Selected References
Australia, Government of, Industries Assistance Commission: Annual Report, 1980–81 (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1981).
Australia, Government of, Japanese Agricultural Policies: Their Origins, Nature and Effects on Production and Trade, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Policy Monograph No. 1 (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1981).
Australia, Government of, Passenger Motor Vehicles and Components—Post-1984 Assistance Arrangements, Industries Assistance Commission Report No. 267 (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, June 24, 1981).
Bale, Malcolm D., and Bruce L. Greenshields, “Japanese Agricultural Distortions and Their Welfare Value,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 60, No. 1 (February 1978), pp. 59–64.
Barichello, Richard R., The Economics of Canadian Dairy Industry Regulation, Economic Council of Canada, Technical Report No. E/12 (Ottawa, March 1981).
Canada, Government of, Summary of Canada’s Bilateral Restraint Arrangements—Textiles and Clothing, External Affairs of Canada (Ottawa, February 1982).
Commission of the European Communities (CEC), The Agricultural Situation in the Community: 1981 Report (Brussels, 1982). Also, past annual reports.
Commission of the European Communities (CEC), Fifteenth General Report on the Activities of the European Communities in 1981 (Brussels, 1982). Also, past annual reports.
Commission of the European Communities (CEC), Bulletin of the European Communities, various issues (Brussels, 1981 and 1982).
Commission of the European Communities (CEC), “The European Automobile Industry: Commission Statement,” Supplement to the Bulletin of the European Communities, Supp. 2/81 (Brussels, June 16, 1981).
Commission of the European Communities (CEC), Positive Adjustment Policies in the EEC Dairy Sector, Directorate-General for Agriculture (Brussels, June 1981).
Commission of the European Communities (CEC), Commission Communication to the Council on the Situation and Prospects of the Textile and Clothing Industries in the Community, COM(81) 388 final (Brussels, July 27, 1981).
Commission of the European Communities (CEC), Guidelines for European Agriculture, Memorandum to Complement the Commission’s Report on the Mandate of 30 May 1980, COM(81) 608 final (Brussels, October 23, 1981).
Commission of the European Communities (CEC), Commission Proposals on the Fixing of Prices for Certain Agricultural Products and on Certain Related Measures (1982/83), COM(82) 10 final, Vols. I and II (Brussels, January 27 and February 5, 1982).
Commission of the European Communities (CEC), Eleventh Report on Competition Policy (Brussels, 1982).
Denton, Geoffrey, and Seamus O’Cleireacain, Subsidy Issues in International Commerce, Trade Policy Research Center, Thames Essay No. 5 (London, 1972).
Fishlow, Albert, Jean Carriere, and Sueo Sekiguchi, Trade in Manufactured Products with Developing Countries: Reinforcing North-South Partnership, The Trilateral Commission, The Triangle Papers, No. 21 (New York, 1981).
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), FAO Commodity Review and Outlook: 1981–82 (Rome, 1982). Also, past annual reports.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), The State of Food and Agriculture 1981, Director-General’s Report to the Twenty-First Session of the Conference on the State of Food and Agriculture 1981, Rome, 7–26 November 1981, Doc. No. C 81/2 (Rome, August 1981).
Franko, Lawrence G., “Adjusting to Export Thrusts of Newly Industrialising Countries: An Advanced Country Perspective,” Economic Journal (Cambridge, England) Vol. 91 (June 1981), pp. 486–506.
Gardner, Bruce L., The Governing of Agriculture (Lawrence, Kansas: The Regent Press of Kansas, 1981).
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Basic Instruments and Selected Documents, various supplements (Geneva, 1962, 1963, and 1979–81).
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), International Trade, 1980/81 (Geneva, 1981). Also, past annual reports.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), The Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, Report by the Director-General of GATT (Geneva, April 1979); and Vol. II, Supplementary Report (Geneva, January 1980).
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Working Party on Structural Adjustment and Trade Policy: Report to the Council, L/5120 (Geneva, March 16, 1981).
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), “Extension of Multifibre Arrangement Agreed,” Press Release 1304 (Geneva, December 22, 1981).
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), “Address by Mr. Arthur Dunkel, Director-General, GATT, at ‘Ostasiatisches Liebesmahl’, Hamburg, 5 March 1982,” Press Release 1312 (Geneva, March 5, 1982).
Greenaway, David, and Christopher Milner, Protectionism Again…?—Causes and Consequences of a Retreat from Freer Trade to Economic Nationalism (London: The Institute of Economic Affairs, 1979).
Harris, Stuart, “Agricultural Trade and Its International Trade Policy Context,” Center for Resource and Environmental Studies Working Paper R/WP37 (Canberra: Australian National University, 1979), mimeographed.
Helleiner, G.K., and others, Protectionism or Industrial Adjustment? The Atlantic Institute for International Affairs, The Atlantic Papers, No. 39 (Paris, April 1980).
Houck, James P., “Agricultural Trade: Protectionism, Policy, and the Tokyo/Geneva Negotiating Round,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 61, No. 5 (December 1979), pp. 860–73.
International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund, IMF Occasional Paper No. 9 (Washington, April 1982).
Jackson, John H., World Trade and the Law of GATT: A Legal Analysis of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1969).
Johnson, James D., and others, Provisions of the Agriculture and Food Act of 1981, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Economic Report No. 483 (Washington: Government Printing Office, March 1982).
Lutz, Ernst, and Malcolm D. Bale, “Agricultural Protectionism in Industrialized Countries and Its Global Effects: A Survey of Issues,” Aussenwirtschaft (The Swiss Review of International Economic Relations) (Zurich), Vol. 35, No. 4 (December 1980), pp. 331–54.
Lydall, H.F., Trade and Employment: A Study of the Effects of Trade Expansion on Employment in Developing and Developed Countries, A World Employment Programme Study (Geneva: International Labor Office, 1975).
Manger, Jon, “A Review of the Literature on Causes, Effects and Other Aspects of Export Instability,” A Report of Wharton EFA, Inc. for the AID Project on Primary Commodity Stabilization and Economic Development (unpublished, Philadelphia, May 1979).
Marsh, John S., and Pamela J. Swanney, Agriculture and the European Community, University Association for Contemporary European Studies (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1980).
New Zealand Dairy Board, A Survey of the New Zealand Dairy Industry, 4th ed. (Wellington, March 1980).
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Activities of OECD in 1978: Report by the Secretary-General (Paris, 1979). Also, this report for 1980.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Positive Adjustment Policies, Final Report: Summary and Conclusions, Special Group of the Economic Policy Committee on Positive Adjustment Policies, CPE/PAP (82)2 (Paris, April 1982).
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Problems of Agricultural Trade (Paris, 1982).
Page, S.A.B., “The Revival of Protectionism and Its Consequences for Europe,” Journal of Common Market Studies (London), Vol. 20, No. 1 (September 1981), pp. 17–40.
Sampson, Gary P., and Richard H. Snape, “Effects of the EEC’s Variable Import Levies,” Journal of Political Economy (Chicago), Vol. 88, No. 5 (October 1980), pp. 1026–40.
Sampson, Gary P., and Alexander J. Yeats, “An Evaluation of the Common Agricultural Policy as a Barrier Facing Agricultural Exports to the European Economic Community,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 59, No. 1 (February 1977), pp. 99–106.
Saxon, Eric, and Kym Anderson, “Japanese Agricultural Protection in Historical Perspective,” Australia-Japan Research Center and Department of Economics, Research School of Pacific Studies (unpublished, Australian National University, December 1981).
Thomson, K.J., and D.R. Harvey, “The Efficiency of the Common Agricultural Policy,” European Review of Agricultural Economics (The Hague), Vol. 8, No. 1 (1981), pp. 57–83.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Protectionism and Structural Adjustment in the World Economy Report by the UNCTAD Secretariat, Trade and Development Board, Twenty-Fourth Session, TD/B/888 (Geneva, January 15, 1982).
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Protectionism and Structural Adjustment in the Agricultural and Other Commodity Sectors, Progress Report by the UNCTAD Secretariat, Trade and Development Board, Twenty-Fourth Session, TD/B/885 (Geneva, February 18, 1982).
United States, Government of, Report of the Japan-United States Economic Relations Group, Prepared for the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of Japan (January 1981); and Supplemental Report (October 1981).
United States International Trade Commission (USITC), The Multifiber Arrangement, 1973 to 1980, USITC Publication 1131, Vols. 1 and 2 (Washington, March 1981).
United States International Trade Commission (USITC), Certain Steel Products from Belgium, Brazil, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Romania, the United Kingdom, and West Germany, USITC Publication 1221, Vols. I and II; and USITC Publication 1226 (Washington, February 1982).
United States International Trade Commission (USITC), The Effectiveness of Escape Clause Relief in Promoting Adjustment to Import Competition, USITC Publication 1229 (Washington, March 1982).
United States International Trade Commission (USITC), Summary of Statutory Provisions Related to Import Relief, USITC Publication 1231 (Washington, March 1982).
Valdés, Alberto, and Joachim Zietz, Agricultural Protection in OECD Countries: Its Cost to Less-Developed Countries, International Food Policy Research Institute, Research Report 21 (Washington, December 1980).
Warnecke, Steven J., “The European Community and National Subsidy Policies,” in his International Trade and Industrial Policies: Government Intervention and Open World Economy (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1978), pp. 141–74.
Yeats, Alexander J., “Agricultural Protectionism: An Analysis of Its International Economic Effects and Options for Institutional Reform,” Trade and Development: An UNCTAD Review (Geneva), No. 3 (Winter 1981), pp. 1–30.
Appendix I International Framework for the Conduct of Agricultural Trade
The multilateral rules governing world trade recognize certain differences between trade in primary products and other products. These differences are to be found, to some extent, in the provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and, to a larger extent, in the manner in which these rules have been interpreted and applied.
Main Provisions of the GATT
Articles I and II of the General Agreement, which are central to the contractual obligations of GATT members, do not distinguish between agriculture and other sectors. Article I requires contracting parties to apply most-favored-nation treatment with respect to each other in the customs duties and charges levied and in the customs valuation procedures and other formalities applied to trade. Article II obliges contracting parties to levy import duties at rates not in excess of those specified in each country’s schedule of concessions. In successive trade negotiations, these “bound” rates have been lowered, and the proportion of tariff lines included in the schedules of concessions has been increased. In agriculture, however, trade liberalization has lagged behind other sectors. Consequently, the proportion of tariff lines that are GATT-bound is smaller for the agricultural sector than for other sectors. For example, according to preliminary estimates of the GATT Secretariat, post-MTN (Multilateral Trade Negotiations) tariffs for ten major trading nations combined showed that some 66 per cent of tariff lines, representing 81 per cent of most-favored-nation imports, were bound in the agricultural sector, compared with 92 per cent of tariff lines and 96 per cent of imports in industry (excluding petroleum).
In some other GATT provisions, the text of the General Agreement makes specific reference to agriculture. The practical significance of the “exceptions” for agriculture is difficult to assess, because it is not always known to what extent countries base their agricultural trade policy or practice on these GATT provisions. Even so, the differences are illustrative of the consideration given to agricultural trade issues by the framers of the GATT.
One instance of an explicit difference in rules for agriculture is found in GATT Article XI, which places a general ban on quantitative import restrictions and prohibitions. However, there are three specific exceptions that may relate to agriculture: (1) temporary export restrictions applied to prevent or relieve food shortages; (2) import or export restrictions necessary to apply standards for the classification, grading, or marketing of commodities; and (3) import restrictions on an agricultural or fisheries product aimed at removing temporary surpluses or restricting the production or marketing of a like domestic product. Among the major trading nations, Canada applies import restrictions on several agricultural products (dairy products, chicken, and eggs) under the latter provision.
Article XVI of the General Agreement, which regulates domestic and export subsidies, also contains a special rule for agriculture, whose effect is to dilute international discipline in the use of export subsidies in the agricultural sector. Under Article XVI:4, export subsidies on products other than primary products are prohibited. Article XVI:3 governs the use of export subsidies for primary products. Governments are only obliged to “seek to avoid” export subsidies on agriculture; and if they apply them, they should avoid doing so in a manner that would give them “more than an equitable share of world export trade” in the product concerned. Under the Code on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties formulated during the MTN, this provision is reaffirmed, and “more than an equitable share of world export trade” is defined somewhat more precisely.
Article XVI also attempts to regulate the use of domestic or production subsidies. Although these are not prohibited, either for agricultural or industrial products, a contracting party is required to notify the GATT of any subsidy and to consult with other contracting parties when so requested. The Code on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties spells out the provisions on subsidies, and in particular suggests that code signatories should weigh their “possible adverse effects on trade.” It is debatable, however, whether the code provisions involve a significant strengthening of international discipline on subsidies other than export subsidies.
Finally, Article XX of the General Agreement contains some “general exceptions” to all other GATT provisions. Included in the exceptions are measures taken or restrictions applied as a result of “obligations under any intergovernmental commodity agreement” that conforms to criteria accepted by the GATT. Article XX is nonetheless subject to the most-favored-nation rule.
Agricultural Trade Policies and Problems
Perhaps of greater significance than the specific provisions of the GATT and the MTN codes and their applicability to agriculture has been the lack of progress toward significant reforms in the protectionist policies of major trading nations. This has had the effect of establishing precedents that perpetuate restrictive trade policies in the agricultural sector and allow countries to formulate domestic agricultural policies without giving sufficient weight to their possible adverse international repercussions.
Historically, a major development that seriously affected perceptions about rights and obligations of GATT members in agriculture was the approval, in 1955, of a waiver for the United States, authorizing it to apply trade restrictions to a wide range of agricultural products. Most current U.S. restrictions in agriculture discussed in Section IV of this paper, except meat, are covered by the 1955 waiver. The request for the waiver arose from the inclusion, in 1951, of language in U.S. legislation that in effect established the precedence of U.S. law over GATT obligations.77 When it became clear that the U.S. Executive would be obliged to carry out the intent of this legislation regardless of whether the waiver was granted, the only way open to safeguard the legal principles of the GATT was for the other contracting parties to agree to the waiver, which has been in application ever since.78 The U.S. waiver has come under continual criticism during the course of the annual reviews conducted in the GATT over the past 27 years.
Another unresolved issue has been the extensive use of the variable import levy as an instrument of agricultural protection. Although the variable import levy operates as a tax on imports, it differs from the tariff in that its height always adjusts to ensure that lower-cost imports cannot compete with domestic production. The GATT permits a contracting party to impose tariff duties of any level on products not included in the list of items “bound” in its schedule of concessions. Accordingly, a foreign supplier of a product subject to a variable import levy can never be confident of maintaining or increasing his share of that market by underselling domestic producers. Moreover, since the levy is not fixed, it is difficult to negotiate its reduction or elimination.
Another critical problem in the agricultural sector concerns “residual” import restrictions, which usually take the form of quantitative restrictions. These are restrictions that do not have any justification under GATT rules.79 They tend to be used more extensively in the agricultural sector than in other sectors. GATT negotiations typically involve the exchange of “concessions” among contracting parties. As long as the trade liberalization actions being requested by a country of its trading partners involve the lowering of a tariff or the raising or elimination of an import quota from a known and multilaterally accepted level, the mutuality of the concessions exchanged between countries can be assessed at least approximately. However, because residual restrictions are by definition illegal under the GATT, in the negotiating context a country is generally unwilling to “pay” for securing removal of a trading partner’s illegal quota or practice by lowering its own legitimate trade restriction. As a result, the reduction of residual restrictions has been impeded by the issue of whether compensation should be sought or granted for reduction or elimination of an unjustified action.80 Attempts in the GATT to prepare inventories of residual restrictions date from at least 1960 and have met with only limited success.81 For similar reasons, past proposals to introduce multilateral formulas to phase out quantitative import restrictions, whether legal or illegal, have not received the general support of GATT members. The increased frequency with which “voluntary” export restraints have been used in recent years suggests that liberalization of these bilateral arrangements may well face some of the same difficulties as those encountered by trade negotiators with residual import restrictions.
Notwithstanding the difficulties of dealing meaningfully with trade restrictions in the agricultural sector, efforts to study agricultural trade problems and develop workable methods of attenuating the specific adverse effects of national policies on world agricultural markets have been continuing since the 1950s. In 1961, Committee II of the GATT adopted a report on agricultural protectionism, identifying the main instruments used to protect domestic agricultural sectors and the effects of the nontariff measures employed on world trade. It concluded that (1) “non-tariff devices have seriously affected international trade” in the agricultural products examined; (2) “the level of protection and resultant increased production in the traditional importing countries . . . place a heavy burden of adjustment on exporting countries;” and (3) “to the extent that income or price support has resulted in an expansion of relatively less efficient production and in a limitation of consumption, this has contributed to impairment of trade and to inefficiency in resource utilization. . . .”82 The Committee also concluded that “a moderation of agricultural protection in both importing and exporting countries is desirable.” It considered that “a moderation of agricultural protection, through its effects on production and consumption, would have a substantial percentage effect on the volume of international trade; by imposing some restraint on protected production in countries where national resources tied in agriculture can be more effectively re-allocated, it would improve resource utilization throughout the world.”
Recent Developments
In the two decades that have elapsed since this Committee II report was published, there have been numerous changes in the regimes governing agricultural trade. However, despite repeated attempts, progress toward liberalization has been slow. Agricultural issues resurfaced strongly during the Kennedy Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations in 1964–67. The European Community originally offered to identify and bind for three years the existing level of overall support for farm products. For grains, the total level of support was to include unified prices at a level approximately halfway between the higher German prices and the lower French prices. In addition to binding the level of domestic support, the Community proposed to establish a set of international reference prices for basic farm commodities; the difference between the domestic and reference prices would be used to determine the level of import levies and, where appropriate, export subsidies. The offers were rejected by the other negotiating countries partly because the proposals contained no commitment on access to the Community market and allowed the variable import levy to continue to operate unimpeded.83 The Kennedy Round resulted in some tariff cuts in agricultural products subject to fixed tariff protection.
The 1973 GATT ministerial declaration that launched the Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations included in its objectives:
as regards agriculture, an approach to negotiations which, while in line with the general objectives of the negotiations, should take account of the special characteristics and problems in this sector.84
However, the lack of precision in the language of the Tokyo Declaration reflected fundamental differences in approach between the United States and the European Community. The United States wanted the negotiations to lead to the liberalization of agricultural trade and increased access to foreign markets for products of which they were efficient producers, while the Community sought the stabilization of agricultural trade through commodity arrangements, a sufficiently high income level for its farmers, and the preservation of an effective Common Agricultural Policy.85 As a result, there were significant divergences of approach between them on the handling of agricultural trade issues. As already noted, the MTN led to international arrangements on dairy products and bovine meat. Although these arrangements have generally been seen as having contributed to a degree of stability in the international markets for the two products, it is evident that they are aimed primarily at stabilizing the markets in the context of existing domestic agricultural support policies and programs, rather than at bringing about a liberalization of agricultural trade per se.
