textiles | 4.05 | 3.92 | 0.13 | 4.45 | 4.47 | –0.02 | 5.90 | 5.15 | 0.75 | |||
| Clothing | 3.82 | 0.89 | 2.93 | 5.36 | 1.04 | 4.32 | 8.00 | 1.15 | 6.85 | |||
| Other consumer goods | 3.18 | 2.21 | 0.97 | 4.19 | 3.10 | 1.09 | 6.05 | 3.81 | 2.24 | |||
| Unclassified trade | 0.90 | 3.55 | –2.65 | 1.20 | 4.70 | –3.50 | 1.10 | 5.80 | –4.70 | |||
| Total trade | 68.30 | 82.90 | –14.60 | 98.80 | 138.30 | –39.50 | 119.10 | 149.20 | –30.10 | |||
| 1977 | 1978 | 19792 | ||||||||||
| Exports | Imports | Balance | Exports | Imports | Balance | Exports | Imports | Balance | ||||
| Primary products | 88.05 | 67.70 | 20.35 | 92.45 | 73.10 | 19.35 | 117.60 | 100.40 | 17.20 | |||
| Food | 44.00 | 20.50 | 23.50 | 44.85 | 24.50 | 20.35 | … | … | … | |||
| Raw materials | 10.45 | 6.75 | 3.70 | 11.50 | 7.65 | 3.85 | … | … | … | |||
| Ores and minerals | 6.50 | 1.60 | 4.90 | 6.80 | 1.85 | 4.95 | … | … | … | |||
| Fuels | 21.40 | 36.05 | –14.65 | 23.15 | 35.75 | –12.60 | … | … | –21.00 | |||
| Nonferrous metals | 5.70 | 2.80 | 2.90 | 6.10 | 3.35 | 2.75 | … | … | … | |||
| Manufactured products | 49.80 | 95.65 | –45.85 | 63.90 | 119.85 | –55.95 | 78.90 | 150.30 | –71.40 | |||
| Semimanufactures | 11.75 | 28.15 | –16.40 | 15.30 | 36.45 | –21.15 | … | … | … | |||
| Engineering products | 15.75 | 55.40 | –39.65 | 20.65 | 68.50 | –47.85 | … | … | … | |||
| Office and telecommunications equipment | 3.05 | 5.45 | –2.40 | 4.40 | 6.50 | –2.10 | … | … | … | |||
| Other machinery and transport equipment | 5.80 | 20.85 | –15.05 | 7.30 | 25.60 | –18.30 | … | … | … | |||
| Household appliances | 4.20 | 4.20 | — | 5.40 | 5.25 | 0.15 | … | … | … | |||
| Other engineering goods | 2.70 | 24.90 | –22.20 | 3.55 | 31.15 | –27.60 | … | … | … | |||
| Textiles | 6.30 | 6.05 | 0.25 | 7.65 | 7.20 | 0.45 | … | … | … | |||
| Clothing | 8.75 | 1.55 | 7.20 | 10.80 | 1.90 | 8.90 | … | … | … | |||
| Other consumer goods | 7.30 | 4.50 | 2.80 | 9.45 | 5.75 | 3.70 | … | … | … | |||
| Unclassified trade | 3.95 | 9.05 | –5.10 | 3.25 | 9.15 | –5.90 | 2.50 | 10.30 | –7.80 | |||
| Total trade | 141.80 | 172.30 | –30.50 | 159.60 | 202.10 | –42.50 | 199.00 | 261.00 | –62.00 | |||
For classification of countries and commodities, see Appendix II.
Provisional figures.
Korea: Restrictive Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
As of November 1980.
This replaced the quota removed in early 1980.
Korea: Restrictive Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
| Country | Commodities Affected | Main Type of Measures | Year of Introduction |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | Textiles | Tariff quota | 1974–77 |
| Footwear | Global quota | 1975 | |
| Sheets and plates of iron and steel | Global quota | 1975 | |
| Electric refrigerators | Global quota | 1975 | |
| Passenger motor vehicles | Global quota | … | |
| Electric insulators | Tariff quota | … | |
| Razors and some other metal products | Global and tariff quotas | ||
| Leather clothing | Tariff quota | … | |
| Plywood | Tariff quota | 1976 | |
| Sleeping bags | Tariff quota | … | |
| Tire cords and fabrics | Tariff quota | … | |
| Austria | Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1974–76 |
| Benelux | Cutlery | Voluntary export restraint | 1978 |
| Canada | Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1974 |
| Leather coats | Bilateral quota | 1977 | |
| Nonrubber footwear | Global quota | 1977 | |
| Denmark | Cutlery | Bilateral quota | 1974 |
| European community | Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1978 |
| Steel | Voluntary export restraint and minimum pricing system | 1978 | |
| Canned mushrooms | Voluntary export restraint | 1978 | |
| Finland | Certain textiles | Bilateral quota | 1980 |
| Rubber boots | Import deposit | 1977 | |
| France | Radios, sound recorders | Unilateral quota | 1971 |
| Umbrellas and sunshades | Unilateral quota | 1971 | |
| Miscellaneous manufactures (toys, carpets, chemical products, yachts) | Unilateral quota | 1974 | |
| Silk fabrics | Unilateral quota | 1974 | |
| Tiles | Administrative guidance and global quota | 1978 | |
| Semiconductors | Administrative guidance and global quota | 1978 | |
| Newsprint and paper | Global quota | 1978 | |
| Precision instruments | Global quota | 1978 | |
| Wristwatches | Administrative guidance | 1978 | |
| Germany, Fed, Rep, of | Cutlery | Voluntary export restraint | 1978 |
| Ireland | Footwear | Voluntary export restraint | 1979 |
| Japan | Fish, dried fish, and dried seaweed | Import licensing and quota | 1960 |
| Tuna | Voluntary export restraint | 1975 | |
| Raw silk, silk yarn, and silk fabrics | Import quota and voluntary export restraint | 1974–76 | |
| Baseball gloves | Administrative guidance | 1975 | |
| Footwear | Import quota | … | |
| Cotton thread | Administrative guidance | 1976 | |
| New Zealand | Nearly all items | Import licensing | 1975 |
| Norway | Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1974 |
| Cutlery | Bilateral quota | 1974 | |
