Front Matter
Author:
Ms. Naheed Kirmani
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,
Mr. Lorenzo L. Pérez
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Mr. Shailendra J. Anjaria
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, and
Mr. Zubair Iqbal
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Language:
English
Keywords:
OP; country; trade; export; GATT; subsidy
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Abstract

This paper contains further work by the Fund staff on trade issues and developments following the pattern of the surveys prepared in 1978 and 1981, mainly focusing on commercial policies of the major trading nations. It also includes a discussion of agricultural protection and issues relating to international trade in agricultural products.

Second Printing with revisions, July 1983

International Standard Serial Number: ISSN 0251-6365

Price: US$5.00

(US$3.00 to university libraries, faculty members, and students)

Address orders to:

External Relations Department, Attention Publications

International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C. 20431

Contents

  • Prefatory Note

  • I. Introduction and Overview

    • Trade trends and economic setting

    • Main trade policy developments

    • Industrial trade policies

    • Agricultural trade policies

    • Implications for developing countries

    • Evolving world trade system

  • II. Trade Trends and Economic Setting

    • Changing trade trends and patterns

    • Factors influencing trade policies

    • Implications for developing countries

  • III. Industrial Trade Policies

    • Trade trends in industrial products

    • Motor vehicles

      • European Community

      • United States

      • Canada

      • Japan

      • Australia

    • Steel

      • European Community

      • United States

      • Canada

    • Textiles and clothing

      • European Community

      • United States

      • Canada

      • Other countries

      • Multifiber Arrangement

    • Shipbuilding

      • European Community

      • Japan

      • United States

      • Other countries

    • Electronics

      • European Community

      • United States

    • Footwear and other leather products

      • European Community

      • United States

      • Canada

      • Australia

  • IV. Agricultural Trade Policies

    • Structure and trends in agricultural trade

    • Agricultural policy objectives and instruments

      • Domestic policies

      • External policies

      • European Community

      • United States

      • Japan

      • Other countries

      • An overview

    • Dairy products

      • Trade trends

      • International framework for trade

      • European Community

      • United States

      • Japan

      • Canada

    • Fats and oils

      • Trade trends

      • International framework for trade

      • European Community

      • United States

      • Japan

    • Grains

      • Trade trends

      • International framework for trade

      • European Community

      • United States

      • Japan

      • Other countries

    • Meat

      • Trade trends

      • International framework for trade

      • European Community

      • United States

      • Japan

      • Canada

    • Sugar

      • Trade trends

      • International framework for trade

      • European Community

      • United States

      • Japan

    • Consequences of agricultural protection

      • Price distortion effects

      • Budgetary cost of domestic support programs

      • International impact

      • Market instability

  • V. Evolving International Trading System

    • Tariff reductions

    • Incidence of nontariff barriers

    • Agreements on nontariff measures

    • Rules on subsidies

    • Rules on dumping

    • Balance of payments restrictions

    • Dispute settlement

    • Agricultural trade liberalization

    • Structural adjustment issues

    • Safeguards

    • Other trade-related issues

      • Services

      • Investment performance requirements

  • SELECTED REFERENCES

  • APPENDICES

  • I. International Framework for the Conduct of Agricultural Trade

    • Main provisions of the GATT

    • Agricultural trade policies and problems

    • Recent developments

  • II. GATT Classifications

  • III. Statistical Tables

  • TABLES

  • 1. Production, Commodity, and Regional Composition of World Trade, 1963 and 1973–81

  • 2. Regional Composition of World Trade in Manufactures, 1973 and 1976–80

  • 3. Non-Oil Exporting Developing Countries: Composition of Trade and Share in World Trade, 1973–80

  • 4. Industrial Countries: Share of Imports in the Apparent Consumption of Manufactured Goods, 1970–80

  • 5. India: Trade Measures Affecting Exports

  • 6. Korea: Trade Measures Affecting Exports

  • 7. Malaysia: Trade Measures Affecting Exports

  • 8. Philippines: Trade Measures Affecting Exports

  • 9. Pakistan: Trade Measures Affecting Exports

  • 10. New Zealand: Trade Measures Affecting Exports

  • 11. Commodity Composition of World Trade in Manufactures, 1973–80

  • 12. Motor Vehicles: World Trade by Major Trading Regions, 1973–80

  • 13. Motor Vehicles: Production, Apparent Consumption, and Share of Imports in Apparent Consumption in Industrial Countries, 1973–80

  • 14. Motor Vehicles: Regional Distribution of World Production, 1973–80

  • 15. Japan: Regional Breakdown of Passenger Car Exports, 1970 and 1979–80

  • 16. Steel: Production. Apparent Consumption, and Employment, 1974 and 1978–81

  • 17. Steel: Share of Imports in Apparent Consumption and Capacity Utilization, 1978–81

  • 18. Steel: Imports, Exports, and Net Trade Balance. 1978–81

  • 19. Textiles and Clothing: Production by Regions, 1963–80

  • 20. Imports of Textiles and Clothing of Selected Industrial Countries, 1973–76 and 1978–80