At the ministerial meeting of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in May 1982, Ministers considered an OECD paper entitled Problems of Agricultural Trade, and unanimously endorsed its conclusions. A main finding of the OECD study is that the degree of protection afforded to agriculture is often greater than is necessary to achieve the desired objectives; accordingly, reduced protection may entail smaller modifications to the agriculture of the countries concerned than is often supposed. The study notes that “the implementation of the desirable marginal adjustments in domestic policies can best take place if such moves are planned and coordinated within a concerted multilateral approach aimed at achieving a balanced reduction in protectionism and a liberalization of trade.” It concludes that “whatever approaches are applied, the aim should be to integrate agricultural trade more fully with the open multilateral trading system to which all OECD countries subscribe.”86
Agricultural trade issues have also been examined recently in the GATT Consultative Group of Eighteen. While a decision on the specific work program to be pursued in the GATT following the November 1982 GATT ministerial meeting has not been reached, it is likely that agricultural trade issues will be included on the agenda of that meeting. When the objective of agricultural trade liberalization is agreed, specific decisions in certain key areas will determine the pace and method of possible future negotiations. Apart from decisions concerning notification and examination of national agricultural policies and improvement of conditions of market access, a key area of discussion may be distortions to competition in agricultural trade—that is, direct and indirect export subsidization.
“No trade agreement or other international agreement heretofore or hereafter entered into by the United States shall be applied in a manner inconsistent with the requirements of this section.”
John H. Jackson, World Trade and the Law of GATT: A Legal Analysis of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1969), pp. 733–37.
Ibid., pp. 313 and 710.
GATT, The Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations (Geneva, April 1979), p. 49.
The interim and final reports of a GATT panel on the adequacy of the notifications of residual restrictions are reproduced in GATT, Basic Instruments and Selected Documents: Eleventh Supplement (Geneva, March 1963), pp. 206–13.
GATT, Basic Instruments and Selected Documents: Tenth Supplement (Geneva, March 1962), pp. 135–14.
See Commission of the European Communities, The Agricultural Situation in the Community: 1981 Report (Brussels, 1982), p. 52; and Ernest H. Preeg, Traders and Diplomats: An Analysis of the Kennedy Round of Negotiations Under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1970), pp. 146–50.
GATT, GATT Activities in 1973 (Geneva, 1974), p. 7.
GATT, The Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations (Geneva, April 1979).
OECD, Problems of Agricultural Trade (Paris, 1982), p. 132.
Appendix II GATT Classifications
Classification of Countries and Regions
Following the definitions used in the GATT publication, International Trade, 1980/81, the trading world is divided into:
-
Industrial countries
United States, Canada, Japan, European Community member countries, EFTA member countries, Gibraltar, Greece, Malta, Spain, Turkey, and Yugoslavia;
-
Oil exporting developing countries 87
Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela;
-
Non-oil exporting developing countries 88
All developing countries except oil exporting developing countries;
-
Eastern trading countries
Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, U.S.S.R., China, Mongolia, North Korea, and Viet Nam;
-
Nonindustrial countries
Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.
For certain commodities, such as shipbuilding and steel, industrial countries are defined to include all members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
For the discussion on agricultural trade, the definitions in the Food and Agriculture Organization publication, FAO Commodity Review and Outlook: 1981–82 are used, and the trading world is divided into:
-
Developed countries
Industrial and nonindustrial countries under the GATT definition, Eastern Europe, and the U.S.S.R.;
-
Developing countries
Oil exporting and non-oil exporting developing countries under the GATT definition, and Asian centrally planned economies;
-
State trading countries 89
U.S.S.R. and Eastern European countries.
Classification of Commodities
-
Semimanufactures
Chemicals and other semimanufactures;
-
Engineering goods
Machinery for specialized industries, office and telecommunications equipment, road motor vehicles, other machinery and transport equipment, and household appliances;
-
Agricultural commodities
Food, beverages, agricultural material, and other agricultural products, excluding fishery and forestry products;
-
Tropical zone agricultural products
Agricultural products produced mostly in tropical zone countries;
-
Temperate zone agricultural products
Agricultural products produced mostly in temperate zone countries;
-
Competing zone agricultural products
Agricultural products produced both in tropical and temperate zone countries;
-
Total trade
Includes the categories “not included elsewhere” and “not classified according to kind.”
Intra-Community Trade
Unless otherwise specified, trade data include intra-Community trade.
Import Penetration
Import penetration is defined as the ratio of imports to apparent consumption (i.e., production plus imports minus exports). Import penetration by developing countries’ markets of manufactures is defined in nominal terms; otherwise it is calculated in volume terms.
The following symbols have been used throughout this paper:
-
… to indicate that data are not available;
-
— to indicate that the figure is zero or less than half the final digit shown, or that the item does not exist;
-
– between years or months (e.g., 1979–81 or January–June) to indicate the years or months covered, including the beginning and ending years or months;
-
/ between years (e.g., 1980/81) to indicate a crop or fiscal (financial) year.
-
“Billion” means a thousand million.
-
Minor discrepancies between constituent figures and totals are due to rounding.
Also referred to in GATT terminology and in this paper as “traditional” oil exporting developing countries.
Includes the “new” oil exporting developing countries: Bahamas, Bahrain, Brunei, Egypt, Mexico, the Netherlands Antilles, Oman, the Syrian Arab Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Virgin Islands.
If not identified separately, they are included in the category of developed countries.
Appendix III Statistical Tables
Production, Commodity, and Regional Composition of World Trade, 1963 and 1973–81
(In billions of U.S. dollars and per cent)
Estimates.
For regional classifications, see Appendix II.
Production, Commodity, and Regional Composition of World Trade, 1963 and 1973–81
(In billions of U.S. dollars and per cent)
| 1963 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 19811 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growth of world output (in per cent) | 5.4 | 8.7 | 2.8 | –1.1 | 7.1 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| World exports (in billions of U.S. dollars) | 154 | 574 | 836 | 873 | 991 | 1,125 | 1,303 | 1,638 | 2,000 | 1,970 | ||
| (Percentage share in world exports) | ||||||||||||
| Agricultural products |
|
29.0 | 21.0 | 18.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 15.0 | … | |
| Nonfuel minerals | 18.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 5.0 | … | ||
| Fuels | 18.0 | 11.0 | 20.0 | 19.0 | 20.0 | 19.0 | 17.0 | 20.0 | 24.0 | … | ||
| Manufactures | 53.0 | 61.0 | 55.0 | 57.0 | 57.0 | 58.0 | 60.0 | 58.0 | 55.0 | … | ||
| Growth of volume of world exports | 7.1 | 11.1 | 3.5 | –2.9 | 11.2 | 4.3 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 1.0 | — | ||
| Regional composition of world trade 2 | (Percentage share in total world exports and imports) | |||||||||||
| Industrial countries | ||||||||||||
| Exports | 64.1 | 68.0 | 63.0 | 63.8 | 62.7 | 62.6 | 64.9 | 63.2 | 61.7 | 61.7 | ||
| Imports | 64.2 | 69.6 | 69.0 | 64.7 | 66.5 | 65.8 | 65.3 | 66.9 | 67.6 | 64.8 | ||
| Oil exporting developing countries |
|
|||||||||||
| Exports | 7.3 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 13.6 | 13.2 | 11.2 | 13.0 | 14.8 | 13.7 | |||
| Imports | 20.4 | 3.6 | 4.5 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 7.6 | ||
| 20.9 | ||||||||||||
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | ||||||||||||
| Exports | 11.9 | 12.0 | 11.3 | 12.0 | 12.6 | 12.2 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 13.5 | |||
| Imports | 14.5 | 16.0 | 15.8 | 14.9 | 15.3 | 15.5 | 16.2 | 15.1 | 16.3 | |||
| Eastern trading countries | ||||||||||||
| Exports | 12.2 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 9.8 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 9.3 | 8.8 | 9.1 | ||
| Imports | 11.7 | 9.9 | 9.0 | 10.5 | 9.7 | 9.4 | 9.7 | 9.0 | 8.5 | 8.8 | ||
Estimates.
For regional classifications, see Appendix II.
Production, Commodity, and Regional Composition of World Trade, 1963 and 1973–81
(In billions of U.S. dollars and per cent)
| 1963 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 19811 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growth of world output (in per cent) | 5.4 | 8.7 | 2.8 | –1.1 | 7.1 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| World exports (in billions of U.S. dollars) | 154 | 574 | 836 | 873 | 991 | 1,125 | 1,303 | 1,638 | 2,000 | 1,970 | ||
| (Percentage share in world exports) | ||||||||||||
| Agricultural products |
|
29.0 | 21.0 | 18.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 15.0 | … | |
| Nonfuel minerals | 18.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 5.0 | … | ||
| Fuels | 18.0 | 11.0 | 20.0 | 19.0 | 20.0 | 19.0 | 17.0 | 20.0 | 24.0 | … | ||
| Manufactures | 53.0 | 61.0 | 55.0 | 57.0 | 57.0 | 58.0 | 60.0 | 58.0 | 55.0 | … | ||
| Growth of volume of world exports | 7.1 | 11.1 | 3.5 | –2.9 | 11.2 | 4.3 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 1.0 | — | ||
| Regional composition of world trade 2 | (Percentage share in total world exports and imports) | |||||||||||
| Industrial countries | ||||||||||||
| Exports | 64.1 | 68.0 | 63.0 | 63.8 | 62.7 | 62.6 | 64.9 | 63.2 | 61.7 | 61.7 | ||
| Imports | 64.2 | 69.6 | 69.0 | 64.7 | 66.5 | 65.8 | 65.3 | 66.9 | 67.6 | 64.8 | ||
| Oil exporting developing countries |
|
|||||||||||
| Exports | 7.3 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 13.6 | 13.2 | 11.2 | 13.0 | 14.8 | 13.7 | |||
| Imports | 20.4 | 3.6 | 4.5 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 7.6 | ||
| 20.9 | ||||||||||||
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | ||||||||||||
| Exports | 11.9 | 12.0 | 11.3 | 12.0 | 12.6 | 12.2 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 13.5 | |||
| Imports | 14.5 | 16.0 | 15.8 | 14.9 | 15.3 | 15.5 | 16.2 | 15.1 | 16.3 | |||
| Eastern trading countries | ||||||||||||
| Exports | 12.2 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 9.8 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 9.3 | 8.8 | 9.1 | ||
| Imports | 11.7 | 9.9 | 9.0 | 10.5 | 9.7 | 9.4 | 9.7 | 9.0 | 8.5 | 8.8 | ||
Estimates.
For regional classifications, see Appendix II.
Regional Composition of World Trade in Manufactures, 1973 and 1976–80
(In per cent)
Includes Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.
Regional Composition of World Trade in Manufactures, 1973 and 1976–80
(In per cent)
| Destination | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial countries | Oil exporting developing countries | ||||||||||||||
| Origin | 1973 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1973 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | |||
| Industrial countries | 73.6 | 67.5 | 67.1 | 66.8 | 68.4 | 66.8 | 4.6 | 10.1 | 10.8 | 10.5 | 8.4 | 9.3 | |||
| Iron and steel | 65.1 | 59.5 | 61.0 | 57.6 | 58.4 | 58.4 | 6.3 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 11.1 | 9.6 | 10.9 | |||
| Chemicals | 69.4 | 69.1 | 68.4 | 67.9 | 68.7 | 66.8 | 4.0 | 5.3 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.1 | 6.2 | |||
| Other semimanufactures | 79.8 | 75.2 | 74.4 | 74.6 | 76.3 | 74.5 | 2.8 | 6.4 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 6.1 | 6.9 | |||
| Engineering products | 73.3 | 64.2 | 64.2 | 64.1 | 66.0 | 66.3 | 5.1 | 12.4 | 8.6 | 12.7 | 10.1 | 10.8 | |||
| Textiles and clothing | 76.5 | 75.1 | 75.3 | 76.6 | 78.2 | 75.3 | 3.8 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 6.0 | 5.1 | 6.6 | |||
| Other consumer goods | 84.9 | 79.8 | 79.3 | 79.1 | 80.3 | 78.6 | 2.7 | 7.0 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 7.0 | 7.6 | |||
| Oil exporting developing countries | 68.4 | 55.9 | 41.3 | 39.7 | 34.0 | 33.0 | 10.5 | 20.1 | 34.8 | 34.5 | 34.0 | 31.7 | |||
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 65.4 | 63.2 | 61.7 | 63.7 | 61.8 | 59.5 | 7.9 | 8.9 | 10.3 | 9.7 | 8.7 | 9.5 | |||
| Iron and steel | 51.6 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 46.8 | 51.3 | … | 15.8 | 18.8 | 18.3 | 14.6 | 19.2 | … | |||
| Chemicals | 44.3 | 47.8 | 48.2 | 50.0 | 61.1 | … | 6.0 | 37.3 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 8.4 | … | |||
| Other semimanufactures | 73.5 | 66.7 | 65.5 | 68.3 | 63.1 | … | 4.7 | 12.5 | 11.0 | 9.5 | 8.1 | … | |||
| Engineering products | 61.1 | 56.0 | 54.0 | 57.4 | 66.2 | … | 6.8 | 10.4 | 13.7 | 12.8 | 10.1 | … | |||
| Textiles and clothing | 67.7 | 68.7 | 67.1 | 68.6 | 68.2 | … | 6.0 | 7.2 | 8.0 | 7.2 | 6.9 | … | |||
| Other consumer goods | 75.2 | 74.4 | 74.0 | 75.7 | 71.9 | … | 4.1 | 5.8 | 7.1 | 7.5 | 6.1 | … | |||
| Eastern trading countries | 16.0 | 15.7 | 16.7 | 16.9 | 18.7 | 19.6 | 3.0 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 5.7 | 5.2 | 5.1 | |||
| Iron and steel | 25.4 | 20.1 | 22.0 | 23.2 | 26.5 | … | 3.1 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 4.9 | 4.4 | … | |||
| Chemicals | 27.7 | 31.5 | 33.9 | 34.4 | 41.5 | … | 1.8 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 3.8 | … | |||
| Other semimanufactures | 28.5 | 32.7 | 33.6 | 38.2 | 38.8 | … | 7.6 | 13.9 | 13.6 | 13.0 | 11.3 | … | |||
| Engineering products | 7.9 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 7.9 | … | 2.5 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 4.4 | … | |||
| Textiles and clothing | 30.3 | 35.7 | 31.5 | 31.7 | 36.2 | … | 3.7 | 5.8 | 6.3 | 7.3 | 6.8 | … | |||
| Other consumer goods | 31.5 | 29.8 | 30.6 | 33.3 | 35.9 | … | 3.7 | 9.1 | 9.4 | 9.3 | 8.5 | … | |||
| Total world1 | 67.0 | 61.7 | 61.8 | 61.8 | 63.2 | 61.9 | 4.6 | 9.5 | 10.3 | 10.0 | 8.3 | 9.0 | |||
| Iron and steel | 59.8 | 54.4 | 55.8 | 53.1 | 54.4 | 54.1 | 6.2 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.6 | 9.8 | … | |||
| Chemicals | 65.2 | 65.4 | 64.9 | 64.7 | 65.8 | 64.3 | 3.9 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.2 | … | |||
| Other semimanufactures | 75.9 | 71.9 | 71.4 | 72.0 | 72.3 | 70.9 | 3.4 | 7.5 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 6.8 | … | |||
| Engineering products | 65.2 | 57.9 | 58.0 | 57.9 | 59.4 | 58.1 | 4.9 | 11.4 | 12.4 | 12.0 | 9.6 | … | |||
| Textiles and clothing | 69.9 | 69.0 | 68.4 | 69.5 | 71.0 | 68.7 | 4.3 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 6.6 | 6.8 | … | |||
| Other consumer goods | 78.1 | 74.0 | 73.6 | 74.5 | 75.2 | 74.1 | 3.0 | 7.1 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 7.2 | … | |||
Includes Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.