| Tires and tubes | Bilateral quota | 1974 | |
| Tableware of porcelain, china, and pottery | Bilateral quota | 1975 | |
| Leather clothing | Bilateral quota | 1978 | |
| Ski boots | Bilateral quota | 1979 | |
| Sweden | Footwear | Global quota | 1979 |
| Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1976 | |
| Leather clothing | Voluntary export restraint | 1977 | |
| United Kingdom | Black-and-white television sets | Bilateral quota | 1977 |
| Footwear | Voluntary export restraint | 1979 | |
| Cutlery | Voluntary export restraint | 1979 | |
| United States | Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1971 |
| Canned mushrooms | Voluntary export restraint | 1976 | |
| Nonrubber footwear | Bilateral quota | 1977 | |
| Ginseng products | Import ban | 1977 | |
| Steel products | Trigger price system | 1978 | |
| Citizens’ band receivers | Increase in duty | 1978 | |
| Color television sets | Voluntary export restraint | 1979 | |
| Industrial fasteners | Increase in duty | 1979 | |
| Porcelain on steel cookware | Special duty | 1980 | |
| Some specialty steel products | Administrative surveillance2 | 1981 |
As of November 1980.
This replaced the quota removed in early 1980.
Korea: Restrictive Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
| Country | Commodities Affected | Main Type of Measures | Year of Introduction |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | Textiles | Tariff quota | 1974–77 |
| Footwear | Global quota | 1975 | |
| Sheets and plates of iron and steel | Global quota | 1975 | |
| Electric refrigerators | Global quota | 1975 | |
| Passenger motor vehicles | Global quota | … | |
| Electric insulators | Tariff quota | … | |
| Razors and some other metal products | Global and tariff quotas | ||
| Leather clothing | Tariff quota | … | |
| Plywood | Tariff quota | 1976 | |
| Sleeping bags | Tariff quota | … | |
| Tire cords and fabrics | Tariff quota | … | |
| Austria | Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1974–76 |
| Benelux | Cutlery | Voluntary export restraint | 1978 |
| Canada | Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1974 |
| Leather coats | Bilateral quota | 1977 | |
| Nonrubber footwear | Global quota | 1977 | |
| Denmark | Cutlery | Bilateral quota | 1974 |
| European community | Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1978 |
| Steel | Voluntary export restraint and minimum pricing system | 1978 | |
| Canned mushrooms | Voluntary export restraint | 1978 | |
| Finland | Certain textiles | Bilateral quota | 1980 |
| Rubber boots | Import deposit | 1977 | |
| France | Radios, sound recorders | Unilateral quota | 1971 |
| Umbrellas and sunshades | Unilateral quota | 1971 | |
| Miscellaneous manufactures (toys, carpets, chemical products, yachts) | Unilateral quota | 1974 | |
| Silk fabrics | Unilateral quota | 1974 | |
| Tiles | Administrative guidance and global quota | 1978 | |
| Semiconductors | Administrative guidance and global quota | 1978 | |
| Newsprint and paper | Global quota | 1978 | |
| Precision instruments | Global quota | 1978 | |
| Wristwatches | Administrative guidance | 1978 | |
| Germany, Fed, Rep, of | Cutlery | Voluntary export restraint | 1978 |
| Ireland | Footwear | Voluntary export restraint | 1979 |
| Japan | Fish, dried fish, and dried seaweed | Import licensing and quota | 1960 |
| Tuna | Voluntary export restraint | 1975 | |
| Raw silk, silk yarn, and silk fabrics | Import quota and voluntary export restraint | 1974–76 | |
| Baseball gloves | Administrative guidance | 1975 | |
| Footwear | Import quota | … | |
| Cotton thread | Administrative guidance | 1976 | |
| New Zealand | Nearly all items | Import licensing | 1975 |
| Norway | Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1974 |
| Cutlery | Bilateral quota | 1974 | |
| Tires and tubes | Bilateral quota | 1974 | |
| Tableware of porcelain, china, and pottery | Bilateral quota | 1975 | |
| Leather clothing | Bilateral quota | 1978 | |
| Ski boots | Bilateral quota | 1979 | |
| Sweden | Footwear | Global quota | 1979 |
| Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1976 | |
| Leather clothing | Voluntary export restraint | 1977 | |
| United Kingdom | Black-and-white television sets | Bilateral quota | 1977 |
| Footwear | Voluntary export restraint | 1979 | |
| Cutlery | Voluntary export restraint | 1979 | |
| United States | Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1971 |
| Canned mushrooms | Voluntary export restraint | 1976 | |
| Nonrubber footwear | Bilateral quota | 1977 | |
| Ginseng products | Import ban | 1977 | |
| Steel products | Trigger price system | 1978 | |
| Citizens’ band receivers | Increase in duty | 1978 | |
| Color television sets | Voluntary export restraint | 1979 | |
| Industrial fasteners | Increase in duty | 1979 | |
| Porcelain on steel cookware | Special duty | 1980 | |
| Some specialty steel products | Administrative surveillance2 | 1981 |
As of November 1980.