  • 21. Textiles and Clothing: Bilateral Agreements to Restrict Trade Under Article 4 of the Multifiber Arrangement Maintained in 1981

  • 22. Shipbuilding: World Production and Shares of Major Producers, 1975–81

  • 23. Shipbuilding: Total New Orders, 1976–81

  • 24. Footwear: European Community Production, Trade, Apparent Consumption, and Employment, 1975–80

  • 25. Footwear: U.S. Production, Imports, and Apparent Consumption of Nonrubber Footwear, 1978–81

  • 26. Commodity and Regional Composition of World Trade in Agricultural Products, Prices, and Terms of Trade, 1973–80

  • 27. Butter: Production, Trade, Stocks, and Price Developments, 1972–81

  • 28. Cheese: Production, Trade, Stocks, and Price Developments, 1972–81

  • 29. Bovine Meat: Production, Trade, and Price Developments, 1972–81

  • 30. Wheat: Production, Trade, Stocks, and Price Developments, 1972–74 and 1975–81

  • 31. Fats and Oils: Production, Trade, and Price Developments, 1972–81

  • 32. Sugar: Production, Trade, Consumption, and Price Developments, 1972–81

  • 33. Agricultural Trade by Principal Commodities and Countries, 1972–81

  • 34. Structure of Agricultural Trade of Principal Commodities, 1975–80

  • 35. European Community: Target Prices for Selected Commodities, 1972/73 and 1979/80–1981/82

  • 36. European Community: Regional Distribution of Imports of Principal Agricultural Products, 1962 and 1979

  • 37. European Agricultural Guarantee and Guidance Fund: Guarantee Section, Expenditures by Sector, 1975–82

  • 38. Australia: Exports, Nominal Protection, and Effective Protection for Selected Agricultural Commodities, 1970/71–1979/80

  • 39. European Community: Nominal Protection Coefficients, 1975–80

  • 40. United States: Nominal Protection Coefficients, 1975–80

  • 41. Japan: Nominal Protection Coefficients, 1975–81

  • 42. United States: Domestic Support Program for Dairy Products

  • 43. U.S. Wheat Domestic Support Program

  • 44. Internal Terms of Trade of Industrial Countries, 1974–81

  • 45. European Community: Average Degree of Self-Supply in Selected Agricultural Products, 1956/60, 1968/69, and 1978/79

  • 46. Japan: Self-Supply Levels of Agricultural Commodities, 1960, 1970, and 1975–78

  • 47. Budget Expenditures on Agriculture, 1974–81

  • 48. Indicators of Market Instability in Agricultural and World Trade, 1972–81

  • 49. Tariff Reductions Agreed by Industrial Countries Under the Multilateral Trade Negotiations

  • 50. Sectorial Tariff Reduction Under the Multilateral Trade Negotiations

  • 51. United States: Antidumping, Countervailing Duties, and Escape Clause Actions During 1978–81

  • 52. United States: Other Trade Actions During 1979–81

  • 53. European Community: Trade Actions Under Safeguard and Antidumping Provisions. 1971–82

  • 54. European Community: Trade Actions Under Import Surveillance Provisions, 1971–81

  • 55. Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Actions in Selected Countries, 1980 and 1981

  • 56. Incidence of Major Nontariff Barriers in Selected Industrial Countries in 1980

  • 57. Incidence of Nontariff Barriers in Highly Protected Sectors in Selected Industrial Countries

  • 58. MTN Agreements: Status of Acceptances

  • 59. GATT Consultations on Balance of Payments Restrictions, 1978–June 1982

  • 60. GATT Panels Established Since 1978

  • 61. Invocation of GATT Article XIX, 1978–82

  • 62. Illustrative Summary of Impediments to Trade in Services

  • 63. Illustrative Summary of Performance Requirements for Foreign Direct Investment

  • CHARTS

  • 1. Trends in Nominal Protection Coefficients

  • 2. Selected Industrial Countries: Comparison of Public Subsidies to Enterprises

  • 3. European Community: Comparison of Public Subsidies to Enterprises

Prefatory Note

This study was prepared in the Trade and Payments Division of the Exchange and Trade Relations Department of the International Monetary Fund. Its authors are Shailendra J. Anjaria. Division Chief; Zubair Iqbal. then Assistant Chief of the Division; Naheed Kirmani, Assistant Chief: and Lorenzo L. Perez, Senior Economist. They were assisted by other staff members. The authors are indebted to a number of colleagues, both in the Fund and in other national and international agencies, for their willingness to exchange views and provide information. As the study was completed in July 1982, it does not take into account trade policy developments since then. The authors alone are responsible for the study; any opinions expressed are theirs and do not necessarily represent the views of the Fund.

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Cover Developments in International Trade Policy
Developments in International Trade Policy
ISBN:
9781557750600
ISSN:
0251-6365
Publication Date:
25 Nov 1982
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5089/9781557750600.084
Pages:
140

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