Regional Composition of World Trade in Manufactures, 1973 and 1976–80
(In per cent)
| Destination | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial countries | Oil exporting developing countries | ||||||||||||||
| Origin | 1973 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1973 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | |||
| Industrial countries | 73.6 | 67.5 | 67.1 | 66.8 | 68.4 | 66.8 | 4.6 | 10.1 | 10.8 | 10.5 | 8.4 | 9.3 | |||
| Iron and steel | 65.1 | 59.5 | 61.0 | 57.6 | 58.4 | 58.4 | 6.3 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 11.1 | 9.6 | 10.9 | |||
| Chemicals | 69.4 | 69.1 | 68.4 | 67.9 | 68.7 | 66.8 | 4.0 | 5.3 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.1 | 6.2 | |||
| Other semimanufactures | 79.8 | 75.2 | 74.4 | 74.6 | 76.3 | 74.5 | 2.8 | 6.4 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 6.1 | 6.9 | |||
| Engineering products | 73.3 | 64.2 | 64.2 | 64.1 | 66.0 | 66.3 | 5.1 | 12.4 | 8.6 | 12.7 | 10.1 | 10.8 | |||
| Textiles and clothing | 76.5 | 75.1 | 75.3 | 76.6 | 78.2 | 75.3 | 3.8 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 6.0 | 5.1 | 6.6 | |||
| Other consumer goods | 84.9 | 79.8 | 79.3 | 79.1 | 80.3 | 78.6 | 2.7 | 7.0 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 7.0 | 7.6 | |||
| Oil exporting developing countries | 68.4 | 55.9 | 41.3 | 39.7 | 34.0 | 33.0 | 10.5 | 20.1 | 34.8 | 34.5 | 34.0 | 31.7 | |||
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | 65.4 | 63.2 | 61.7 | 63.7 | 61.8 | 59.5 | 7.9 | 8.9 | 10.3 | 9.7 | 8.7 | 9.5 | |||
| Iron and steel | 51.6 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 46.8 | 51.3 | … | 15.8 | 18.8 | 18.3 | 14.6 | 19.2 | … | |||
| Chemicals | 44.3 | 47.8 | 48.2 | 50.0 | 61.1 | … | 6.0 | 37.3 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 8.4 | … | |||
| Other semimanufactures | 73.5 | 66.7 | 65.5 | 68.3 | 63.1 | … | 4.7 | 12.5 | 11.0 | 9.5 | 8.1 | … | |||
| Engineering products | 61.1 | 56.0 | 54.0 | 57.4 | 66.2 | … | 6.8 | 10.4 | 13.7 | 12.8 | 10.1 | … | |||
| Textiles and clothing | 67.7 | 68.7 | 67.1 | 68.6 | 68.2 | … | 6.0 | 7.2 | 8.0 | 7.2 | 6.9 | … | |||
| Other consumer goods | 75.2 | 74.4 | 74.0 | 75.7 | 71.9 | … | 4.1 | 5.8 | 7.1 | 7.5 | 6.1 | … | |||
| Eastern trading countries | 16.0 | 15.7 | 16.7 | 16.9 | 18.7 | 19.6 | 3.0 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 5.7 | 5.2 | 5.1 | |||
| Iron and steel | 25.4 | 20.1 | 22.0 | 23.2 | 26.5 | … | 3.1 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 4.9 | 4.4 | … | |||
| Chemicals | 27.7 | 31.5 | 33.9 | 34.4 | 41.5 | … | 1.8 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 3.8 | … | |||
| Other semimanufactures | 28.5 | 32.7 | 33.6 | 38.2 | 38.8 | … | 7.6 | 13.9 | 13.6 | 13.0 | 11.3 | … | |||
| Engineering products | 7.9 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 7.9 | … | 2.5 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 4.4 | … | |||
| Textiles and clothing | 30.3 | 35.7 | 31.5 | 31.7 | 36.2 | … | 3.7 | 5.8 | 6.3 | 7.3 | 6.8 | … | |||
| Other consumer goods | 31.5 | 29.8 | 30.6 | 33.3 | 35.9 | … | 3.7 | 9.1 | 9.4 | 9.3 | 8.5 | … | |||
| Total world1 | 67.0 | 61.7 | 61.8 | 61.8 | 63.2 | 61.9 | 4.6 | 9.5 | 10.3 | 10.0 | 8.3 | 9.0 | |||
| Iron and steel | 59.8 | 54.4 | 55.8 | 53.1 | 54.4 | 54.1 | 6.2 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.6 | 9.8 | … | |||
| Chemicals | 65.2 | 65.4 | 64.9 | 64.7 | 65.8 | 64.3 | 3.9 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.2 | … | |||
| Other semimanufactures | 75.9 | 71.9 | 71.4 | 72.0 | 72.3 | 70.9 | 3.4 | 7.5 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 6.8 | … | |||
| Engineering products | 65.2 | 57.9 | 58.0 | 57.9 | 59.4 | 58.1 | 4.9 | 11.4 | 12.4 | 12.0 | 9.6 | … | |||
| Textiles and clothing | 69.9 | 69.0 | 68.4 | 69.5 | 71.0 | 68.7 | 4.3 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 6.6 | 6.8 | … | |||
| Other consumer goods | 78.1 | 74.0 | 73.6 | 74.5 | 75.2 | 74.1 | 3.0 | 7.1 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 7.2 | … | |||
Includes Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.
| Destination | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | Eastern trading countries | Total world1 | |||||||||||||||
| 1973 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1973 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1973 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 |
| 14.1 | 14.2 | 14.4 | 15.0 | 15.7 | 16.4 | 4.4 | 5.6 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 82.2 | 81.1 | 81.8 | 81.6 | 81.3 | 81.4 |
| 15.2 | 13.2 | 14.1 | 15.1 | 15.8 | 17.9 | 11.4 | 15.5 | 13.2 | 15.1 | 15.0 | 11.4 | 83.6 | 82.4 | 81.9 | 82.5 | 82.1 | 81.7 |
| 18.1 | 16.7 | 16.9 | 17.7 | 17.8 | 18.0 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 6.3 | 87.1 | 86.1 | 86.5 | 86.8 | 87.0 | 86.7 |
| 11.4 | 12.1 | 12.6 | 13.1 | 12.6 | 12.8 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 80.5 | 80.9 | 79.9 | 79.4 | 79.8 | 80.4 |
| 17.0 | 15.1 | 17.7 | 18.8 | 20.1 | 19.9 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 84.9 | 85.2 | 85.1 | 84.6 | 84.0 | 84.2 |
| 11.9 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 10.9 | 10.6 | 11.2 | 4.5 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 66.9 | 62.8 | 63.1 | 62.4 | 62.0 | 61.8 |
| 7.6 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 8.6 | 8.9 | 9.7 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 76.0 | 73.8 | 73.9 | 73.8 | 74.8 | 74.2 |
| 15.8 | 20.6 | 19.6 | 22.4 | 29.0 | 31.7 | 7.4 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| 22.5 | 22.0 | 23.1 | 23.6 | 25.0 | 26.3 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 6.7 | 8.1 | 7.7 | 8.0 | 8.6 | 8.7 |
| 28.4 | 28.1 | 27.8 | 25.9 | 29.5 | … | 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 4.2 | 3.9 | … | 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 5.5 | … |
| 40.9 | 37.3 | 37.4 | 36.5 | 38.9 | … | 2.7 | 6.0 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 3.1 | … | 4.3 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.0 | … |
| 16.8 | 16.7 | 19.5 | 20.3 | 23.2 | … | 3.5 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 4.0 | … | 11.7 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 12.1 | 12.4 | … |
| 29.8 | 29.6 | 29.5 | 30.1 | 30.7 | … | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.6 | … | 3.2 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 5.3 | … |
| 17.3 | 15.8 | 17.4 | 18.0 | 18.7 | … | 5.0 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 3.6 | 2.9 | … | 21.9 | 27.1 | 26.1 | 26.2 | 26.7 | … |
| 14.5 | 14.9 | 14.4 | 14.5 | 16.0 | … | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.3 | … | 13.1 | 15.8 | 15.8 | 16.2 | 16.3 | … |
| 10.4 | 10.0 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 11.8 | 13.4 | 70.5 | 69.3 | 67.3 | 66.7 | 63.9 | 61.6 | 10.0 | 9.5 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 8.5 |
| 9.3 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 11.4 | … | 62.2 | 67.8 | 66.1 | 63.4 | 58.8 | … | 11.4 | 11.9 | 11.7 | 10.8 | 9.6 | … |
| 11.0 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 13.4 | 13.2 | … | 59.5 | 51.0 | 49.5 | 48.8 | 41.5 | … | 6.5 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 6.3 | 6.1 | … |
| 24.1 | 22.9 | 20.3 | 18.8 | 21.3 | … | 39.9 | 30.6 | 30.5 | 29.0 | 28.8 | … | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 5.0 | … |
| 8.3 | 7.9 | 8.6 | 8.4 | 9.9 | … | 81.3 | 80.3 | 79.0 | 79.1 | 77.7 | … | 11.3 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.0 | … |
| 15.9 | 12.6 | 14.2 | 17.4 | 18.4 | … | 47.9 | 51.2 | 46.9 | 41.3 | 36.8 | … | 9.8 | 9.1 | 9.6 | 10.0 | 9.7 | … |
| 12.0 | 16.8 | 15.3 | 14.4 | 13.2 | … | 51.5 | 43.8 | 43.5 | 41.2 | 40.6 | … | 9.9 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 8.4 | 7.5 | … |
| 14.4 | 14.4 | 14.8 | 15.4 | 16.3 | 17.1 | 10.9 | 11.4 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 9.8 | 9.3 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| 15.3 | 13.3 | 14.2 | 15.3 | 16.3 | … | 16.8 | 21.1 | 18.8 | 19.6 | 18.5 | … | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| 18.9 | 17.5 | 17.8 | 18.5 | 18.1 | … | 8.6 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 8.6 | 7.7 | … | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| 13.0 | 13.1 | 13.5 | 14.2 | 14.5 | … | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 4.6 | … | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| 14.4 | 15.0 | 15.2 | 15.8 | 17.1 | … | 12.3 | 9.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.3 | … | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| 13.4 | 11.0 | 13.2 | 13.4 | 13.7 | … | 8.8 | 8.1 | 8.8 | 7.8 | 6.8 | … | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| 9.1 | 9.9 | 9.7 | 10.1 | 10.5 | … | 6.8 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 4.6 | … | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| Destination | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-oil exporting developing countries | Eastern trading countries | Total world1 | |||||||||||||||
| 1973 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1973 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1973 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 |
| 14.1 | 14.2 | 14.4 | 15.0 | 15.7 | 16.4 | 4.4 | 5.6 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 82.2 | 81.1 | 81.8 | 81.6 | 81.3 | 81.4 |
| 15.2 | 13.2 | 14.1 | 15.1 | 15.8 | 17.9 | 11.4 | 15.5 | 13.2 | 15.1 | 15.0 | 11.4 | 83.6 | 82.4 | 81.9 | 82.5 | 82.1 | 81.7 |
| 18.1 | 16.7 | 16.9 | 17.7 | 17.8 | 18.0 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 6.3 | 87.1 | 86.1 | 86.5 | 86.8 | 87.0 | 86.7 |
| 11.4 | 12.1 | 12.6 | 13.1 | 12.6 | 12.8 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 80.5 | 80.9 | 79.9 | 79.4 | 79.8 | 80.4 |
| 17.0 | 15.1 | 17.7 | 18.8 | 20.1 | 19.9 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 84.9 | 85.2 | 85.1 | 84.6 | 84.0 | 84.2 |
| 11.9 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 10.9 | 10.6 | 11.2 | 4.5 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 66.9 | 62.8 | 63.1 | 62.4 | 62.0 | 61.8 |
| 7.6 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 8.6 | 8.9 | 9.7 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 76.0 | 73.8 | 73.9 | 73.8 | 74.8 | 74.2 |
| 15.8 | 20.6 | 19.6 | 22.4 | 29.0 | 31.7 | 7.4 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| 22.5 | 22.0 | 23.1 | 23.6 | 25.0 | 26.3 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 6.7 | 8.1 | 7.7 | 8.0 | 8.6 | 8.7 |
| 28.4 | 28.1 | 27.8 | 25.9 | 29.5 | … | 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 4.2 | 3.9 | … | 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 5.5 | … |
| 40.9 | 37.3 | 37.4 | 36.5 | 38.9 | … | 2.7 | 6.0 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 3.1 | … | 4.3 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.0 | … |
| 16.8 | 16.7 | 19.5 | 20.3 | 23.2 | … | 3.5 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 4.0 | … | 11.7 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 12.1 | 12.4 | … |
| 29.8 | 29.6 | 29.5 | 30.1 | 30.7 | … | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.6 | … | 3.2 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 5.3 | … |
| 17.3 | 15.8 | 17.4 | 18.0 | 18.7 | … | 5.0 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 3.6 | 2.9 | … | 21.9 | 27.1 | 26.1 | 26.2 | 26.7 | … |
| 14.5 | 14.9 | 14.4 | 14.5 | 16.0 | … | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.3 | … | 13.1 | 15.8 | 15.8 | 16.2 | 16.3 | … |
| 10.4 | 10.0 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 11.8 | 13.4 | 70.5 | 69.3 | 67.3 | 66.7 | 63.9 | 61.6 | 10.0 | 9.5 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 8.5 |
| 9.3 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 11.4 | … | 62.2 | 67.8 | 66.1 | 63.4 | 58.8 | … | 11.4 | 11.9 | 11.7 | 10.8 | 9.6 | … |
| 11.0 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 13.4 | 13.2 | … | 59.5 | 51.0 | 49.5 | 48.8 | 41.5 | … | 6.5 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 6.3 | 6.1 | … |
| 24.1 | 22.9 | 20.3 | 18.8 | 21.3 | … | 39.9 | 30.6 | 30.5 | 29.0 | 28.8 | … | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 5.0 | … |
| 8.3 | 7.9 | 8.6 | 8.4 | 9.9 | … | 81.3 | 80.3 | 79.0 | 79.1 | 77.7 | … | 11.3 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.0 | … |
| 15.9 | 12.6 | 14.2 | 17.4 | 18.4 | … | 47.9 | 51.2 | 46.9 | 41.3 | 36.8 | … | 9.8 | 9.1 | 9.6 | 10.0 | 9.7 | … |
| 12.0 | 16.8 | 15.3 | 14.4 | 13.2 | … | 51.5 | 43.8 | 43.5 | 41.2 | 40.6 | … | 9.9 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 8.4 | 7.5 | … |
| 14.4 | 14.4 | 14.8 | 15.4 | 16.3 | 17.1 | 10.9 | 11.4 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 9.8 | 9.3 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| 15.3 | 13.3 | 14.2 | 15.3 | 16.3 | … | 16.8 | 21.1 | 18.8 | 19.6 | 18.5 | … | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| 18.9 | 17.5 | 17.8 | 18.5 | 18.1 | … | 8.6 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 8.6 | 7.7 | … | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| 13.0 | 13.1 | 13.5 | 14.2 | 14.5 | … | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 4.6 | … | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| 14.4 | 15.0 | 15.2 | 15.8 | 17.1 | … | 12.3 | 9.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.3 | … | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| 13.4 | 11.0 | 13.2 | 13.4 | 13.7 | … | 8.8 | 8.1 | 8.8 | 7.8 | 6.8 | … | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| 9.1 | 9.9 | 9.7 | 10.1 | 10.5 | … | 6.8 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 4.6 | … | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Non-Oil Exporting Developing Countries: Composition of Trade and Share in World Trade, 1973–80
(In per cent and billions of U.S. dollars)
Provisional figures.
Non-Oil Exporting Developing Countries: Composition of Trade and Share in World Trade, 1973–80
(In per cent and billions of U.S. dollars)
| Exports | Imports | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Products | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 19801 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 19801 | ||
| Commodity composition | ||||||||||||||||||
| Primary products | 64.8 | 68.3 | 67.2 | 63.6 | 62.1 | 58.5 | 58.2 | 60.8 | 35.3 | 41.5 | 41.1 | 40.9 | 39.3 | 36.5 | 38.8 | 41.7 | ||
| Food | 32.3 | 29.6 | 31.6 | 29.8 | 31.0 | 29.1 | 26.3 | … | 15.7 | 14.3 | 14.4 | 12.7 | 11.9 | 12.3 | 11.9 | … | ||
| Raw materials | 11.3 | 9.1 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 7.2 | 7.7 | … | 5.3 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.8 | … | ||
| Other | 21.2 | 29.6 | 28.4 | 26.1 | 23.7 | 22.2 | 24.2 | … | 14.3 | 23.3 | 23.4 | 24.4 | 23.5 | 20.3 | 23.1 | … | ||
| Manufactured products | 33.9 | 30.4 | 31.6 | 35.4 | 35.1 | 39.8 | 39.7 | 38.8 | 60.4 | 55.5 | 56.5 | 55.1 | 55.5 | 60.0 | 58.0 | 55.6 | ||
| Semimanufactures | 9.0 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 9.8 | 9.9 | … | 19.3 | 20.1 | 18.0 | 16.5 | 16.3 | 18.2 | 18.1 | … | ||
| Engineering products | 8.7 | 8.5 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 11.1 | 12.8 | 13.2 | … | 32.6 | 28.8 | 32.2 | 32.1 | 32.1 | 34.4 | 32.8 | … | ||
| Textiles | 5.9 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 4.8 | … | 4.7 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.4 | … | ||
| Clothing | 5.6 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 6.6 | 6.1 | … | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | … | ||
| Other consumer goods | 4.7 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 5.6 | … | 2.7 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 2.8 | … | ||
| Other | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 6.4 | 4.3 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 4.0 | 5.2 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 2.7 | ||
| Total (in billions of U.S. dollars) | 68.3 | 100.3 | 98.8 | 119.1 | 141.8 | 158.7 | 205.7 | 245.0 | 82.9 | 131.8 | 138.3 | 148.2 | 172.4 | 201.8 | 265.4 | 335.0 | ||
| Share in world trade | ||||||||||||||||||
| Primary products | 20.4 | 18.8 | 18.5 | 18.7 | 19.4 | 18.9 | 18.1 | 17.4 | 13.5 | 15.1 | 15.7 | 15.2 | 14.9 | 15.0 | 15.5 | 16.3 | ||
| Food | 25.5 | 27.5 | 27.3 | 28.8 | 31.2 | 28.4 | 27.7 | … | 15.1 | 17.4 | 17.4 | 15.9 | 14.5 | 15.3 | 16.1 | … | ||
| Raw materials | 22.2 | 22.7 | 20.6 | 21.5 | 22.4 | 21.9 | 23.1 | … | 12.7 | 12.9 | 13.7 | 13.3 | 14.4 | 15.0 | 14.7 | … | ||
| Other | 15.2 | 13.8 | 13.2 | 13.0 | 12.2 | 12.8 | 12.5 | … | 12.4 | 14.3 | 15.0 | 15.1 | 15.2 | 14.8 | 15.3 | … | ||
| Manufactured products | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 8.0 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 14.4 | 16.0 | 15.6 | 14.4 | 14.8 | 15.4 | 16.3 | 17.1 | ||
| Semimanufactures | 6.2 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 7.0 | 7.2 | … | 16.1 | 17.8 | 17.0 | 15.1 | 15.6 | 16.4 | 17.0 | … | ||
| Engineering products | 3.1 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 5.3 | … | 14.4 | 16.1 | 15.9 | 15.0 | 15.2 | 15.8 | 17.1 | … | ||
| Textiles | 17.3 | 17.6 | 16.9 | 19.2 | 18.5 | 18.8 | 19.9 | … | 16.8 | 17.2 | 16.9 | 16.8 | 17.8 | 17.9 | 18.2 | … | ||
| Clothing | 30.3 | 31.9 | 32.3 | 38.8 | 37.1 | 36.9 | 36.4 | … | 7.1 | 7.2 | 6.2 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 6.9 | 7.1 | … | ||
| Other consumer goods | 13.1 | 13.0 | 13.4 | 15.8 | 15.8 | 16.2 | 16.3 | … | 9.1 | 9.6 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 9.7 | 10.1 | 10.5 | … | ||
Provisional figures.