This replaced the quota removed in early 1980.
Pakistan: Restrictive Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
As of June 1980.
Pakistan: Restrictive Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
| Country or Country Group/Product | Type of Measures | |
|---|---|---|
| European Community | ||
| Rice | Import levies; labeling restrictions (Benelux); compensatory levy (France) | |
| Cereal preparations | Import levies (Benelux, France, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Meat and meat products | Import levies (Benelux, France, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); compensatory levy (France) | |
| Molasses | Import levies; compensatory levy (France) | |
| Sugar and sugar preparations | Import levies (Benelux, France, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); compensatory levy (France) | |
| Animal feed | Import levies (Benelux and United Kingdom); import duty (France) | |
| Artificial honey | Import levies (Benelux, France, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Jams and marmalades | Import levies (Benelux, France, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Fruit and vegetable juices | Import levies (Benelux, France, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); compensatory levy (France) | |
| Certain light oils | Packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); compensatory and turnover taxes (Italy) | |
| Certain oil essences | Packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Fish, prawns, mollusks, and other crustaceans | Import levies (Benelux and France); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Manufactured tobacco | Import levies (Benelux and France); labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Certain unmanufactured tobacco | Import levies (Benelux and France); quotas (Benelux); state monopoly (France and Italy) | |
| Pickled vegetables and fruits | Import levies (Benelux and France); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Mangoes | Import levies (Benelux, France, and Italy); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Raisins | Import levies (Benelux); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); discretionary licensing (Italy) | |
| Apricots | Import levies (Benelux); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Preserved fruits | Import levies (Benelux and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); import duty and compensatory duty (France) | |
| Cotton yarn and fabrics, knitted shirts, jerseys and pajamas, blouses, skirts, and toilet linen | Quotas (Benelux and France); quota (United Kingdom for specific items); specific limits (other countries) | |
| Cotton gloves | Quota (United Kingdom) | |
| Certain sacks and bags | Ceiling under surveillance (Benelux); quota or surveillance (France); surveillance licensing (United Kingdom); global quota (Ireland); export restraints (Italy) | |
| Tarpaulins, sails, awnings, sunblinds, tents, and camping goods of cotton | Ceiling under surveillance (Benelux); quota or surveillance (France); surveillance licensing (United Kingdom); global quota (Ireland); export restraints (Italy) | |
| All other textile items | Surveillance licensing | |
| Certain footwear | Quotas (Benelux); import levy (France); surveillance licensing (United Kingdom); bilateral quota (Denmark and Italy); compensatory and turnover taxes (Italy) | |
| Certain bovine cattle leather | Quotas (Benelux) | |
| Certain positive cinefilms | Ceiling (Benelux); quotas (Italy) | |
| Travel goods of materials other than artificial plastic sheeting | Quotas (Benelux) | |
| Scissors, knives, spoons, forks, and certain other cutlery | Surveillance licensing (United Kingdom); quotas (Benelux); import levy and licensing (France) | |
| United States | ||
| Molasses | Global quota | |
| Certain surgical instruments | Packing and labeling restrictions | |
| Sheeting, duck cloth, towels, knitted shirts, and blouses | Specific limits; packing and labeling restrictions | |
| Print cloth, twill and satins, underwear, other apparel, and other cotton manufactures | Designated consultation levels; packing and labeling requirements; countervailing duties | |
| All other textile items | Aggregate limits and countervailing duties | |
| Fish in all forms | Administrative entry procedures | |
| Japan | ||
| Rice | State trading | |
| Manufactured tobacco | State trading | |
| Unmanufactured tobacco | State trading | |
| Certain leathers | Discretionary licensing | |
| Leather handbags and travel goods | Licensing requirements; 15–20 per cent commodity tax | |
| Leather gloves, apparel, and parts of footwear | Licensing requirements | |
| Fish in all forms | Discriminatory licensing; quantitative restrictions | |
| Motor gasoline and petroleum | State trading | |
| Australia | ||
| Footwear | Import licensing/global quotas; general tariff of 46.5 per cent; preferential tariff for United Kingdom, Canada, and Ireland of 31.5 per cent; handmade leather sandals of f.o.b. value less than $2.50/pair, duty free under handicrafts bylaw | |
| Certain animal feeds | Quarantine restrictions on all types and embargoes on certain animal feeds | |
| Butter and butterfat in most forms | Embargoes | |
| Cheese of all types | Quota restrictions | |
| Dried, evaporated, and condensed milk | Embargoes | |
| Sugar | Sugar Agreement Act | |
| Syrup in all forms | Sugar Agreement Act | |
| Lactose | Import duty | |
| Cotton yarn: finer than 30 tex and not finer than 10 tex | Import levy | |
| Other cotton yarn | Import levy | |
| Cotton yarn: mercerized | Import duty | |