Non-Oil Exporting Developing Countries: Composition of Trade and Share in World Trade, 1973–80
(In per cent and billions of U.S. dollars)
| Exports | Imports | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Products | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 19801 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 19801 | ||
| Commodity composition | ||||||||||||||||||
| Primary products | 64.8 | 68.3 | 67.2 | 63.6 | 62.1 | 58.5 | 58.2 | 60.8 | 35.3 | 41.5 | 41.1 | 40.9 | 39.3 | 36.5 | 38.8 | 41.7 | ||
| Food | 32.3 | 29.6 | 31.6 | 29.8 | 31.0 | 29.1 | 26.3 | … | 15.7 | 14.3 | 14.4 | 12.7 | 11.9 | 12.3 | 11.9 | … | ||
| Raw materials | 11.3 | 9.1 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 7.2 | 7.7 | … | 5.3 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.8 | … | ||
| Other | 21.2 | 29.6 | 28.4 | 26.1 | 23.7 | 22.2 | 24.2 | … | 14.3 | 23.3 | 23.4 | 24.4 | 23.5 | 20.3 | 23.1 | … | ||
| Manufactured products | 33.9 | 30.4 | 31.6 | 35.4 | 35.1 | 39.8 | 39.7 | 38.8 | 60.4 | 55.5 | 56.5 | 55.1 | 55.5 | 60.0 | 58.0 | 55.6 | ||
| Semimanufactures | 9.0 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 9.8 | 9.9 | … | 19.3 | 20.1 | 18.0 | 16.5 | 16.3 | 18.2 | 18.1 | … | ||
| Engineering products | 8.7 | 8.5 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 11.1 | 12.8 | 13.2 | … | 32.6 | 28.8 | 32.2 | 32.1 | 32.1 | 34.4 | 32.8 | … | ||
| Textiles | 5.9 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 4.8 | … | 4.7 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.4 | … | ||
| Clothing | 5.6 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 6.6 | 6.1 | … | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | … | ||
| Other consumer goods | 4.7 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 5.6 | … | 2.7 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 2.8 | … | ||
| Other | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 6.4 | 4.3 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 4.0 | 5.2 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 2.7 | ||
| Total (in billions of U.S. dollars) | 68.3 | 100.3 | 98.8 | 119.1 | 141.8 | 158.7 | 205.7 | 245.0 | 82.9 | 131.8 | 138.3 | 148.2 | 172.4 | 201.8 | 265.4 | 335.0 | ||
| Share in world trade | ||||||||||||||||||
| Primary products | 20.4 | 18.8 | 18.5 | 18.7 | 19.4 | 18.9 | 18.1 | 17.4 | 13.5 | 15.1 | 15.7 | 15.2 | 14.9 | 15.0 | 15.5 | 16.3 | ||
| Food | 25.5 | 27.5 | 27.3 | 28.8 | 31.2 | 28.4 | 27.7 | … | 15.1 | 17.4 | 17.4 | 15.9 | 14.5 | 15.3 | 16.1 | … | ||
| Raw materials | 22.2 | 22.7 | 20.6 | 21.5 | 22.4 | 21.9 | 23.1 | … | 12.7 | 12.9 | 13.7 | 13.3 | 14.4 | 15.0 | 14.7 | … | ||
| Other | 15.2 | 13.8 | 13.2 | 13.0 | 12.2 | 12.8 | 12.5 | … | 12.4 | 14.3 | 15.0 | 15.1 | 15.2 | 14.8 | 15.3 | … | ||
| Manufactured products | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 8.0 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 14.4 | 16.0 | 15.6 | 14.4 | 14.8 | 15.4 | 16.3 | 17.1 | ||
| Semimanufactures | 6.2 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 7.0 | 7.2 | … | 16.1 | 17.8 | 17.0 | 15.1 | 15.6 | 16.4 | 17.0 | … | ||
| Engineering products | 3.1 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 5.3 | … | 14.4 | 16.1 | 15.9 | 15.0 | 15.2 | 15.8 | 17.1 | … | ||
| Textiles | 17.3 | 17.6 | 16.9 | 19.2 | 18.5 | 18.8 | 19.9 | … | 16.8 | 17.2 | 16.9 | 16.8 | 17.8 | 17.9 | 18.2 | … | ||
| Clothing | 30.3 | 31.9 | 32.3 | 38.8 | 37.1 | 36.9 | 36.4 | … | 7.1 | 7.2 | 6.2 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 6.9 | 7.1 | … | ||
| Other consumer goods | 13.1 | 13.0 | 13.4 | 15.8 | 15.8 | 16.2 | 16.3 | … | 9.1 | 9.6 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 9.7 | 10.1 | 10.5 | … | ||
Provisional figures.
Industrial Countries: Share of Imports in the Apparent Consumption of Manufactured Goods, 1970–801
(In per cent)
Excludes jewelry.
Preliminary data subject to revision.
Average annual rate of growth estimated by an ordinary-least-square regression.
Includes oil exporting developing countries.
Industrial Countries: Share of Imports in the Apparent Consumption of Manufactured Goods, 1970–801
(In per cent)
| Share in Apparent Consumption | Growth of Import Shares | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 19802 | 1970–803 | |||||
| All imports | Imports from developing countries3 | All imports | Imports from developing countries3 | All imports | Imports from developing countries4 | ||
| Australia | 22.3 | 2.1 | 25.9 | 5.5 | 2.6 | 11.0 | |
| Canada | 27.0 | 1.3 | 31.1 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 5.0 | |
| European Community | 20.4 | 2.5 | 31.8 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 6.7 | |
| Belgium | 57.5 | 5.7 | 80.1 | 6.2 | 3.2 | 1.4 | |
| France | 16.2 | 1.9 | 23.1 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 7.8 | |
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 19.3 | 2.3 | 30.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 8.1 | |
| Italy | 16.3 | 2.2 | 31.6 | 5.2 | 6.8 | 9.3 | |
| Netherlands | 52.3 | 3.9 | 62.1 | 7.5 | 2.0 | 6.7 | |
| United Kingdom | 15.8 | 2.8 | 26.6 | 4.1 | 5.8 | 3.8 | |
| Japan | 4.7 | 1.3 | 6.2 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 5.8 | |
| Sweden | 31.3 | 2.8 | 37.9 | 3.8 | 2.5 | 3.9 | |
| United States | 5.5 | 1.3 | 8.6 | 2.9 | 4.5 | 8.6 | |
| Industrial countries | 11.6 | 1.7 | 17.6 | 3.4 | 4.3 | 7.2 | |
Excludes jewelry.
Preliminary data subject to revision.
Average annual rate of growth estimated by an ordinary-least-square regression.
Includes oil exporting developing countries.
Industrial Countries: Share of Imports in the Apparent Consumption of Manufactured Goods, 1970–801
(In per cent)
| Share in Apparent Consumption | Growth of Import Shares | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 19802 | 1970–803 | |||||
| All imports | Imports from developing countries3 | All imports | Imports from developing countries3 | All imports | Imports from developing countries4 | ||
| Australia | 22.3 | 2.1 | 25.9 | 5.5 | 2.6 | 11.0 | |
| Canada | 27.0 | 1.3 | 31.1 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 5.0 | |
| European Community | 20.4 | 2.5 | 31.8 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 6.7 | |
| Belgium | 57.5 | 5.7 | 80.1 | 6.2 | 3.2 | 1.4 | |
| France | 16.2 | 1.9 | 23.1 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 7.8 | |
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 19.3 | 2.3 | 30.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 8.1 | |
| Italy | 16.3 | 2.2 | 31.6 | 5.2 | 6.8 | 9.3 | |
| Netherlands | 52.3 | 3.9 | 62.1 | 7.5 | 2.0 | 6.7 | |
| United Kingdom | 15.8 | 2.8 | 26.6 | 4.1 | 5.8 | 3.8 | |
| Japan | 4.7 | 1.3 | 6.2 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 5.8 | |
| Sweden | 31.3 | 2.8 | 37.9 | 3.8 | 2.5 | 3.9 | |
| United States | 5.5 | 1.3 | 8.6 | 2.9 | 4.5 | 8.6 | |
| Industrial countries | 11.6 | 1.7 | 17.6 | 3.4 | 4.3 | 7.2 | |
Excludes jewelry.
Preliminary data subject to revision.
Average annual rate of growth estimated by an ordinary-least-square regression.
Includes oil exporting developing countries.
India: Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
As of January 1, 1982.
India: Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
| Country | Products Affected | Type of Measure |
|---|---|---|
| Australia | Leather footwear (excluding gum boots and supporting footwear and parts thereof), handicrafts | Global quota |
| Bedsheets, women’s and girls’ blouses and garments, finished outer garments for men and boys, and women’s, girls’, and infants’ costumes and dresses | Tariff quota | |
| Power hacksaws | Antidumping duty | |
| Canada | Leather footwear, leather work gloves, leather coats | Global quota |
| Blouses, dresses, shirts, outerwear, knitted T-shirts, garments made from handloomed fabrics | Quantitative restrictions | |
| European Community | Leather footwear | Import licensing |
| Knives with cutting blades, garments | Quantitative restrictions | |
| Iron and steel products | Minimum price undertaking | |
| Shirts and blouses, dresses | Voluntary export restraints | |
| Narrow woven fabrics of jute, jute bags and sacks, silk yarn, woven fabrics of other vegetable textile fibers, carpets and rugs of silk, coir mats and matting | Global quota | |
| Japan | Leather footwear | Quantitative restrictions |
| Norway | Jackets (not knitted) | Quantitative restrictions |
| Blouses, shirts, and bed linen | Voluntary export restraints | |
| Philippines | V-belts, transmission belts, and conveyor belts of rubber | Countervailing duties |
| Spanners and wrenches | Antidumping duties on imports of affected products in September 1980 | |
| United States | Industrial fasteners (nuts and bolts), iron metal castings, leather footwear, and lasted uppers | Countervailing duties |
| Dresses, knit shirts and blouses, men’s and boys’ shirts (not knitted), cotton blouses, and trousers | Quantitative restrictions |
As of January 1, 1982.
India: Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
| Country | Products Affected | Type of Measure |
|---|---|---|
| Australia | Leather footwear (excluding gum boots and supporting footwear and parts thereof), handicrafts | Global quota |
| Bedsheets, women’s and girls’ blouses and garments, finished outer garments for men and boys, and women’s, girls’, and infants’ costumes and dresses | Tariff quota | |
| Power hacksaws | Antidumping duty | |
| Canada | Leather footwear, leather work gloves, leather coats | Global quota |
| Blouses, dresses, shirts, outerwear, knitted T-shirts, garments made from handloomed fabrics | Quantitative restrictions | |
| European Community | Leather footwear | Import licensing |
| Knives with cutting blades, garments | Quantitative restrictions | |
| Iron and steel products | Minimum price undertaking | |
| Shirts and blouses, dresses | Voluntary export restraints | |
| Narrow woven fabrics of jute, jute bags and sacks, silk yarn, woven fabrics of other vegetable textile fibers, carpets and rugs of silk, coir mats and matting | Global quota | |
| Japan | Leather footwear | Quantitative restrictions |
| Norway | Jackets (not knitted) | Quantitative restrictions |
| Blouses, shirts, and bed linen | Voluntary export restraints | |
| Philippines | V-belts, transmission belts, and conveyor belts of rubber | Countervailing duties |
| Spanners and wrenches | Antidumping duties on imports of affected products in September 1980 | |
| United States | Industrial fasteners (nuts and bolts), iron metal castings, leather footwear, and lasted uppers | Countervailing duties |
| Dresses, knit shirts and blouses, men’s and boys’ shirts (not knitted), cotton blouses, and trousers | Quantitative restrictions |
As of January 1, 1982.
Korea: Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
As of January 1, 1982.
Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
Korea: Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
| Country | Products Affected | Type of Measure | Year of Introduction |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | Plywood | Tariff quota | 1978 |
| Textiles | Tariff quota | 1974–77 | |
| Tire cords and fabrics | Tariff quota | 1977 | |
| Footwear | Import quota | 1976 | |
| Sheets and plates of iron steel | Tariff quota | 1978 | |
| Razors | Tariff quota | 1978 | |
| Electric refrigerators | Tariff quota | 1978 | |
| Chain pulley tackle and hoists | Tariff quota | 1978 | |
| Electric insulators | Tariff quota | 1977 | |
| Passenger motor vehicles | Tariff quota | 1977 | |
| Fixed registers | Tariff quota | 1977 | |
| Sleeping bags | Tariff quota | 1977 | |
| Austria | Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1974–76 |
| Benelux2 | Knives, forks, and spoons | Voluntary export restraint | 1978 |
| Canada | Leather handbags | Antidumping duties | 1977 |
| Leather garments | Bilateral quota | 1976 | |
| Albums | Antidumping duties | 1976 | |
| Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1970 | |
| Waterproof rubber shoes | Antidumping duties | 1979 | |
| Nonleather footwear | Global quota | 1981 | |
| Bicycles, tricycles, and parts | Antidumping duties | 1978 | |
| Ball-type metal furniture casters | Antidumping duties | 1977 | |
| Denmark | Knives, forks, and spoons | Import quota | 1974 |
| European Community | Steel products | Basic price system | 1978 |
| Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1978 | |
| Canned mushrooms | Unilateral quota | 1978 | |
| Finland | Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1975 |
| France | Newsprint | Global quota | 1978 |
| Silk fabrics | Unilateral quota | 1974 | |
| Umbrellas and sunshades | Unilateral quota | 1977 | |
| Radios | Unilateral quota | 1977 | |
| Television sets | Unilateral quota | 1978 | |
| Tiles | Global quota | 1978 | |
| Semiconductors | Global quota | 1978 | |
| Microscopes | Global quota | 1978 | |
| Electric measuring instruments | Global quota | 1978 | |
| Wristwatches | Administrative guidance | ||
| Toys | Unilateral quota | ||
| Miscellaneous goods | Unilateral quota | 1977 | |
| (yachts, chemical products) | |||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | Knives, forks, and spoons | Voluntary export restraint | 1978 |
| Ireland | Footwear | Voluntary export restraint | 1979 |
| Japan | Specific fish | Unilateral quota | 1960 |
| Other fish | Import quota | 1977 | |
| Seaweed (dried) | Import quota | 1960 | |
| Seaweed products | Import quota | 1977 | |
| Leather goods | Import quota | ||
| Baseball gloves and mitts | Administrative guidance | 1975 | |
| Cotton thread | Administrative guidance | ||
| Raw silk | Import quota | 1974 | |
| Silk yarn | Import quota | 1976 | |
| Silk fabrics | Import quota | 1976 | |
| Textiles | Administrative guidance | ||
| Leather footwear | Import quota | ||
| New Zealand | Nearly all items | Import licensing | 1975 |
| Norway | Tires and tubes | Bilateral quota | 1974 |
| Leather garments | Bilateral quota | 1978 | |
| Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1974 | |
| Ski boots | Bilateral quota | 1979 | |
| Tableware of porcelain, china, and pottery | Bilateral quota | 1975 | |
| Knives, forks, and spoons | Bilateral quota | 1974 | |
| Sweden | Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1974 |
| Footwear | Global quota | 1974 | |
| United Kingdom | Saccharin | Antidumping duties | 1976 |
| Footwear | Voluntary export restraint | ||
| Knives, forks, and spoons | Voluntary export restraint | 1978 | |
| Monochrome television sets | Unilateral quota | 1977 | |
| United States | Canned mushrooms | Tariff increase | 1980 |
| Ginseng products | Import prohibition | 1977 | |
| Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1971 | |
| Porcelain on steel cookware | Tariff increase | 1980 | |
| Color television sets | Orderly marketing arrangement | 1979 | |
| Tubes and tires for bicycles | Countervailing duties | 1979 | |
| Lag screws, bolts, and nuts | Tariff increase |
As of January 1, 1982.
Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
Korea: Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
| Country | Products Affected | Type of Measure | Year of Introduction |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | Plywood | Tariff quota | 1978 |
| Textiles | Tariff quota | 1974–77 | |
| Tire cords and fabrics | Tariff quota | 1977 | |
| Footwear | Import quota | 1976 | |
| Sheets and plates of iron steel | Tariff quota | 1978 | |
| Razors | Tariff quota | 1978 | |
| Electric refrigerators | Tariff quota | 1978 | |
| Chain pulley tackle and hoists | Tariff quota | 1978 | |
| Electric insulators | Tariff quota | 1977 | |
| Passenger motor vehicles | Tariff quota | 1977 | |
| Fixed registers | Tariff quota | 1977 | |
| Sleeping bags | Tariff quota | 1977 | |
| Austria | Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1974–76 |
| Benelux2 | Knives, forks, and spoons | Voluntary export restraint | 1978 |
| Canada | Leather handbags | Antidumping duties | 1977 |
| Leather garments | Bilateral quota | 1976 | |
| Albums | Antidumping duties | 1976 | |
| Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1970 | |
| Waterproof rubber shoes | Antidumping duties | 1979 | |
| Nonleather footwear | Global quota | 1981 | |
| Bicycles, tricycles, and parts | Antidumping duties | 1978 | |
| Ball-type metal furniture casters | Antidumping duties | 1977 | |
| Denmark | Knives, forks, and spoons | Import quota | 1974 |
| European Community | Steel products | Basic price system | 1978 |
| Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1978 | |
| Canned mushrooms | Unilateral quota | 1978 | |
| Finland | Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1975 |
| France | Newsprint | Global quota | 1978 |
| Silk fabrics | Unilateral quota | 1974 | |
| Umbrellas and sunshades | Unilateral quota | 1977 | |
| Radios | Unilateral quota | 1977 | |
| Television sets | Unilateral quota | 1978 | |
| Tiles | Global quota | 1978 | |
| Semiconductors | Global quota | 1978 | |
| Microscopes | Global quota | 1978 | |
| Electric measuring instruments | Global quota | 1978 | |
| Wristwatches | Administrative guidance | ||
| Toys | Unilateral quota | ||
| Miscellaneous goods | Unilateral quota | 1977 | |
| (yachts, chemical products) | |||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | Knives, forks, and spoons | Voluntary export restraint | 1978 |
| Ireland | Footwear | Voluntary export restraint | 1979 |
| Japan | Specific fish | Unilateral quota | 1960 |
| Other fish | Import quota | 1977 | |
| Seaweed (dried) | Import quota | 1960 | |
| Seaweed products | Import quota | 1977 | |
| Leather goods | Import quota | ||
| Baseball gloves and mitts | Administrative guidance | 1975 | |
| Cotton thread | Administrative guidance | ||
| Raw silk | Import quota | 1974 | |
| Silk yarn | Import quota | 1976 | |
| Silk fabrics | Import quota | 1976 | |
| Textiles | Administrative guidance | ||
| Leather footwear | Import quota | ||
| New Zealand | Nearly all items | Import licensing | 1975 |
| Norway | Tires and tubes | Bilateral quota | 1974 |
| Leather garments | Bilateral quota | 1978 | |
| Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1974 | |
| Ski boots | Bilateral quota | 1979 | |
| Tableware of porcelain, china, and pottery | Bilateral quota | 1975 | |
| Knives, forks, and spoons | Bilateral quota | 1974 | |
| Sweden | Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1974 |
| Footwear | Global quota | 1974 | |
| United Kingdom | Saccharin | Antidumping duties | 1976 |
| Footwear | Voluntary export restraint | ||
| Knives, forks, and spoons | Voluntary export restraint | 1978 | |
| Monochrome television sets | Unilateral quota | 1977 | |
| United States | Canned mushrooms | Tariff increase | 1980 |
| Ginseng products | Import prohibition | 1977 | |
| Textiles | Bilateral quota | 1971 | |
| Porcelain on steel cookware | Tariff increase | 1980 | |
| Color television sets | Orderly marketing arrangement | 1979 | |
| Tubes and tires for bicycles | Countervailing duties | 1979 | |
| Lag screws, bolts, and nuts | Tariff increase |
As of January 1, 1982.
Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
Malaysia: Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
As of December 31, 1981.
Malaysia: Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
| Country | Products Affected | Type of Measure |
|---|---|---|
| Austria | Coffee | Global import quota |
| Flour, meal of sago and of manioc, tapioca and sago, canned pineapples, preserved fruits | Import levy | |
| Australia | Fish (fresh, chilled, or frozen), tapioca and sago, wood and wood products, footwear, vegetables, palm oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil | Tariff quotas under the Generalized System of Preferences selective internal tax, quantitative regulations |
| Canada | Meat and meat products, oleomargarine, butterine or similar substitutes for butter | Import prohibition |
| Coffee, handbags made of textile fabrics, work gloves, canvas and other nonleather footwear (except rubber and waterproof plastic footwear) | Global import quota | |
| Fabrics, other textiles, and clothing products | Import licensing and surveillance | |
| Men’s and boys’ shirts, sweaters | Export restraint arrangements | |
| Waterproof rubber footwear | Antidumping measures | |
| European Community | Cut flowers, flour and meal of sago and of manioc, vegetable oils (wholly or partly hydrogenated or solidified or hardened), footwear with outer soles of leather | Import licensing |
| Cocoa beans, sugar, rubber tires, timber, wood and timber products (except of plywood), travel goods, footwear, transmission apparatus, diodes and transistors, chairs and other furniture, umbrellas, rubber, rubber tires, tubes, tire flaps, electrical goods including transformers, semiconductors, microcircuits, telecommunications equipment | Import licensing and tariff quotas | |
| Sugar, pineapple, and other fruit and vegetable juices containing added sugar | Sugar duty and agricultural duty | |
| Plywood, footwear | Quantitative restrictions | |
| Finland | Oils of olive, soybean, rapeseed, linseed, palm, coconut, and palm kernel | Quantitative restrictions and import licensing |
| Canned pineapples | Import licensing | |
| Japan | Fish | Long administrative delays and complex inspection procedures |
| Pineapples in cans or bottles containing added sugar | Quantitative restrictions | |
| Other exports, excluding raw materials | Tariff quotas, difficulties relating to announcement delays, and nonavailability of regulations in languages other than Japanese | |
| New Zealand | Crustacean and mollusks, pepper, cloves, cocoa paste and powder, canned pineapples, other fruits, rubber, wood, wood products, plywood, children’s footwear with nonleather uppers and soles | Quantitative restrictions and import licensing |
| Cocoa beans, pineapple juice, plates, sheets and strips of rubber, apparel and clothing accessories of rubber, wooden beadings and molded skirting, wooden picture frames, prefabricated buildings of wood, lamps, footwear with soles of wood or cork or other materials, telephone sets | Import licensing | |
| Fixed vegetable oils, pepper | Selective internal tax | |
| Sweden | Fixed vegetable oils, coconut oil, palm kernel oil | Compensatory fee |
| Rubber boots | Global quota | |
| Footwear with outer soles of leather | Import restrictions by type of leather | |
| United States | Exports other than raw materials | Tariff quotas, agricultural products subject to health and sanitary regulations |
As of December 31, 1981.
Malaysia: Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
| Country | Products Affected | Type of Measure |
|---|---|---|
| Austria | Coffee | Global import quota |
| Flour, meal of sago and of manioc, tapioca and sago, canned pineapples, preserved fruits | Import levy | |
| Australia | Fish (fresh, chilled, or frozen), tapioca and sago, wood and wood products, footwear, vegetables, palm oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil | Tariff quotas under the Generalized System of Preferences selective internal tax, quantitative regulations |
| Canada | Meat and meat products, oleomargarine, butterine or similar substitutes for butter | Import prohibition |
| Coffee, handbags made of textile fabrics, work gloves, canvas and other nonleather footwear (except rubber and waterproof plastic footwear) | Global import quota | |
| Fabrics, other textiles, and clothing products | Import licensing and surveillance | |
| Men’s and boys’ shirts, sweaters | Export restraint arrangements | |
| Waterproof rubber footwear | Antidumping measures | |
| European Community | Cut flowers, flour and meal of sago and of manioc, vegetable oils (wholly or partly hydrogenated or solidified or hardened), footwear with outer soles of leather | Import licensing |
| Cocoa beans, sugar, rubber tires, timber, wood and timber products (except of plywood), travel goods, footwear, transmission apparatus, diodes and transistors, chairs and other furniture, umbrellas, rubber, rubber tires, tubes, tire flaps, electrical goods including transformers, semiconductors, microcircuits, telecommunications equipment | Import licensing and tariff quotas | |
| Sugar, pineapple, and other fruit and vegetable juices containing added sugar | Sugar duty and agricultural duty | |
| Plywood, footwear | Quantitative restrictions | |
| Finland | Oils of olive, soybean, rapeseed, linseed, palm, coconut, and palm kernel | Quantitative restrictions and import licensing |
| Canned pineapples | Import licensing | |
| Japan | Fish | Long administrative delays and complex inspection procedures |
| Pineapples in cans or bottles containing added sugar | Quantitative restrictions | |
| Other exports, excluding raw materials | Tariff quotas, difficulties relating to announcement delays, and nonavailability of regulations in languages other than Japanese | |
| New Zealand | Crustacean and mollusks, pepper, cloves, cocoa paste and powder, canned pineapples, other fruits, rubber, wood, wood products, plywood, children’s footwear with nonleather uppers and soles | Quantitative restrictions and import licensing |
| Cocoa beans, pineapple juice, plates, sheets and strips of rubber, apparel and clothing accessories of rubber, wooden beadings and molded skirting, wooden picture frames, prefabricated buildings of wood, lamps, footwear with soles of wood or cork or other materials, telephone sets | Import licensing | |
| Fixed vegetable oils, pepper | Selective internal tax | |
| Sweden | Fixed vegetable oils, coconut oil, palm kernel oil | Compensatory fee |
| Rubber boots | Global quota | |
| Footwear with outer soles of leather | Import restrictions by type of leather | |
| United States | Exports other than raw materials | Tariff quotas, agricultural products subject to health and sanitary regulations |
As of December 31, 1981.
Philippines: Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
As of December 31, 1981.
Not otherwise provided for.
Philippines: Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
| Country | Products Affected | Type of Measure |
|---|---|---|
| Austria | Bananas (fresh or dried), coffee (unroasted), travel goods (of leather, composition leather, vulcanized fiber or cardboard), cocoa butter (flat or oil. whole item) | Internal tax |
| Beet sugar and cane sugar (solid, whole item) | Quantitative restrictions; import levy | |
| Leaf tobacco (stripped) | State trading | |
| Other unmanufactured tobacco and tobacco refuse | State trading/internal tax (general) | |
| Juices of fruits containing added sugar | Licensing requirement | |
| Australia | Fish (live) | Packing and labeling regulations |
| Trout (dead) and other | Commerce marking; import quarantine; packing and labeling regulations | |
| Shrimp and prawns, bananas, pineapples, mangoes, guavas, avocados, mangosteens, coconuts (other than whole) | Commerce marking, health and sanitary regulations | |
| Travel goods and other yarn or yarn of other materials, woven fabrics of jute, hessian, brattice cloth, fabrics wholly of jute, fabrics of other textile bast fibers, footwear with outer soles of leather or rubber or artificial plastic material, fruit (prepared or preserved), citrus fruit juices (no sugar added), juices in packs | Commerce marking | |
| Unmanufactured tobacco, tobacco refuse | Administrative entry procedure; health and sanitary regulations | |
| Wood in the rough, wood sawn lengthwise (sliced or peeled), veneer sheets and sheets for plywood, plywood, blockboard, and similar laminated wood products, inlaid wood and wood marquetry | Health and sanitary regulations | |
| Builders’ carpentry and joinery (including prefabricated sectional buildings), assembled parquet flooring panels, household utensils of wood, rolling pins of wood | Quarantine | |
| Coconut oil, oiticica oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, sesame oil, tung oil, walnut oil, etc., cocoa butter (flat or oil, whole item) | Internal tax | |
| Chewing gum and chewing gum confectionery | Minimum value | |
| Beet sugar and cane sugar (solid and other) | Import prohibition | |
| Canada | Shrimp, fruits, and nuts (preserved, n.o.p.)2, pineapples (pickled or preserved), fruit juices (n.o.p.) | Packing and labeling regulations |
| Clothing, wearing apparel, and other articles made from woven cotton fabrics | Packing and labeling regulations | |
| Clothing and other articles of woven man-made fiber fabrics | Export restraint | |
| Knitted garments, knitted fabrics, and knitted goods (n.o.p.) | Quantitative restrictions | |
| Boots, shoes, slippers, and insoles of any material (n.o.p.) | Packing and labeling regulations; customs valuations | |
| Single-ply veneers of wood, veneers of wood (taped or jointed), plywood | Items covered by the Canadian sector proposals | |
| Sugar candy and confectionery | Technical and administrative (information requirement) | |
| Unmanufactured tobacco (unstemmed, except Turkish type) | Licensing special duties | |
| Coconut (dessicated) | Health and sanitary regulations | |
| European Community | Fish (fresh, chilled or frozen, dried, salted, or in brine), smoked fish (dried, salted, or in brine), anchovies, crustaceans, lobsters (live) | Health and sanitary regulations |
| Brazil nuts, cashew nuts, pineapples, avocados, guavas, mangosteens, fresh or dried bananas, dates, coconuts | Health and sanitary regulations; quantitative restrictions; internal tax | |
| Coffee (unroasted, free of caffeine) | Internal tax | |
| Fixed vegetable oils | Selective internal tax | |
| Cashew nuts | Internal tax | |
| Pineapple juice and other fruit and vegetable juices with an added sugar content | Sugar duty; internal tax; import levy | |
| Oil cake and other residues | Internal tax; health and sanitary regulations | |
| Unmanufactured tobacco, tobacco refuse | State trading; internal tax | |
| Wood in the rough | Health and sanitary regulations | |
| Plywood, blockboard, and similar laminated wood products, inlaid wood and wood marquetry | Standards | |
| Outer garments and other articles (knitted or crocheted, not elastic nor rubberized) | Quantitative restrictions (Multifiber Arrangement item) | |
| Pineapples | Administrative entry procedure; quantitative restrictions | |
| Avocados | Administrative entry procedure; health and sanitary regulations | |
| Coconuts | Administrative entry procedure | |
| Beet sugar and cane sugar (solid) | Administrative entry procedure; import levy | |
| Cocoa butter (fat or oil, whole item) | Import levy; internal tax; selective internal taxes | |
| Ethyl alcohol or neutral spirits, denatured spirits | Quantitative restrictions; state trading | |
| Finland | Bananas (fresh in bunches), dried bananas | Health and sanitary regulations; internal tax |
| Coffee (unroasted), cocoa butter (fat or oil, whole item) | Internal tax | |
| Coconut oil (unfit for human consumption) | Quantitative restrictions; internal tax | |
| Raw sugar | Import levy; quantitative restrictions; subsidy; minimum price | |
| Crystalized sugar | Subsidy; minimum price | |
| Pineapples | Import levy; quantitative restrictions | |
| Fruit mixtures | Quantitative restrictions | |
| Oil cake and other residues | Licensing; quantitative restrictions; internal tax | |
| Unmanufactured tobacco | State trading | |
| Japan | Fish (fresh, chilled, or frozen) | Quantitative restrictions |
| Fish (dried, salted, or in brine), smoked fish and other fish (in brine or dried), crustaceans and mollusks | Quantitative restrictions; health and sanitary regulations | |
| Dates, bananas, coconuts, Brazil nuts, cashew nuts, pineapples, avocados, guavas, fresh or dried mangosteens, dried bananas, dried pineapples, oilseeds and oleaginous fruit, vegetable materials for plaiting, fixed vegetable oils | Health and sanitary regulations | |
| Beet sugar and cane sugar (solid), other solid sugar | Health and sanitary regulations; internal tax; minimum import price | |
| Fruit (prepared or preserved), pineapples | Health and sanitary regulations; quantitative restrictions | |
| Fruit juices and vegetable juices | Health and sanitary regulations; packing and labeling regulations; quantitative restrictions; internal tax (commodity tax) | |
| Ethyl alcohol or neutral spirits; unmanufactured tobacco, tobacco refuse | State trading | |
| Footwear with outer soles of leather or composition leather, footwear with outer soles of rubber or artificial plastic material | Quantitative restrictions | |
| Travel goods | Internal tax | |
| Standard lamps, table lamps, and other lighting; fittings of wood, articles of furniture of wood, basketwork, wickerwork, and other articles of plaiting materials | Internal tax | |
| Chairs and other seats | Internal tax; administration of ceiling (commodity tax) | |
| Other furniture and parts thereof (rattan) | Internal tax (commodity tax) | |
| Other furniture and parts thereof (wood) | Internal tax; flexible administration of ceiling (commodity tax) | |
| Coffee (roasted or unroasted), coffee substitutes containing coffee, unroasted coffee beans | Selective internal tax | |
| New Zealand | Fish (dried, salted, or in brine), smoked fish | Quantitative restrictions |
| Crustaceans and mollusks | Health and sanitary regulations; quantitative restrictions | |
| Bananas (fresh) | State trading | |
| Pineapples and pineapple juice | Licensing requirement; quantitative restrictions | |
| Copra, copra cake, coconut (copra oil) | Quantitative restrictions; internal tax | |
| Coffee (unroasted), castor seed | Internal tax | |
| Veneer sheets and sheets for plywood, plywood, blockboard, and similar laminated wood products, inlaid wood and wood marquetry, builders’ carpentry and joinery, household utensils of wood, other furniture and parts thereof | Licensing requirement; quantitative restrictions | |
| Norway | Bananas (fresh), dried bananas, cocoa butter (fat or oil, whole item), unroasted coffee | Internal tax |
| Oil cake and other residues resulting from the extraction of vegetable oil | State trading | |
| Pineapples, mixed fruits | Health and sanitary regulations | |
| Molasses (whole item) for animal feed, footwear with outer soles of leather or composition leather, footwear with outer soles of rubber or artificial plastic material | State trading | |
| United States | Cotton, wool, and man-made fiber textiles | Specific limits |
As of December 31, 1981.
Not otherwise provided for.