| Cocoa beans and products | International agreement | |
| Turkey and turkey parts and products | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Eggs and egg products | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Beef and veal in all forms (except offal) | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Broadwoven filament polyester fabrics | Surveillance and tariff restrictions | |
| Certain acrylic yarns | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Worsted fabric containing at least 17 per cent by weight of wool from all sources except United Kingdom, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, United States, and Japan | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Textured polyester filament yarn | Surveillance and tariff restrictions | |
| Cotton terry towels and others | Global quota restrictions; import levies | |
| All specimens of endangered wild fauna and flora and derivatives thereof | International agreement | |
| Leather working gloves and mittens of industrial type, made of leather | Import duty | |
| Cotton bags for packing | Import levies | |
| Leather bags | Import duty | |
| Most garments of cotton, wool, and leather, including snowsuits, ski suits, jackets and pants, parkas, double-knit and wrap-knit fabrics, leisure suits, jeans, blouses, T-shirts, pajamas, raincoats, sportswear, swimwear, underwear, sweaters, and leather coats | Quota restrictions, surveillance, and tariff restrictions | |
| Certain footwear, not included elsewhere | Surveillance and tariff restrictions | |
| Certain handbags, not included elsewehere | Surveillance and tariff restrictions | |
| New Zealand | ||
| Mixed fabrics and articles of cotton textile | Import licensing | |
| Scissors and blades | Quantitative restrictions; licensing requirements | |
| Certain sporting goods, including tennis balls, tennis, badminton, and squash rackets, golf clubs, and cricket bats | Quantitative restrictions; licensing requirements | |
| Norway | ||
| Cotton yarn, cotton fabrics, ready-made cottons, leather garments, and footwear | Excluded from Generalized System of Preferences scheme | |
| Sweden | ||
| Leather footwear | Bilateral quota | |
| Knitted undergarments | Export restraint | |
| Certain other textiles and hosiery, including knitted pullovers, bed linen of cotton, certain towels of cotton, and blouses | Specific limits | |
| Switzerland | ||
| Cotton yarn; cotton fabrics; knotted carpets; cotton embroidery; felt and felt articles; certain garments and textiles, including knitted undergarments and outergarments and bed and table linen | All these items are allowed a 50 per cent reduction on the normal tariff. All the items need a permit, except for felt and felt articles, for which no import permit is required. | |
As of June 1980.
Pakistan: Restrictive Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
| Country or Country Group/Product | Type of Measures | |
|---|---|---|
| European Community | ||
| Rice | Import levies; labeling restrictions (Benelux); compensatory levy (France) | |
| Cereal preparations | Import levies (Benelux, France, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Meat and meat products | Import levies (Benelux, France, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); compensatory levy (France) | |
| Molasses | Import levies; compensatory levy (France) | |
| Sugar and sugar preparations | Import levies (Benelux, France, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); compensatory levy (France) | |
| Animal feed | Import levies (Benelux and United Kingdom); import duty (France) | |
| Artificial honey | Import levies (Benelux, France, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Jams and marmalades | Import levies (Benelux, France, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Fruit and vegetable juices | Import levies (Benelux, France, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); compensatory levy (France) | |
| Certain light oils | Packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); compensatory and turnover taxes (Italy) | |
| Certain oil essences | Packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Fish, prawns, mollusks, and other crustaceans | Import levies (Benelux and France); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Manufactured tobacco | Import levies (Benelux and France); labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Certain unmanufactured tobacco | Import levies (Benelux and France); quotas (Benelux); state monopoly (France and Italy) | |
| Pickled vegetables and fruits | Import levies (Benelux and France); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Mangoes | Import levies (Benelux, France, and Italy); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Raisins | Import levies (Benelux); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); discretionary licensing (Italy) | |
| Apricots | Import levies (Benelux); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Preserved fruits | Import levies (Benelux and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); import duty and compensatory duty (France) | |
| Cotton yarn and fabrics, knitted shirts, jerseys and pajamas, blouses, skirts, and toilet linen | Quotas (Benelux and France); quota (United Kingdom for specific items); specific limits (other countries) | |
| Cotton gloves | Quota (United Kingdom) | |
| Certain sacks and bags | Ceiling under surveillance (Benelux); quota or surveillance (France); surveillance licensing (United Kingdom); global quota (Ireland); export restraints (Italy) | |