Philippines: Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
| Country | Products Affected | Type of Measure |
|---|---|---|
| Austria | Bananas (fresh or dried), coffee (unroasted), travel goods (of leather, composition leather, vulcanized fiber or cardboard), cocoa butter (flat or oil. whole item) | Internal tax |
| Beet sugar and cane sugar (solid, whole item) | Quantitative restrictions; import levy | |
| Leaf tobacco (stripped) | State trading | |
| Other unmanufactured tobacco and tobacco refuse | State trading/internal tax (general) | |
| Juices of fruits containing added sugar | Licensing requirement | |
| Australia | Fish (live) | Packing and labeling regulations |
| Trout (dead) and other | Commerce marking; import quarantine; packing and labeling regulations | |
| Shrimp and prawns, bananas, pineapples, mangoes, guavas, avocados, mangosteens, coconuts (other than whole) | Commerce marking, health and sanitary regulations | |
| Travel goods and other yarn or yarn of other materials, woven fabrics of jute, hessian, brattice cloth, fabrics wholly of jute, fabrics of other textile bast fibers, footwear with outer soles of leather or rubber or artificial plastic material, fruit (prepared or preserved), citrus fruit juices (no sugar added), juices in packs | Commerce marking | |
| Unmanufactured tobacco, tobacco refuse | Administrative entry procedure; health and sanitary regulations | |
| Wood in the rough, wood sawn lengthwise (sliced or peeled), veneer sheets and sheets for plywood, plywood, blockboard, and similar laminated wood products, inlaid wood and wood marquetry | Health and sanitary regulations | |
| Builders’ carpentry and joinery (including prefabricated sectional buildings), assembled parquet flooring panels, household utensils of wood, rolling pins of wood | Quarantine | |
| Coconut oil, oiticica oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, sesame oil, tung oil, walnut oil, etc., cocoa butter (flat or oil, whole item) | Internal tax | |
| Chewing gum and chewing gum confectionery | Minimum value | |
| Beet sugar and cane sugar (solid and other) | Import prohibition | |
| Canada | Shrimp, fruits, and nuts (preserved, n.o.p.)2, pineapples (pickled or preserved), fruit juices (n.o.p.) | Packing and labeling regulations |
| Clothing, wearing apparel, and other articles made from woven cotton fabrics | Packing and labeling regulations | |
| Clothing and other articles of woven man-made fiber fabrics | Export restraint | |
| Knitted garments, knitted fabrics, and knitted goods (n.o.p.) | Quantitative restrictions | |
| Boots, shoes, slippers, and insoles of any material (n.o.p.) | Packing and labeling regulations; customs valuations | |
| Single-ply veneers of wood, veneers of wood (taped or jointed), plywood | Items covered by the Canadian sector proposals | |
| Sugar candy and confectionery | Technical and administrative (information requirement) | |
| Unmanufactured tobacco (unstemmed, except Turkish type) | Licensing special duties | |
| Coconut (dessicated) | Health and sanitary regulations | |
| European Community | Fish (fresh, chilled or frozen, dried, salted, or in brine), smoked fish (dried, salted, or in brine), anchovies, crustaceans, lobsters (live) | Health and sanitary regulations |
| Brazil nuts, cashew nuts, pineapples, avocados, guavas, mangosteens, fresh or dried bananas, dates, coconuts | Health and sanitary regulations; quantitative restrictions; internal tax | |
| Coffee (unroasted, free of caffeine) | Internal tax | |
| Fixed vegetable oils | Selective internal tax | |
| Cashew nuts | Internal tax | |
| Pineapple juice and other fruit and vegetable juices with an added sugar content | Sugar duty; internal tax; import levy | |
| Oil cake and other residues | Internal tax; health and sanitary regulations | |
| Unmanufactured tobacco, tobacco refuse | State trading; internal tax | |
| Wood in the rough | Health and sanitary regulations | |
| Plywood, blockboard, and similar laminated wood products, inlaid wood and wood marquetry | Standards | |
| Outer garments and other articles (knitted or crocheted, not elastic nor rubberized) | Quantitative restrictions (Multifiber Arrangement item) | |
| Pineapples | Administrative entry procedure; quantitative restrictions | |
| Avocados | Administrative entry procedure; health and sanitary regulations | |
| Coconuts | Administrative entry procedure | |
| Beet sugar and cane sugar (solid) | Administrative entry procedure; import levy | |
| Cocoa butter (fat or oil, whole item) | Import levy; internal tax; selective internal taxes | |
| Ethyl alcohol or neutral spirits, denatured spirits | Quantitative restrictions; state trading | |
| Finland | Bananas (fresh in bunches), dried bananas | Health and sanitary regulations; internal tax |
| Coffee (unroasted), cocoa butter (fat or oil, whole item) | Internal tax | |
| Coconut oil (unfit for human consumption) | Quantitative restrictions; internal tax | |
| Raw sugar | Import levy; quantitative restrictions; subsidy; minimum price | |
| Crystalized sugar | Subsidy; minimum price | |
| Pineapples | Import levy; quantitative restrictions | |
| Fruit mixtures | Quantitative restrictions | |
| Oil cake and other residues | Licensing; quantitative restrictions; internal tax | |
| Unmanufactured tobacco | State trading | |
| Japan | Fish (fresh, chilled, or frozen) | Quantitative restrictions |
| Fish (dried, salted, or in brine), smoked fish and other fish (in brine or dried), crustaceans and mollusks | Quantitative restrictions; health and sanitary regulations | |
| Dates, bananas, coconuts, Brazil nuts, cashew nuts, pineapples, avocados, guavas, fresh or dried mangosteens, dried bananas, dried pineapples, oilseeds and oleaginous fruit, vegetable materials for plaiting, fixed vegetable oils | Health and sanitary regulations | |
| Beet sugar and cane sugar (solid), other solid sugar | Health and sanitary regulations; internal tax; minimum import price | |
| Fruit (prepared or preserved), pineapples | Health and sanitary regulations; quantitative restrictions | |
| Fruit juices and vegetable juices | Health and sanitary regulations; packing and labeling regulations; quantitative restrictions; internal tax (commodity tax) | |
| Ethyl alcohol or neutral spirits; unmanufactured tobacco, tobacco refuse | State trading | |
| Footwear with outer soles of leather or composition leather, footwear with outer soles of rubber or artificial plastic material | Quantitative restrictions | |
| Travel goods | Internal tax | |
| Standard lamps, table lamps, and other lighting; fittings of wood, articles of furniture of wood, basketwork, wickerwork, and other articles of plaiting materials | Internal tax | |
| Chairs and other seats | Internal tax; administration of ceiling (commodity tax) | |
| Other furniture and parts thereof (rattan) | Internal tax (commodity tax) | |
| Other furniture and parts thereof (wood) | Internal tax; flexible administration of ceiling (commodity tax) | |
| Coffee (roasted or unroasted), coffee substitutes containing coffee, unroasted coffee beans | Selective internal tax | |
| New Zealand | Fish (dried, salted, or in brine), smoked fish | Quantitative restrictions |
| Crustaceans and mollusks | Health and sanitary regulations; quantitative restrictions | |
| Bananas (fresh) | State trading | |
| Pineapples and pineapple juice | Licensing requirement; quantitative restrictions | |
| Copra, copra cake, coconut (copra oil) | Quantitative restrictions; internal tax | |
| Coffee (unroasted), castor seed | Internal tax | |
| Veneer sheets and sheets for plywood, plywood, blockboard, and similar laminated wood products, inlaid wood and wood marquetry, builders’ carpentry and joinery, household utensils of wood, other furniture and parts thereof | Licensing requirement; quantitative restrictions | |
| Norway | Bananas (fresh), dried bananas, cocoa butter (fat or oil, whole item), unroasted coffee | Internal tax |
| Oil cake and other residues resulting from the extraction of vegetable oil | State trading | |
| Pineapples, mixed fruits | Health and sanitary regulations | |
| Molasses (whole item) for animal feed, footwear with outer soles of leather or composition leather, footwear with outer soles of rubber or artificial plastic material | State trading | |
| United States | Cotton, wool, and man-made fiber textiles | Specific limits |
As of December 31, 1981.
Not otherwise provided for.
Pakistan: Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
As of December 31, 1981.
Pakistan: Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
| Country | Products Affected | Type of Measure |
|---|---|---|
| European Community | Rice | Import levies; labeling restrictions (Benelux); readjustable levy (France); licensing (Germany and United Kingdom) |
| Cereal preparations | Import levies (Benelux, France, Germany, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); licensing (Germany) | |
| Meat and meat products | Import levies (Benelux, France, Germany, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); compensatory levy (France); licensing (Germany and United Kingdom) | |
| Molasses | Import levies; compensatory levy (France); licensing (Germany and United Kingdom) | |
| Sugar and sugar preparations | Import levies (Benelux, France, Germany, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); compensatory levy (France); licensing (Germany and United Kingdom) | |
| Animal feed | Import levies (Benelux, Germany, and United Kingdom); import duty (France); licensing (United Kingdom) | |
| Artificial honey | Import levies (Benelux, France, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); licensing (United Kingdom) | |
| Jams and marmalades | Import levies (Benelux, France, Germany, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); licensing (Germany and United Kingdom) | |
| Fruit and vegetable juices | Import levies (Benelux, France, Germany, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); compensatory levy (France); licensing (United Kingdom) | |
| Certain light oils | Packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); compensatory and turnover taxes (Italy); licensing and levy (Germany) | |
| Certain oil essences | Packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); licensing and levy (Germany) | |
| Fish, prawns, mollusks, and other crustaceans | Import levies (Benelux, France, and Germany); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Manufactured tobacco | Import levies (Benelux, France, and Germany); labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Certain unmanufactured tobacco | Import levies (Benelux, France, and Germany); quotas under Generalized System of Preferences (Benelux); state monopoly (France and Italy) | |
| Pickled vegetables and fruits | Import levies (Benelux, France, and Germany); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); licensing and duty (United Kingdom) | |
| Mangoes | Import levies (Benelux, France, Germany, and Italy); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Raisins | Import levies (Benelux and Germany); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux and Germany); discretionary licensing (Italy) | |
| Apricots | Import levies (Benelux and Germany); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Preserved fruits | Import levies (Benelux, Germany, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); import duty and compensatory duty (France); licensing (United Kingdom) | |
| Cotton yarn and fabrics, knitted shirts, jerseys and pajamas, blouses, skirts, and toilet linen | Quotas (Benelux and France); quota (United Kingdom for specific items); specific limits (other countries); duties (France) | |
| Cotton gloves | Quotas (Germany and United Kingdom); ceiling (Benelux) | |
| Certain sacks and bags | Ceiling under surveillance (Benelux); quota or surveillance (France); global quota (Ireland); export restraints (Italy); quotas (Germany and United Kingdom) | |
| Tarpaulins, sails, awnings, sunblinds, tents, and camping goods of cotton | Ceiling under surveillance (Benelux); quota or surveillance (France); global quota (Ireland); export restraints (Italy); quotas (Germany and United Kingdom) | |
| All other textile items | Surveillance licensing; quotas for specific items (United Kingdom) | |
| Certain footwear | Quotas under Generalized System of Preferences (Benelux); import levy (France and Germany); surveillance licensing (United Kingdom); bilateral quota (Denmark and Italy); compensatory and turnover taxes (Italy) | |
| Certain bovine cattle leather | Quotas (Benelux); import levy (Germany) | |
| Certain positive cinefilms | Ceiling (Benelux); quotas (Italy); import levy (Germany) | |
| Travel goods of materials other than artificial plastic sheeting | Quotas under Generalized System of Preferences (Benelux); import levy (Germany) | |
| Scissors, knives, spoons, forks, and certain other cutlery | Surveillance licensing (United Kingdom); quotas (Benelux); import levy and licensing (France); ceiling under Generalized System of Preferences (Benelux) | |
| United States | Molasses | Global quota |
| Certain surgical instruments | Packing and labeling restrictions | |
| Sheeting, duck cloth, towels, knitted shirts, and blouses | Specific limits; packing and labeling restrictions | |
| Printed cloth, twill and satins, underwear, other apparel, and other cotton manufactures | Designated consultation levels: packing and labeling requirements for certain goods | |
| All other textile items | Aggregate limits | |
| Fish in all forms | Administrative entry procedures | |
| Japan | Rice | State trading |
| Manufactured tobacco | State trading | |
| Unmanufactured tobacco | State trading | |
| Certain leathers | Discretionary licensing | |
| Leather handbags and travel goods | Licensing requirements; 15–20 per cent commodity tax | |
| Leather gloves, apparel, and parts of footwear | Licensing requirements | |
| Fish in all forms | Discriminatory licensing; quantitative restrictions | |
| Motor gasoline and petroleum | State trading | |
| Australia | Footwear | Import licensing/global quotas; general tariff of 46.5 per cent; preferential tariff for United Kingdom, Canada, and Ireland of 31.5 per cent; handmade leather sandals of f.o.b. value less than $2.50/pair, duty free under handicrafts by-law |
| Certain animal feeds | Quarantine restrictions on all types and embargoes on certain animal feeds | |
| Butter and butterfat in most forms | Embargoes | |
| Cheese of all types | Quota restrictions | |
| Dried, evaporated, and condensed milk | Embargoes | |
| Sugar | Sugar Agreement Act | |
| Syrup in all forms | Sugar Agreement Act | |
| Lactose | Import duty | |
| Cotton yarn (finer than 30 tex and not finer than 10 tex) | Import levy | |
| Other cotton | Import levy | |
| Cotton yarn (mercerized) | Import duty | |
| Cocoa beans and products | International agreement | |
| Turkey and turkey parts and products | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Eggs and egg products | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Beef and veal in all forms (except offal) | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Broadwoven filament polyester fabrics | Surveillance and tariff restrictions | |
| Certain acrylic yarns | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Worsted fabric containing at least 17 per cent by weight of wool from all sources except France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Textured polyester filament yarn | Surveillance and tariff restrictions | |
| Cotton terry towels and others | Global quota restrictions; import levies | |
| All specimens of endangered wild fauna and flora and derivatives thereof | International agreement | |
| Leather working gloves and mittens of industrial type (made of leather) | Import duty | |
| Cotton bags for packing | Import levies | |
| Leather bags | Import duty | |
| Most garments of cotton, wool, and leather, including snowsuits, skisuits, jackets and pants, parkas, double-knit and wrap-knit fabrics, leisure suits, jeans, blouses, T-shirts, pajamas, raincoats, sportswear, swimwear, underwear, sweaters, and leather coats | Quota restrictions, surveillance, and tariff restrictions | |
| Certain footwear, not included elsewhere | Surveillance and tariff restrictions | |
| Certain handbags, not included elsewhere | Surveillance and tariff restrictions | |
| New Zealand | Mixed fabrics and articles of cotton textile | Import licensing |
| Scissors and blades | Quantitative restrictions and licensing requirements | |
| Certain sporting goods, including tennis balls, tennis, badminton, and squash rackets, golf clubs, and cricket bats | Quantitative restrictions and licensing requirements | |
| Norway | Cotton yarn, cotton fabrics, ready-made cottons, leather garments, and footwear | Excluded from Generalized System of Preferences |
| Sweden | Leather footwear | Bilateral quota |
| Knitted undergarments | Export restraint | |
| Certain other textiles and hosiery, including knitted pullovers, bed linen of cotton, certain towels of cotton, and blouses | Specific limits | |
| Switzerland | Cotton yarn; cotton fabrics; knotted carpets; cotton embroidery; felt and felt articles; certain garments and textiles, including knitted undergarments and outergarments, and bed and table linen | All these items are allowed a 50 per cent reduction on the normal tariff; import permits are required only for certain specific categories |
As of December 31, 1981.
Pakistan: Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
| Country | Products Affected | Type of Measure |
|---|---|---|
| European Community | Rice | Import levies; labeling restrictions (Benelux); readjustable levy (France); licensing (Germany and United Kingdom) |
| Cereal preparations | Import levies (Benelux, France, Germany, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); licensing (Germany) | |
| Meat and meat products | Import levies (Benelux, France, Germany, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); compensatory levy (France); licensing (Germany and United Kingdom) | |
| Molasses | Import levies; compensatory levy (France); licensing (Germany and United Kingdom) | |
| Sugar and sugar preparations | Import levies (Benelux, France, Germany, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); compensatory levy (France); licensing (Germany and United Kingdom) | |
| Animal feed | Import levies (Benelux, Germany, and United Kingdom); import duty (France); licensing (United Kingdom) | |
| Artificial honey | Import levies (Benelux, France, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); licensing (United Kingdom) | |
| Jams and marmalades | Import levies (Benelux, France, Germany, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); licensing (Germany and United Kingdom) | |
| Fruit and vegetable juices | Import levies (Benelux, France, Germany, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); compensatory levy (France); licensing (United Kingdom) | |
| Certain light oils | Packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); compensatory and turnover taxes (Italy); licensing and levy (Germany) | |
| Certain oil essences | Packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); licensing and levy (Germany) | |
| Fish, prawns, mollusks, and other crustaceans | Import levies (Benelux, France, and Germany); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Manufactured tobacco | Import levies (Benelux, France, and Germany); labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Certain unmanufactured tobacco | Import levies (Benelux, France, and Germany); quotas under Generalized System of Preferences (Benelux); state monopoly (France and Italy) | |
| Pickled vegetables and fruits | Import levies (Benelux, France, and Germany); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); licensing and duty (United Kingdom) | |
| Mangoes | Import levies (Benelux, France, Germany, and Italy); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Raisins | Import levies (Benelux and Germany); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux and Germany); discretionary licensing (Italy) | |
| Apricots | Import levies (Benelux and Germany); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux) | |
| Preserved fruits | Import levies (Benelux, Germany, and United Kingdom); packing and labeling restrictions (Benelux); import duty and compensatory duty (France); licensing (United Kingdom) | |
| Cotton yarn and fabrics, knitted shirts, jerseys and pajamas, blouses, skirts, and toilet linen | Quotas (Benelux and France); quota (United Kingdom for specific items); specific limits (other countries); duties (France) | |
| Cotton gloves | Quotas (Germany and United Kingdom); ceiling (Benelux) | |
| Certain sacks and bags | Ceiling under surveillance (Benelux); quota or surveillance (France); global quota (Ireland); export restraints (Italy); quotas (Germany and United Kingdom) | |
| Tarpaulins, sails, awnings, sunblinds, tents, and camping goods of cotton | Ceiling under surveillance (Benelux); quota or surveillance (France); global quota (Ireland); export restraints (Italy); quotas (Germany and United Kingdom) | |
| All other textile items | Surveillance licensing; quotas for specific items (United Kingdom) | |
| Certain footwear | Quotas under Generalized System of Preferences (Benelux); import levy (France and Germany); surveillance licensing (United Kingdom); bilateral quota (Denmark and Italy); compensatory and turnover taxes (Italy) | |
| Certain bovine cattle leather | Quotas (Benelux); import levy (Germany) | |
| Certain positive cinefilms | Ceiling (Benelux); quotas (Italy); import levy (Germany) | |
| Travel goods of materials other than artificial plastic sheeting | Quotas under Generalized System of Preferences (Benelux); import levy (Germany) | |
| Scissors, knives, spoons, forks, and certain other cutlery | Surveillance licensing (United Kingdom); quotas (Benelux); import levy and licensing (France); ceiling under Generalized System of Preferences (Benelux) | |
| United States | Molasses | Global quota |
| Certain surgical instruments | Packing and labeling restrictions | |
| Sheeting, duck cloth, towels, knitted shirts, and blouses | Specific limits; packing and labeling restrictions | |
| Printed cloth, twill and satins, underwear, other apparel, and other cotton manufactures | Designated consultation levels: packing and labeling requirements for certain goods | |
| All other textile items | Aggregate limits | |
| Fish in all forms | Administrative entry procedures | |
| Japan | Rice | State trading |
| Manufactured tobacco | State trading | |
| Unmanufactured tobacco | State trading | |
| Certain leathers | Discretionary licensing | |
| Leather handbags and travel goods | Licensing requirements; 15–20 per cent commodity tax | |
| Leather gloves, apparel, and parts of footwear | Licensing requirements | |
| Fish in all forms | Discriminatory licensing; quantitative restrictions | |
| Motor gasoline and petroleum | State trading | |
| Australia | Footwear | Import licensing/global quotas; general tariff of 46.5 per cent; preferential tariff for United Kingdom, Canada, and Ireland of 31.5 per cent; handmade leather sandals of f.o.b. value less than $2.50/pair, duty free under handicrafts by-law |
| Certain animal feeds | Quarantine restrictions on all types and embargoes on certain animal feeds | |
| Butter and butterfat in most forms | Embargoes | |
| Cheese of all types | Quota restrictions | |
| Dried, evaporated, and condensed milk | Embargoes | |
| Sugar | Sugar Agreement Act | |
| Syrup in all forms | Sugar Agreement Act | |
| Lactose | Import duty | |
| Cotton yarn (finer than 30 tex and not finer than 10 tex) | Import levy | |
| Other cotton | Import levy | |
| Cotton yarn (mercerized) | Import duty | |
| Cocoa beans and products | International agreement | |
| Turkey and turkey parts and products | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Eggs and egg products | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Beef and veal in all forms (except offal) | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Broadwoven filament polyester fabrics | Surveillance and tariff restrictions | |
| Certain acrylic yarns | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Worsted fabric containing at least 17 per cent by weight of wool from all sources except France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States | Quota and tariff restrictions | |
| Textured polyester filament yarn | Surveillance and tariff restrictions | |
| Cotton terry towels and others | Global quota restrictions; import levies | |
| All specimens of endangered wild fauna and flora and derivatives thereof | International agreement | |
| Leather working gloves and mittens of industrial type (made of leather) | Import duty | |
| Cotton bags for packing | Import levies | |
| Leather bags | Import duty | |
| Most garments of cotton, wool, and leather, including snowsuits, skisuits, jackets and pants, parkas, double-knit and wrap-knit fabrics, leisure suits, jeans, blouses, T-shirts, pajamas, raincoats, sportswear, swimwear, underwear, sweaters, and leather coats | Quota restrictions, surveillance, and tariff restrictions | |
| Certain footwear, not included elsewhere | Surveillance and tariff restrictions | |
| Certain handbags, not included elsewhere | Surveillance and tariff restrictions | |
| New Zealand | Mixed fabrics and articles of cotton textile | Import licensing |
| Scissors and blades | Quantitative restrictions and licensing requirements | |
| Certain sporting goods, including tennis balls, tennis, badminton, and squash rackets, golf clubs, and cricket bats | Quantitative restrictions and licensing requirements | |
| Norway | Cotton yarn, cotton fabrics, ready-made cottons, leather garments, and footwear | Excluded from Generalized System of Preferences |
| Sweden | Leather footwear | Bilateral quota |
| Knitted undergarments | Export restraint | |
| Certain other textiles and hosiery, including knitted pullovers, bed linen of cotton, certain towels of cotton, and blouses | Specific limits | |
| Switzerland | Cotton yarn; cotton fabrics; knotted carpets; cotton embroidery; felt and felt articles; certain garments and textiles, including knitted undergarments and outergarments, and bed and table linen | All these items are allowed a 50 per cent reduction on the normal tariff; import permits are required only for certain specific categories |
As of December 31, 1981.
New Zealand: Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
As of May 1982.
In addition to restrictions imposed by the European Community.
New Zealand: Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
| Country | Products Affected | Type of Measure |
|---|---|---|
| Austria | Meat and dairy products | Variable levy |
| Dairy Products | Import licensing | |
| Meat | Quantitative restriction | |
| Apples | Quantitative restriction | |
| Canada | Butter and ghee | Trade embargo |
| Cheese | Global quota | |
| Whole milk powder | Trade embargo | |
| Butter milk powder | Global quota | |
| Skim milk powder | Trade embargo | |
| Whey powder | Trade embargo | |
| European Community | Sheep meat | Voluntary export restraint arrangement |
| Beef and veal | Import quota and variable levy | |
| Butter | Import quota and variable levy | |
| Apples | Voluntary export restraint arrangement | |
| Finland | Meat and dairy products | Import licensing |
| Milk powder | Import quota | |
| Apples and pears | Seasonal quota | |
| Italy2 | Apples, pears, berries, and sheep meat | Prohibited imports |
| Japan | Fish, beef, dairy products, citrus fruits, and grains | Import quota |
| Norway | Apples, dairy products, and meat | Import licensing |
| Portugal | Dairy products and wool hides | Import licensing |
| Spain | Dairy products, fish, and meat | Minimum price required and import licensing |
| Sweden | Dairy products and meat | Variable levy |
| Switzerland | Dairy products and meat | Import licensing |
| Beef, cut flowers, and wine | Import quota | |
| United Kingdom2 | Plants and shrubs | Import licensing |
| United States | Dairy products | Global import quotas |
As of May 1982.
In addition to restrictions imposed by the European Community.
New Zealand: Trade Measures Affecting Exports1
| Country | Products Affected | Type of Measure |
|---|---|---|
| Austria | Meat and dairy products | Variable levy |
| Dairy Products | Import licensing | |
| Meat | Quantitative restriction | |
| Apples | Quantitative restriction | |
| Canada | Butter and ghee | Trade embargo |
| Cheese | Global quota | |
| Whole milk powder | Trade embargo | |
| Butter milk powder | Global quota | |
| Skim milk powder | Trade embargo | |
| Whey powder | Trade embargo | |
| European Community | Sheep meat | Voluntary export restraint arrangement |
| Beef and veal | Import quota and variable levy | |
| Butter | Import quota and variable levy | |
| Apples | Voluntary export restraint arrangement | |
| Finland | Meat and dairy products | Import licensing |
| Milk powder | Import quota | |
| Apples and pears | Seasonal quota | |
| Italy2 | Apples, pears, berries, and sheep meat | Prohibited imports |
| Japan | Fish, beef, dairy products, citrus fruits, and grains | Import quota |
| Norway | Apples, dairy products, and meat | Import licensing |
| Portugal | Dairy products and wool hides | Import licensing |
| Spain | Dairy products, fish, and meat | Minimum price required and import licensing |
| Sweden | Dairy products and meat | Variable levy |
| Switzerland | Dairy products and meat | Import licensing |
| Beef, cut flowers, and wine | Import quota | |
| United Kingdom2 | Plants and shrubs | Import licensing |
| United States | Dairy products | Global import quotas |
As of May 1982.
In addition to restrictions imposed by the European Community.
Commodity Composition of World Trade in Manufactures, 1973–80
(In billions of U.S. dollars)
Commodity Composition of World Trade in Manufactures, 1973–80
(In billions of U.S. dollars)
| Commodity | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iron and steel | 28.5 | 46.5 | 45.8 | 44.7 | 46.8 | 57.2 | 70.8 | 76.5 | ||
| Chemicals | 41.9 | 65.9 | 62.9 | 71.8 | 81.0 | 100.6 | 131.1 | 151.5 | ||
| Other semimanufactures | 29.0 | 36.5 | 37.7 | 44.0 | 52.5 | 65.2 | 79.9 | 92.0 | ||
| Engineering products | 188.0 | 237.3 | 279.1 | 317.2 | 363.7 | 439.1 | 509.2 | 591.0 | ||
| Machinery for specialized industries | 52.5 | 68.1 | 83.5 | 88.4 | 98.0 | 117.5 | 136.4 | 159.0 | ||
| Office and telecommunications equipment | 17.2 | 21.4 | 23.4 | 28.6 | 32.0 | 38.8 | 48.2 | 59.0 | ||
| Road motor vehicles | 41.0 | 49.2 | 58.3 | 69.4 | 82.2 | 99.5 | 115.8 | 127.0 | ||
| Other machinery and transport equipment | 62.0 | 79.7 | 94.1 | 106.0 | 122.4 | 147.9 | 168.7 | 198.0 | ||
| Household appliances | 15.3 | 19.0 | 19.8 | 24.9 | 29.2 | 35.4 | 40.3 | 48.0 | ||
| Textiles | 23.4 | 28.1 | 26.6 | 30.7 | 34.1 | 40.7 | 49.7 | 55.0 | ||
| Clothing | 12.6 | 15.0 | 16.7 | 20.6 | 23.6 | 28.4 | 34.6 | 39.5 | ||
| Other consumer goods | 24.3 | 29.4 | 32.1 | 38.3 | 46.2 | 57.5 | 70.7 | 83.0 | ||
| Total manufactures | 347.5 | 458.6 | 500.9 | 567.2 | 647.8 | 788.5 | 945.9 | 1,089.0 | ||
Commodity Composition of World Trade in Manufactures, 1973–80
(In billions of U.S. dollars)
| Commodity | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iron and steel | 28.5 | 46.5 | 45.8 | 44.7 | 46.8 | 57.2 | 70.8 | 76.5 | ||
| Chemicals | 41.9 | 65.9 | 62.9 | 71.8 | 81.0 | 100.6 | 131.1 | 151.5 | ||
| Other semimanufactures | 29.0 | 36.5 | 37.7 | 44.0 | 52.5 | 65.2 | 79.9 | 92.0 | ||
| Engineering products | 188.0 | 237.3 | 279.1 | 317.2 | 363.7 | 439.1 | 509.2 | 591.0 | ||
| Machinery for specialized industries | 52.5 | 68.1 | 83.5 | 88.4 | 98.0 | 117.5 | 136.4 | 159.0 | ||
| Office and telecommunications equipment | 17.2 | 21.4 | 23.4 | 28.6 | 32.0 | 38.8 | 48.2 | 59.0 | ||
| Road motor vehicles | 41.0 | 49.2 | 58.3 | 69.4 | 82.2 | 99.5 | 115.8 | 127.0 | ||
| Other machinery and transport equipment | 62.0 | 79.7 | 94.1 | 106.0 | 122.4 | 147.9 | 168.7 | 198.0 | ||
| Household appliances | 15.3 | 19.0 | 19.8 | 24.9 | 29.2 | 35.4 | 40.3 | 48.0 | ||
| Textiles | 23.4 | 28.1 | 26.6 | 30.7 | 34.1 | 40.7 | 49.7 | 55.0 | ||
| Clothing | 12.6 | 15.0 | 16.7 | 20.6 | 23.6 | 28.4 | 34.6 | 39.5 | ||
| Other consumer goods | 24.3 | 29.4 | 32.1 | 38.3 | 46.2 | 57.5 | 70.7 | 83.0 | ||
| Total manufactures | 347.5 | 458.6 | 500.9 | 567.2 | 647.8 | 788.5 | 945.9 | 1,089.0 | ||
Motor Vehicles: World Trade by Major Trading Regions, 1973–80
(In billions of U.S. dollars)
These figures are included in “Western Europe.”
Including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the centrally planned countries not shown separately.
Includes intra-Community trade.
Motor Vehicles: World Trade by Major Trading Regions, 1973–80
(In billions of U.S. dollars)
| Destination | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Origin | Year | North America | Japan | Western Europe | European Community1 | Developing countries | World2 | |
| North America | 1973 | 8.77 | 0.09 | 0.52 | … | 1.22 | 10.84 | |
| 1978 | 16.58 | 0.18 | 1.11 | … | 4.24 | 22.66 | ||
| 1979 | 19.50 | 0.20 | 1.80 | 1.50 | 5.60 | 27.80 | ||
| 1980 | 17.40 | 0.20 | 1.80 | 1.40 | 6.40 | 26.60 | ||
| United States | 1973 | … | … | … | … | … | … | |
| 1978 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| 1979 | 10.00 | 0.20 | 1.70 | 1.40 | 5.00 | 16.90 | ||
| 1980 | 8.80 | 0.20 | 1.70 | 1.40 | 5.60 | 17.00 | ||
| Japan | 1973 | 2.53 | — | 0.76 | 1.12 | 4.90 | ||
| 1978 | 8.94 | — | 2.92 | … | 5.67 | 19.03 | ||
| 1979 | 9.60 | — | 3.20 | 2.40 | 5.80 | 20.10 | ||
| 1980 | 12.10 | — | 4.20 | 3.00 | 8.70 | 27.00 | ||
| Western Europe | 1973 | 3.68 | 0.09 | 14.25 | … | 2.90 | 22.03 | |
| 1978 | 5.89 | 0.34 | 34.38 | … | 8.32 | 50.86 | ||
| 1979 | 7.40 | 0.50 | 48.00 | 37.60 | 10.50 | 68.70 | ||
| 1980 | 7.60 | 0.40 | 49.40 | 38.50 | 13.40 | 73.40 | ||
| European Community 3 | 1973 | … | … | … | … | … | … | |
| 1978 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| 1979 | 6.80 | 0.50 | 43.30 | 34.10 | 9.50 | 62.10 | ||
| 1980 | 6.90 | 0.40 | 44.10 | 34.50 | 12.20 | 65.90 | ||
| Developing countries | 1973 | 0.10 | — | 0.02 | … | 0.26 | 0.38 | |
| 1978 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.17 | … | 0.80 | 1.37 | ||
| 1979 | 0.33 | 0.01 | 0.23 | … | 0.95 | 1.65 | ||
| 1980 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| World2 | 1973 | 15.09 | 0.18 | 15.70 | … | 5.85 | 41.00 | |
| 1978 | 31.75 | 0.52 | 38.78 | … | 19.67 | 98.98 | ||
| 1979 | 36.83 | 0.72 | 53.23 | … | 22.85 | 118.25 | ||
| 1980 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
These figures are included in “Western Europe.”
Including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the centrally planned countries not shown separately.
Includes intra-Community trade.
Motor Vehicles: World Trade by Major Trading Regions, 1973–80
(In billions of U.S. dollars)
| Destination | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Origin | Year | North America | Japan | Western Europe | European Community1 | Developing countries | World2 | |
| North America | 1973 | 8.77 | 0.09 | 0.52 | … | 1.22 | 10.84 | |
| 1978 | 16.58 | 0.18 | 1.11 | … | 4.24 | 22.66 | ||
| 1979 | 19.50 | 0.20 | 1.80 | 1.50 | 5.60 | 27.80 | ||
| 1980 | 17.40 | 0.20 | 1.80 | 1.40 | 6.40 | 26.60 | ||
| United States | 1973 | … | … | … | … | … | … | |
| 1978 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| 1979 | 10.00 | 0.20 | 1.70 | 1.40 | 5.00 | 16.90 | ||
| 1980 | 8.80 | 0.20 | 1.70 | 1.40 | 5.60 | 17.00 | ||
| Japan | 1973 | 2.53 | — | 0.76 | 1.12 | 4.90 | ||
| 1978 | 8.94 | — | 2.92 | … | 5.67 | 19.03 | ||
| 1979 | 9.60 | — | 3.20 | 2.40 | 5.80 | 20.10 | ||
| 1980 | 12.10 | — | 4.20 | 3.00 | 8.70 | 27.00 | ||
| Western Europe | 1973 | 3.68 | 0.09 | 14.25 | … | 2.90 | 22.03 | |
| 1978 | 5.89 | 0.34 | 34.38 | … | 8.32 | 50.86 | ||
| 1979 | 7.40 | 0.50 | 48.00 | 37.60 | 10.50 | 68.70 | ||
| 1980 | 7.60 | 0.40 | 49.40 | 38.50 | 13.40 | 73.40 | ||
| European Community 3 | 1973 | … | … | … | … | … | … | |
| 1978 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| 1979 | 6.80 | 0.50 | 43.30 | 34.10 | 9.50 | 62.10 | ||
| 1980 | 6.90 | 0.40 | 44.10 | 34.50 | 12.20 | 65.90 | ||
| Developing countries | 1973 | 0.10 | — | 0.02 | … | 0.26 | 0.38 | |
| 1978 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.17 | … | 0.80 | 1.37 | ||
| 1979 | 0.33 | 0.01 | 0.23 | … | 0.95 | 1.65 | ||
| 1980 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| World2 | 1973 | 15.09 | 0.18 | 15.70 | … | 5.85 | 41.00 | |
| 1978 | 31.75 | 0.52 | 38.78 | … | 19.67 | 98.98 | ||
| 1979 | 36.83 | 0.72 | 53.23 | … | 22.85 | 118.25 | ||
| 1980 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
These figures are included in “Western Europe.”
Including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the centrally planned countries not shown separately.
Includes intra-Community trade.
Motor Vehicles:1 Production, Apparent Consumption, and Share of Imports in Apparent Consumption in Industrial Countries, 1973–80
(In thousands of units and per cent)
Including passenger cars, trucks, and buses.
Production includes assembly.
Apparent consumption = production—exports + imports.
Including intra-Community trade.
Motor Vehicles:1 Production, Apparent Consumption, and Share of Imports in Apparent Consumption in Industrial Countries, 1973–80
(In thousands of units and per cent)
| Production2 | Apparent Consumption3 | Percentage Share of Imports in Apparent Consumption | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial Country | 1973 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1973 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1973 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | ||
| Canada | 1,574 | 1,818 | 1,632 | 1,374 | 1,226 | 1,397 | 1,446 | 1,213 | 63.1 | 64.4 | 60.9 | 66.7 | ||
| European Community4 | 12,547 | 12,193 | 12,221 | 11,276 | 9,422 | 10,497 | 10,821 | 10,235 | 34.0 | 43.5 | 47.0 | 47.5 | ||
| Belgium | 1,051 | 1,093 | 1,079 | 929 | 462 | 453 | 481 | 441 | 59.5 | 88.3 | 90.0 | 89.6 | ||
| France | 3,218 | 3,508 | 3,613 | 3,378 | 2,177 | 2,435 | 2,476 | 2,472 | 23.5 | 27.1 | 29.2 | 32.4 | ||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 3,949 | 4,186 | 4,250 | 3,878 | 2,395 | 3,220 | 3,176 | 2,867 | 33.2 | 34.9 | 34.7 | 37.5 | ||
| Italy | 1,958 | 1,657 | 1,632 | 1,612 | 1,698 | 1,542 | 1,625 | 2,044 | 26.4 | 38.9 | 44.2 | 50.1 | ||
| United Kingdom | 2,164 | 1,608 | 1,478 | 1,313 | 1,944 | 1,848 | 2,056 | 1,762 | 33.0 | 41.3 | 54.9 | 52.8 | ||
| Japan | 7,083 | 8,934 | 9,636 | 11,043 | 5,053 | 4,720 | 5,140 | 5,124 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 0.9 | ||
| Spain | 822 | 1,144 | 1,123 | 1,182 | 672 | 767 | 691 | 741 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 4.3 | 8.9 | ||
| Sweden | 379 | 305 | 355 | 298 | 326 | 258 | 251 | 223 | 47.9 | 58.5 | 73.7 | 74.9 | ||
| United States | 12,681 | 12,896 | 11,475 | 8,008 | 14,647 | 15,328 | 14,000 | 10,977 | 17.9 | 22.2 | 25.4 | 34.0 | ||
| Total | 35,446 | 37,644 | 36,951 | 33,691 | 32,656 | 34,347 | 33,874 | 29,967 | 23.9 | 29.3 | 32.2 | 35.8 | ||
Including passenger cars, trucks, and buses.
Production includes assembly.
Apparent consumption = production—exports + imports.
Including intra-Community trade.
Motor Vehicles:1 Production, Apparent Consumption, and Share of Imports in Apparent Consumption in Industrial Countries, 1973–80
(In thousands of units and per cent)
| Production2 | Apparent Consumption3 | Percentage Share of Imports in Apparent Consumption | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial Country | 1973 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1973 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1973 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | ||
| Canada | 1,574 | 1,818 | 1,632 | 1,374 | 1,226 | 1,397 | 1,446 | 1,213 | 63.1 | 64.4 | 60.9 | 66.7 | ||
| European Community4 | 12,547 | 12,193 | 12,221 | 11,276 | 9,422 | 10,497 | 10,821 | 10,235 | 34.0 | 43.5 | 47.0 | 47.5 | ||
| Belgium | 1,051 | 1,093 | 1,079 | 929 | 462 | 453 | 481 | 441 | 59.5 | 88.3 | 90.0 | 89.6 | ||
| France | 3,218 | 3,508 | 3,613 | 3,378 | 2,177 | 2,435 | 2,476 | 2,472 | 23.5 | 27.1 | 29.2 | 32.4 | ||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 3,949 | 4,186 | 4,250 | 3,878 | 2,395 | 3,220 | 3,176 | 2,867 | 33.2 | 34.9 | 34.7 | 37.5 | ||
| Italy | 1,958 | 1,657 | 1,632 | 1,612 | 1,698 | 1,542 | 1,625 | 2,044 | 26.4 | 38.9 | 44.2 | 50.1 | ||
| United Kingdom | 2,164 | 1,608 | 1,478 | 1,313 | 1,944 | 1,848 | 2,056 | 1,762 | 33.0 | 41.3 | 54.9 | 52.8 | ||
| Japan | 7,083 | 8,934 | 9,636 | 11,043 | 5,053 | 4,720 | 5,140 | 5,124 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 0.9 | ||
| Spain | 822 | 1,144 | 1,123 | 1,182 | 672 | 767 | 691 | 741 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 4.3 | 8.9 | ||
| Sweden | 379 | 305 | 355 | 298 | 326 | 258 | 251 | 223 | 47.9 | 58.5 | 73.7 | 74.9 | ||
| United States | 12,681 | 12,896 | 11,475 | 8,008 | 14,647 | 15,328 | 14,000 | 10,977 | 17.9 | 22.2 | 25.4 | 34.0 | ||
| Total | 35,446 | 37,644 | 36,951 | 33,691 | 32,656 | 34,347 | 33,874 | 29,967 | 23.9 | 29.3 | 32.2 | 35.8 | ||
Including passenger cars, trucks, and buses.