| Tarpaulins, sails, awnings, sunblinds, tents, and camping goods of cotton | Ceiling under surveillance (Benelux); quota or surveillance (France); surveillance licensing (United Kingdom); global quota (Ireland); export restraints (Italy) | |
| All other textile items | Surveillance licensing | |
| Certain footwear | Quotas (Benelux); import levy (France); surveillance licensing (United Kingdom); bilateral quota (Denmark and Italy); compensatory and turnover taxes (Italy) | |
| Certain bovine cattle leather | Quotas (Benelux) | |
| Certain positive cinefilms | Ceiling (Benelux); quotas (Italy) | |
| Travel goods of materials other than artificial plastic sheeting | Quotas (Benelux) | |
| Scissors, knives, spoons, forks, and certain other cutlery | Surveillance licensing (United Kingdom); quotas (Benelux); import levy and licensing (France) | |
| United States | ||
| Molasses | Global quota | |
| Certain surgical instruments | Packing and labeling restrictions | |
| Sheeting, duck cloth, towels, knitted shirts, and blouses | Specific limits; packing and labeling restrictions | |
| Print cloth, twill and satins, underwear, other apparel, and other cotton manufactures | Designated consultation levels; packing and labeling requirements; countervailing duties | |
| All other textile items | Aggregate limits and countervailing duties | |
| Fish in all forms | Administrative entry procedures | |
| Japan | ||
| Rice | State trading | |
| Manufactured tobacco | State trading | |
| Unmanufactured tobacco | State trading | |
| Certain leathers | Discretionary licensing | |
| Leather handbags and travel goods | Licensing requirements; 15–20 per cent commodity tax | |
| Leather gloves, apparel, and parts of footwear | Licensing requirements | |
| Fish in all forms | Discriminatory licensing; quantitative restrictions | |
| Motor gasoline and petroleum | State trading | |
| Australia | ||
| Footwear | Import licensing/global quotas; general tariff of 46.5 per cent; preferential tariff for United Kingdom, Canada, and Ireland of 31.5 per cent; handmade leather sandals of f.o.b. value less than $2.50/pair, duty free under handicrafts bylaw | |
| Certain animal feeds | Quarantine restrictions on all types and embargoes on certain animal feeds | |
| Butter and butterfat in most forms | Embargoes | |
| Cheese of all types | Quota restrictions | |
| Dried, evaporated, and condensed milk | Embargoes | |
| Sugar | Sugar Agreement Act | |
| Syrup in all forms | Sugar Agreement Act | |
| Lactose | Import duty | |
| Cotton yarn: finer than 30 tex and not finer than 10 tex | Import levy | |
| Other cotton yarn | Import levy | |
| Cotton yarn: mercerized | Import duty | |
| Cocoa beans and products | International agreement | |
| Turkey and turkey parts and products | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Eggs and egg products | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Beef and veal in all forms (except offal) | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Broadwoven filament polyester fabrics | Surveillance and tariff restrictions | |
| Certain acrylic yarns | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Worsted fabric containing at least 17 per cent by weight of wool from all sources except United Kingdom, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, United States, and Japan | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Textured polyester filament yarn | Surveillance and tariff restrictions | |
| Cotton terry towels and others | Global quota restrictions; import levies | |
| All specimens of endangered wild fauna and flora and derivatives thereof | International agreement | |
| Leather working gloves and mittens of industrial type, made of leather | Import duty | |
| Cotton bags for packing | Import levies | |
| Leather bags | Import duty | |
| Most garments of cotton, wool, and leather, including snowsuits, ski suits, jackets and pants, parkas, double-knit and wrap-knit fabrics, leisure suits, jeans, blouses, T-shirts, pajamas, raincoats, sportswear, swimwear, underwear, sweaters, and leather coats | Quota restrictions, surveillance, and tariff restrictions | |
| Certain footwear, not included elsewhere | Surveillance and tariff restrictions | |
| Certain handbags, not included elsewehere | Surveillance and tariff restrictions | |
| New Zealand | ||
| Mixed fabrics and articles of cotton textile | Import licensing | |
| Scissors and blades | Quantitative restrictions; licensing requirements | |
| Certain sporting goods, including tennis balls, tennis, badminton, and squash rackets, golf clubs, and cricket bats | Quantitative restrictions; licensing requirements | |
| Norway | ||
| Cotton yarn, cotton fabrics, ready-made cottons, leather garments, and footwear | Excluded from Generalized System of Preferences scheme | |
| Sweden | ||
| Leather footwear | Bilateral quota | |
| Knitted undergarments | Export restraint | |
| Certain other textiles and hosiery, including knitted pullovers, bed linen of cotton, certain towels of cotton, and blouses | Specific limits | |
| Switzerland | ||
| Cotton yarn; cotton fabrics; knotted carpets; cotton embroidery; felt and felt articles; certain garments and textiles, including knitted undergarments and outergarments and bed and table linen | All these items are allowed a 50 per cent reduction on the normal tariff. All the items need a permit, except for felt and felt articles, for which no import permit is required. | |
As of June 1980.
Philippines: Restrictive Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
As of November 1980.
Multifiber Arrangement.
Philippines: Restrictive Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
| Market | Products Affected | Type of Measure |
|---|---|---|
| Austria | Beet sugar and cane sugar (solid) | Quantitative restrictions; import levy |
| Australia | Beet sugar and cane sugar (solid) | Import prohibition |
| Footwear with outer soles of leather, rubber, or artificial plastic material (other than ski boots or sand boots and shoes) | Quantitative restrictions | |
| Canada | Clothing, wearing apparel, and other articles made from woven cotton fabrics; clothing and other articles of woven man-made fabrics | MFA quotas2 |
| Knitted garments, fabrics, and goods | Quantitative restrictions | |
| European Community | Dates, bananas, coconuts, Brazil nuts, cashew nuts, pineapples, avocados, guavas, and mangosteens (fresh or dried) | Quantitative restrictions and selective tax |
| Coffee, unroasted, not decaffeinated; decaffeinated coffee; fixed vegetable oils | Selective internal tax | |
| Cocoa butter | Import levy and selective internal tax | |
| Fruit juices with sugar added | Specific sugar duty | |
| Ethyl alcohol or neutral spirits | Quantitative restrictions | |
| Outergarments and other articles, knitted or crocheted, not elastic or rubberized | Quantitative restrictions under MFA | |
| Finland | Bananas, coconut oil, raw sugar, pineapples, and oil cakes and other residues | Quantitative restrictions |
| Crystallized sugar | Minimum import price | |
| Japan | Fresh fish, chilled or frozen; dried fish, salted or smoked | Import quotas; discretionary import licensing |
| Crustaceans and mollusks, fresh, chilled, frozen, or prepared | Quantitative restrictions | |
| Coffee, roasted or not; coffee substitutes containing coffee; coffee beans, nonroasted | Selective internal tax | |
| Beet sugar and cane sugar (solid) | Minimum import price | |
| Fruits, prepared or preserved; fruit juices | Import quotas; selective internal tax | |
| Footwear with outer soles of leather or composition leather; footwear with outer soles of rubber or artificial plastic material | Import quotas | |
| New Zealand | Dried fish, salted or in brine, smoked (other than fish livers and salted anchovies) | Quantitative restrictions |
| Copra, copra cake, and coconut oil | Discretionary licensing | |
| Pineapples, prepared or preserved, containing added sugar | Discretionary licensing | |
| Wood, plywood, and builders’ carpentry and jointry | Discretionary licensing | |
| Household utensils of wood, clothespins; furniture, including standard lamps and other fittings of wood and parts thereof | Discretionary licensing | |
| Norway | Fruit mixtures | Quantitative restrictions |
| Sweden | Dried fish, salted or in brine, smoked | Discretionary licensing and import levy |
| Coconut oil, oil cakes of coconut | Import levy | |
| Beet sugar and cane sugar (solid); molasses | Import levy | |
| Switzerland | Copra, coconut oil, and copra oil cake or meal | Quantitative restrictions; import levy |
| Undergarments, knitted or crocheted, of cotton or textiles, not elsewhere specified, not elastic or rubberized | MFA quota | |
| Outergarments and articles, knitted or crocheted, of cotton or textiles, not elsewhere specified, not elastic or rubberized | MFA quota | |
| Men’s or boys’ outergarments of cotton or textiles, not elsewhere specified | MFA quota | |
| United States | Sugar, syrup, and molasses, principally in crystalline or dry amorphous form | Global quota |
As of November 1980.
Multifiber Arrangement.
Philippines: Restrictive Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
| Market | Products Affected | Type of Measure |
|---|---|---|
| Austria | Beet sugar and cane sugar (solid) | Quantitative restrictions; import levy |
| Australia | Beet sugar and cane sugar (solid) | Import prohibition |
| Footwear with outer soles of leather, rubber, or artificial plastic material (other than ski boots or sand boots and shoes) | Quantitative restrictions | |
| Canada | Clothing, wearing apparel, and other articles made from woven cotton fabrics; clothing and other articles of woven man-made fabrics | MFA quotas2 |
| Knitted garments, fabrics, and goods | Quantitative restrictions | |
| European Community | Dates, bananas, coconuts, Brazil nuts, cashew nuts, pineapples, avocados, guavas, and mangosteens (fresh or dried) | Quantitative restrictions and selective tax |
| Coffee, unroasted, not decaffeinated; decaffeinated coffee; fixed vegetable oils | Selective internal tax | |
| Cocoa butter | Import levy and selective internal tax | |
| Fruit juices with sugar added | Specific sugar duty | |
| Ethyl alcohol or neutral spirits | Quantitative restrictions | |
| Outergarments and other articles, knitted or crocheted, not elastic or rubberized | Quantitative restrictions under MFA | |
| Finland | Bananas, coconut oil, raw sugar, pineapples, and oil cakes and other residues | Quantitative restrictions |
| Crystallized sugar | Minimum import price | |
| Japan | Fresh fish, chilled or frozen; dried fish, salted or smoked | Import quotas; discretionary import licensing |
| Crustaceans and mollusks, fresh, chilled, frozen, or prepared | Quantitative restrictions | |
| Coffee, roasted or not; coffee substitutes containing coffee; coffee beans, nonroasted | Selective internal tax | |
| Beet sugar and cane sugar (solid) | Minimum import price | |
| Fruits, prepared or preserved; fruit juices | Import quotas; selective internal tax | |
| Footwear with outer soles of leather or composition leather; footwear with outer soles of rubber or artificial plastic material | Import quotas | |
| New Zealand | Dried fish, salted or in brine, smoked (other than fish livers and salted anchovies) | Quantitative restrictions |
| Copra, copra cake, and coconut oil | Discretionary licensing | |
| Pineapples, prepared or preserved, containing added sugar | Discretionary licensing | |
| Wood, plywood, and builders’ carpentry and jointry | Discretionary licensing | |
| Household utensils of wood, clothespins; furniture, including standard lamps and other fittings of wood and parts thereof | Discretionary licensing | |
| Norway | Fruit mixtures | Quantitative restrictions |
| Sweden | Dried fish, salted or in brine, smoked | Discretionary licensing and import levy |
| Coconut oil, oil cakes of coconut | Import levy | |
| Beet sugar and cane sugar (solid); molasses | Import levy | |
| Switzerland | Copra, coconut oil, and copra oil cake or meal | Quantitative restrictions; import levy |
| Undergarments, knitted or crocheted, of cotton or textiles, not elsewhere specified, not elastic or rubberized | MFA quota | |
| Outergarments and articles, knitted or crocheted, of cotton or textiles, not elsewhere specified, not elastic or rubberized | MFA quota | |
| Men’s or boys’ outergarments of cotton or textiles, not elsewhere specified | MFA quota | |
| United States | Sugar, syrup, and molasses, principally in crystalline or dry amorphous form | Global quota |
As of November 1980.
Multifiber Arrangement.
Provisions for Special and Differential Treatment of Developing Countries Contained in Principal MTN Codes and Understandings1
This is a selective summary of agreements. For details, see GATT, The Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations (Geneva, April 1979) and Supplementary Report (Geneva, January 1980).
Provisions for Special and Differential Treatment of Developing Countries Contained in Principal MTN Codes and Understandings1
| Agreement | Special Provisions for Developing Countries |
|---|---|
| Code on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties | Recognizes that subsidies may be an important part of development programs. Use of export subsidies by developing countries on nonprimary products is not prohibited. Developing countries agree not to use export subsidies in a way that would seriously prejudice the interests of trading partners and to phase them out when they are no longer consistent with competitive or development needs. |
| Antidumping Code | Recognizes that, as special economic conditions affect prices in domestic markets of developing countries, such prices do not provide a commercially realistic basis for dumping calculations. Accordingly, the fact that a developing country’s export price is lower than the comparable domestic price would not per se justify an investigation or the determination of dumping. In such cases, the normal value for the purpose of ascertaining whether the goods are being dumped is to be determined by methods such as comparison of the export price with the comparable price of the like product when exported to any third country, or with the cost of production of the exported goods in the country of origin, plus a reasonable amount for administrative, selling, and any other costs and for profits. A second understanding accepts that developing countries may have difficulties in adapting their legislation to the requirements of the Code. It therefore provides for the granting, on a case-by-case basis, of time-limited exceptions from the relevant provisions of the Code. |
| Code on Customs Valuation | Developing countries may delay applying the Code on Customs Valuation for five years and are given greater powers to counter potentially unfair valuation practices. A special protocol grants developing countries more than a five-year delay if “good cause” is shown and allows them to maintain officially established minimum values for certain goods on a limited and transitional basis. |
| Code on Government Procurement | Fewer public entities in developing countries are expected to be covered than in developed countries, the choice depending on their respective development, financial, and trade needs. |
| Import Licensing Procedures | Developing countries are granted a two-year delay in the application of provisions relating to automatic licensing systems. |
| Framework | In addition to special treatment of developing countries under various codes, the Decision on Differential and More Favorable Treatment and Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries reaffirms the agreement of developed countries that they would not seek concessions from developing countries that are inconsistent with their individual development, financial, and trade needs. However, as developing countries progress economically, they would be expected to participate more fully in the framework of rights and obligations under the GATT. Moreover, an “enabling clause” provides a permanent legal basis within the GATT for preferential trade treatment in favor of, and between, developing countries and for special treatment of the least developed countries. |
This is a selective summary of agreements. For details, see GATT, The Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations (Geneva, April 1979) and Supplementary Report (Geneva, January 1980).
Provisions for Special and Differential Treatment of Developing Countries Contained in Principal MTN Codes and Understandings1
| Agreement | Special Provisions for Developing Countries |
|---|---|
| Code on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties | Recognizes that subsidies may be an important part of development programs. Use of export subsidies by developing countries on nonprimary products is not prohibited. Developing countries agree not to use export subsidies in a way that would seriously prejudice the interests of trading partners and to phase them out when they are no longer consistent with competitive or development needs. |
| Antidumping Code | Recognizes that, as special economic conditions affect prices in domestic markets of developing countries, such prices do not provide a commercially realistic basis for dumping calculations. Accordingly, the fact that a developing country’s export price is lower than the comparable domestic price would not per se justify an investigation or the determination of dumping. In such cases, the normal value for the purpose of ascertaining whether the goods are being dumped is to be determined by methods such as comparison of the export price with the comparable price of the like product when exported to any third country, or with the cost of production of the exported goods in the country of origin, plus a reasonable amount for administrative, selling, and any other costs and for profits. A second understanding accepts that developing countries may have difficulties in adapting their legislation to the requirements of the Code. It therefore provides for the granting, on a case-by-case basis, of time-limited exceptions from the relevant provisions of the Code. |
| Code on Customs Valuation | Developing countries may delay applying the Code on Customs Valuation for five years and are given greater powers to counter potentially unfair valuation practices. A special protocol grants developing countries more than a five-year delay if “good cause” is shown and allows them to maintain officially established minimum values for certain goods on a limited and transitional basis. |
| Code on Government Procurement | Fewer public entities in developing countries are expected to be covered than in developed countries, the choice depending on their respective development, financial, and trade needs. |
| Import Licensing Procedures | Developing countries are granted a two-year delay in the application of provisions relating to automatic licensing systems. |
| Framework | In addition to special treatment of developing countries under various codes, the Decision on Differential and More Favorable Treatment and Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries reaffirms the agreement of developed countries that they would not seek concessions from developing countries that are inconsistent with their individual development, financial, and trade needs. However, as developing countries progress economically, they would be expected to participate more fully in the framework of rights and obligations under the GATT. Moreover, an “enabling clause” provides a permanent legal basis within the GATT for preferential trade treatment in favor of, and between, developing countries and for special treatment of the least developed countries. |
This is a selective summary of agreements. For details, see GATT, The Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations (Geneva, April 1979) and Supplementary Report (Geneva, January 1980).
Developing Countries: Estimated Trade Effects of MTN Tariff Reductions
(In millions of U.S. dollars)
Calculated as 60 per cent of “trade diversion” implied by the GSP schemes as of 1971.
Study prepared by Ginman, Pugel, and Walter (see Sources). An earlier UNCTAD study calculated the reduction in preferential exports at $2.1 billion and the increase in MTN-related exports at $1.7 billion.
Developing Countries: Estimated Trade Effects of MTN Tariff Reductions
(In millions of U.S. dollars)
| Estimated Effect on Exports | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Assumptions | Decline in exports under GSP | Increase in exports due to MTN tariff cuts |
| Baldwin and Murray | Across-the-board tariff cut of 30 per cent Exports of both beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries of GSP schemes Undiscounted 1971 dollars Industrial exports only | –32 | 401 |
| Murray | Across-the-board tariff cut of 50 per cent Estimate limited to trade between Latin America and the United States Undiscounted 1978 dollars Industrial exports only | –10 | 116 |
| Birnberg | Across-the-board tariff cut of 60 per cent Exports of both beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries of GSP schemes Undiscounted 1974/75 dollars Industrial exports only | –83 | 866 |
| Cline, Kawanabe, Kronsjo, and Williams | Average tariff cut of 44 per cent All least developed countries Undiscounted 1971 dollars Industrial exports only | –891 | 833 |
| UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)2 | Reduction in average Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) margin of 27 per cent Average tariff cut of 22 per cent for goods of relevance to least developed countries Industrial and agricultural goods Undiscounted 1976 dollars | –1,800 | 900 |
Calculated as 60 per cent of “trade diversion” implied by the GSP schemes as of 1971.
Study prepared by Ginman, Pugel, and Walter (see Sources). An earlier UNCTAD study calculated the reduction in preferential exports at $2.1 billion and the increase in MTN-related exports at $1.7 billion.
Developing Countries: Estimated Trade Effects of MTN Tariff Reductions
(In millions of U.S. dollars)
| Estimated Effect on Exports | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Assumptions | Decline in exports under GSP | Increase in exports due to MTN tariff cuts |
| Baldwin and Murray | Across-the-board tariff cut of 30 per cent Exports of both beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries of GSP schemes Undiscounted 1971 dollars Industrial exports only | –32 | 401 |
| Murray | Across-the-board tariff cut of 50 per cent Estimate limited to trade between Latin America and the United States Undiscounted 1978 dollars Industrial exports only | –10 | 116 |
| Birnberg | Across-the-board tariff cut of 60 per cent Exports of both beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries of GSP schemes Undiscounted 1974/75 dollars Industrial exports only | –83 | 866 |
| Cline, Kawanabe, Kronsjo, and Williams | Average tariff cut of 44 per cent All least developed countries Undiscounted 1971 dollars Industrial exports only | –891 | 833 |
| UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)2 | Reduction in average Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) margin of 27 per cent Average tariff cut of 22 per cent for goods of relevance to least developed countries Industrial and agricultural goods Undiscounted 1976 dollars | –1,800 | 900 |
Calculated as 60 per cent of “trade diversion” implied by the GSP schemes as of 1971.
Study prepared by Ginman, Pugel, and Walter (see Sources). An earlier UNCTAD study calculated the reduction in preferential exports at $2.1 billion and the increase in MTN-related exports at $1.7 billion.
Occasional Papers of the International Monetary Fund
1. International Capital Markets: Recent Developments and Short-Term Prospects, by a Staff Team Headed by R. C. Williams, Exchange and Trade Relations Department. 1980.
2. Economic Stabilization and Growth in Portugal, by Hans O. Schmitt. 1981.
3. External Indebtedness of Developing Countries, by a Staff Team Headed by Bahram Nowzad and Richard C. Williams. 1981.
4. World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund. 1981.
5. Trade Policy Developments in Industrial Countries, by S.J. Anjaria, Z. Iqbal, L.L. Perez, and W.S. Tseng. 1981.