Production includes assembly.
Apparent consumption = production—exports + imports.
Including intra-Community trade.
Motor Vehicles: Regional Distribution of World Production, 1973–801
(In per cent)
Measured in units.
Motor Vehicles: Regional Distribution of World Production, 1973–801
(In per cent)
| Region | 1973 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial countries | 88 | 85 | 84 | 85 | ||
| North America | 35 | 33 | 30 | 24 | ||
| Japan | 18 | 20 | 22 | 28 | ||
| European Community | 31 | 27 | 28 | 29 | ||
| Other Western Europe | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | ||
| Developing countries | 5 | 6 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Eastern trading countries | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | ||
| Unclassified | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | ||
| Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | ||
Measured in units.
Motor Vehicles: Regional Distribution of World Production, 1973–801
(In per cent)
| Region | 1973 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial countries | 88 | 85 | 84 | 85 | ||
| North America | 35 | 33 | 30 | 24 | ||
| Japan | 18 | 20 | 22 | 28 | ||
| European Community | 31 | 27 | 28 | 29 | ||
| Other Western Europe | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | ||
| Developing countries | 5 | 6 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Eastern trading countries | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | ||
| Unclassified | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | ||
| Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | ||
Measured in units.
Japan: Regional Breakdown of Passenger Car Exports, 1970 and 1979–80
(In thousands of units and per cent)
Excluding Greece.
Less than 0.1 per cent of total.
Japan: Regional Breakdown of Passenger Car Exports, 1970 and 1979–80
(In thousands of units and per cent)
| 1970 | 1979 | 1980 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Destination | Volume | Per cent of total |
Volume | Per cent of total |
Volume | Per cent of total |
||
| North America | 404.5 | 55.7 | 1,648.4 | 53.1 | 1,986.7 | 52.0 | ||
| United States | 339.5 | 46.8 | 1,587.5 | 51.2 | 1,850.0 | 48.4 | ||
| European Community1 | 44.6 | 6.1 | 630.2 | 20.3 | 743.4 | 19.5 | ||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 0.4 | 0.1 | 175.9 | 5.7 | 211.0 | 5.5 | ||
| France | 1.5 | 0.2 | 47.6 | 1.5 | 54.8 | 1.4 | ||
| Italy | 0.4 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.3 | —2 | ||
| Benelux | 32.2 | 4.4 | 175.4 | 5.6 | 222.6 | 5.9 | ||
| United Kingdom | 5.0 | 0.7 | 175.7 | 5.7 | 201.1 | 5.3 | ||
| Other Europe | 56.5 | 7.8 | 179.6 | 5.8 | 217.0 | 5.7 | ||
| Asia | 63.9 | 8.8 | 345.1 | 11.1 | 485.1 | 12.7 | ||
| Middle East | 7.7 | 1.1 | 149.2 | 4.8 | 209.9 | 5.5 | ||
| Australia and New Zealand | 86.3 | 11.9 | 149.5 | 4.8 | 165.0 | 4.3 | ||
| Africa | 39.6 | 5.4 | 72.3 | 2.3 | 117.5 | 3.1 | ||
| Latin America | 29.8 | 4.1 | 72.4 | 2.3 | 104.1 | 2.7 | ||
| Eastern trading countries | 0.4 | 0.1 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 2.0 | —2 | ||
| Total | 725.6 | 100.0 | 3,102.0 | 100.0 | 3,820.8 | 100.0 | ||
Excluding Greece.
Less than 0.1 per cent of total.
Japan: Regional Breakdown of Passenger Car Exports, 1970 and 1979–80
(In thousands of units and per cent)
| 1970 | 1979 | 1980 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Destination | Volume | Per cent of total |
Volume | Per cent of total |
Volume | Per cent of total |
||
| North America | 404.5 | 55.7 | 1,648.4 | 53.1 | 1,986.7 | 52.0 | ||
| United States | 339.5 | 46.8 | 1,587.5 | 51.2 | 1,850.0 | 48.4 | ||
| European Community1 | 44.6 | 6.1 | 630.2 | 20.3 | 743.4 | 19.5 | ||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 0.4 | 0.1 | 175.9 | 5.7 | 211.0 | 5.5 | ||
| France | 1.5 | 0.2 | 47.6 | 1.5 | 54.8 | 1.4 | ||
| Italy | 0.4 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.3 | —2 | ||
| Benelux | 32.2 | 4.4 | 175.4 | 5.6 | 222.6 | 5.9 | ||
| United Kingdom | 5.0 | 0.7 | 175.7 | 5.7 | 201.1 | 5.3 | ||
| Other Europe | 56.5 | 7.8 | 179.6 | 5.8 | 217.0 | 5.7 | ||
| Asia | 63.9 | 8.8 | 345.1 | 11.1 | 485.1 | 12.7 | ||
| Middle East | 7.7 | 1.1 | 149.2 | 4.8 | 209.9 | 5.5 | ||
| Australia and New Zealand | 86.3 | 11.9 | 149.5 | 4.8 | 165.0 | 4.3 | ||
| Africa | 39.6 | 5.4 | 72.3 | 2.3 | 117.5 | 3.1 | ||
| Latin America | 29.8 | 4.1 | 72.4 | 2.3 | 104.1 | 2.7 | ||
| Eastern trading countries | 0.4 | 0.1 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 2.0 | —2 | ||
| Total | 725.6 | 100.0 | 3,102.0 | 100.0 | 3,820.8 | 100.0 | ||
Excluding Greece.
Less than 0.1 per cent of total.
Steel: Production, Apparent Consumption, and Employment, 1974 and 1978–81
Estimates.
Includes Greece from 1980 on.
Excludes Greece from 1980 on.
Includes oil exporting developing countries.
Includes Eastern Europe, China, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, South Africa, and the U.S.S.R.
Apparent consumption = production + net imports.
Steel: Production, Apparent Consumption, and Employment, 1974 and 1978–81
| 1974 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 19811 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude Steel Production | ||||||
| (In millions of tons) | ||||||
| OECD | 457.6 | 412.8 | 433.4 | 398.3 | 391.5 | |
| United States | 132.2 | 124.3 | 123.3 | 101.7 | 108.8 | |
| European Community2 | 155.6 | 132.6 | 140.2 | 128.9 | 126.0 | |
| Japan | 117.1 | 102.1 | 111.7 | 111.4 | 101.7 | |
| Canada | 13.6 | 14.9 | 16.1 | 15.9 | 14.8 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 8.0 | 7.8 | 8.3 | 7.8 | 7.9 | |
| Other OECD3 | 31.1 | 31.1 | 33.8 | 32.6 | 32.3 | |
| Developing countries 4 | 30.9 | 48.5 | 55.9 | 57.7 | 58.7 | |
| Others5 | 220.1 | 255.9 | 258.2 | 261.1 | 256.1 | |
| World | 708.6 | 717.2 | 747.5 | 717.1 | 706.3 | |
| Apparent Consumption6 | ||||||
| (In millions of ingot tons equivalent) | ||||||
| OECD | 415.7 | 380.4 | 405.8 | 374.8 | 372.0 | |
| United States | 145.6 | 149.2 | 143.9 | 118.4 | 132.5 | |
| European Community2 | 124.3 | 108.8 | 120.4 | 114.6 | 104.4 | |
| Japan | 80.7 | 70.6 | 83.9 | 85.9 | 79.3 | |
| Canada | 15.6 | 14.0 | 16.0 | 14.0 | 14.7 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 8.8 | 5.4 | 7.4 | 7.2 | 7.6 | |
| Other OECD3 | 40.7 | 32.4 | 34.2 | 34.7 | 33.5 | |
| Developing countries 4 | 74.3 | 92.0 | 97.3 | 102.9 | 102.8 | |
| Others 5 | 231.0 | 269.9 | 271.1 | 270.9 | 265.6 | |
| World | 721.0 | 742.3 | 774.2 | 748.6 | 740.6 | |
| Employment | ||||||
| (In thousands of workers) | ||||||
| OECD | 1,956.3 | 1,772.5 | 1,732.4 | 1,640.3 | 1,556.0 | |
| United States | 522.0 | 472.0 | 476.3 | 429.3 | 423.0 | |
| European Community | 800.4 | 706.8 | 687.8 | 646.6 | 577.0 | |
| Japan | 323.9 | 302.5 | 281.5 | 271.0 | 269.3 | |
| Canada | 52.5 | 52.7 | 53.0 | 53.2 | … | |
| Australia | 43.2 | 41.0 | 44.5 | 44.5 | ||
| Other OECD | 214.3 | 197.5 | 197.0 | 195.7 | … | |
Estimates.
Includes Greece from 1980 on.
Excludes Greece from 1980 on.
Includes oil exporting developing countries.
Includes Eastern Europe, China, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, South Africa, and the U.S.S.R.
Apparent consumption = production + net imports.
Steel: Production, Apparent Consumption, and Employment, 1974 and 1978–81
| 1974 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 19811 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude Steel Production | ||||||
| (In millions of tons) | ||||||
| OECD | 457.6 | 412.8 | 433.4 | 398.3 | 391.5 | |
| United States | 132.2 | 124.3 | 123.3 | 101.7 | 108.8 | |
| European Community2 | 155.6 | 132.6 | 140.2 | 128.9 | 126.0 | |
| Japan | 117.1 | 102.1 | 111.7 | 111.4 | 101.7 | |
| Canada | 13.6 | 14.9 | 16.1 | 15.9 | 14.8 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 8.0 | 7.8 | 8.3 | 7.8 | 7.9 | |
| Other OECD3 | 31.1 | 31.1 | 33.8 | 32.6 | 32.3 | |
| Developing countries 4 | 30.9 | 48.5 | 55.9 | 57.7 | 58.7 | |
| Others5 | 220.1 | 255.9 | 258.2 | 261.1 | 256.1 | |
| World | 708.6 | 717.2 | 747.5 | 717.1 | 706.3 | |
| Apparent Consumption6 | ||||||
| (In millions of ingot tons equivalent) | ||||||
| OECD | 415.7 | 380.4 | 405.8 | 374.8 | 372.0 | |
| United States | 145.6 | 149.2 | 143.9 | 118.4 | 132.5 | |
| European Community2 | 124.3 | 108.8 | 120.4 | 114.6 | 104.4 | |
| Japan | 80.7 | 70.6 | 83.9 | 85.9 | 79.3 | |
| Canada | 15.6 | 14.0 | 16.0 | 14.0 | 14.7 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 8.8 | 5.4 | 7.4 | 7.2 | 7.6 | |
| Other OECD3 | 40.7 | 32.4 | 34.2 | 34.7 | 33.5 | |
| Developing countries 4 | 74.3 | 92.0 | 97.3 | 102.9 | 102.8 | |
| Others 5 | 231.0 | 269.9 | 271.1 | 270.9 | 265.6 | |
| World | 721.0 | 742.3 | 774.2 | 748.6 | 740.6 | |
| Employment | ||||||
| (In thousands of workers) | ||||||
| OECD | 1,956.3 | 1,772.5 | 1,732.4 | 1,640.3 | 1,556.0 | |
| United States | 522.0 | 472.0 | 476.3 | 429.3 | 423.0 | |
| European Community | 800.4 | 706.8 | 687.8 | 646.6 | 577.0 | |
| Japan | 323.9 | 302.5 | 281.5 | 271.0 | 269.3 | |
| Canada | 52.5 | 52.7 | 53.0 | 53.2 | … | |
| Australia | 43.2 | 41.0 | 44.5 | 44.5 | ||
| Other OECD | 214.3 | 197.5 | 197.0 | 195.7 | … | |
Estimates.
Includes Greece from 1980 on.
Excludes Greece from 1980 on.
Includes oil exporting developing countries.
Includes Eastern Europe, China, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, South Africa, and the U.S.S.R.
Apparent consumption = production + net imports.
Steel: Share of Imports in Apparent Consumption and Capacity Utilization, 1978–81
(In per cent)
Data for 1978–80 refer to nine members of the European Community (excluding Greece).
Steel: Share of Imports in Apparent Consumption and Capacity Utilization, 1978–81
(In per cent)
| United States | European Community1 | Japan | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | ||
| Share of imports in apparent consumption | 18.1 | 15.2 | 15.0 | 19.3 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 9.5 | 0.7 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 2.4 | |
| Capacity utilization | 86.6 | 88.0 | 73.0 | 78.0 | 65.6 | 69.0 | 63.0 | 63.0 | 67.5 | 72.0 | 70.0 | 64.0 | |
| Memorandum item: | |||||||||||||
| Installed capacity (millions of tons) | 143.2 | 140.2 | 139.7 | 140.0 | 202.1 | 203.5 | 202.5 | 200.3 | 151.3 | 154.4 | 159.2 | 158.7 | |
Data for 1978–80 refer to nine members of the European Community (excluding Greece).
Steel: Share of Imports in Apparent Consumption and Capacity Utilization, 1978–81
(In per cent)
| United States | European Community1 | Japan | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | ||
| Share of imports in apparent consumption | 18.1 | 15.2 | 15.0 | 19.3 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 9.5 | 0.7 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 2.4 | |
| Capacity utilization | 86.6 | 88.0 | 73.0 | 78.0 | 65.6 | 69.0 | 63.0 | 63.0 | 67.5 | 72.0 | 70.0 | 64.0 | |
| Memorandum item: | |||||||||||||
| Installed capacity (millions of tons) | 143.2 | 140.2 | 139.7 | 140.0 | 202.1 | 203.5 | 202.5 | 200.3 | 151.3 | 154.4 | 159.2 | 158.7 | |
Data for 1978–80 refer to nine members of the European Community (excluding Greece).
Steel: Imports, Exports, and Net Trade Balance, 1978–81
(In millions of ingot tons equivalent)
Data exclude intra-Community trade; data for 1978–80 refer to nine members of the European Community (excluding Greece).
Steel: Imports, Exports, and Net Trade Balance, 1978–81
(In millions of ingot tons equivalent)
| 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exports | Imports | Net exports | Exports | Imports | Net exports | Exports | Imports | Net exports | Exports | Imports | Net exports | |||
| OECD | 108.6 | 56.3 | 52.3 | 105.2 | 55.0 | 50.2 | 103.0 | 52.4 | 50.6 | 104.0 | 54.8 | 49.5 | ||
| United States | 2.9 | 24.5 | –21.6 | 3.3 | 20.3 | –17.0 | 4.8 | 17.9 | –13.1 | 3.4 | 23.1 | –19.7 | ||
| European | ||||||||||||||
| Community1 | 43.6 | 13.1 | 30.5 | 40.7 | 13.9 | 26.8 | 37.5 | 13.6 | 23.9 | 41.6 | 10.2 | 31.4 | ||
| Japan | 40.2 | 0.5 | 39.7 | 39.7 | 1.9 | 37.8 | 38.6 | 1.5 | 37.1 | 37.0 | 2.0 | 35.0 | ||
| Other OECD | 21.9 | 18.2 | 3.7 | 21.5 | 18.9 | 2.6 | 22.1 | 19.4 | 2.7 | 22.0 | 19.5 | 2.8 | ||
| Rest of the world | 33.5 | 85.5 | –52.0 | 33.7 | 83.9 | –50.2 | 36.9 | 84.9 | –48.0 | 36.8 | 83.1 | –46.3 | ||
Data exclude intra-Community trade; data for 1978–80 refer to nine members of the European Community (excluding Greece).
Steel: Imports, Exports, and Net Trade Balance, 1978–81
(In millions of ingot tons equivalent)
| 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exports | Imports | Net exports | Exports | Imports | Net exports | Exports | Imports | Net exports | Exports | Imports | Net exports | |||
| OECD | 108.6 | 56.3 | 52.3 | 105.2 | 55.0 | 50.2 | 103.0 | 52.4 | 50.6 | 104.0 | 54.8 | 49.5 | ||
| United States | 2.9 | 24.5 | –21.6 | 3.3 | 20.3 | –17.0 | 4.8 | 17.9 | –13.1 | 3.4 | 23.1 | –19.7 | ||
| European | ||||||||||||||
| Community1 | 43.6 | 13.1 | 30.5 | 40.7 | 13.9 | 26.8 | 37.5 | 13.6 | 23.9 | 41.6 | 10.2 | 31.4 | ||
| Japan | 40.2 | 0.5 | 39.7 | 39.7 | 1.9 | 37.8 | 38.6 | 1.5 | 37.1 | 37.0 | 2.0 | 35.0 | ||
| Other OECD | 21.9 | 18.2 | 3.7 | 21.5 | 18.9 | 2.6 | 22.1 | 19.4 | 2.7 | 22.0 | 19.5 | 2.8 | ||
| Rest of the world | 33.5 | 85.5 | –52.0 | 33.7 | 83.9 | –50.2 | 36.9 | 84.9 | –48.0 | 36.8 | 83.1 | –46.3 | ||
Data exclude intra-Community trade; data for 1978–80 refer to nine members of the European Community (excluding Greece).
Textiles and Clothing: Production by Regions, 1963–80
(Change in volume in per cent)
Includes oil exporting as well as non-oil exporting developing countries.
Includes leather and footwear.
Textiles and Clothing: Production by Regions, 1963–80
(Change in volume in per cent)
| 1963–73 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1973–80 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Textiles | |||||||
| World | 5.0 | 1.5 | 3.5 | — | 1.5 | ||
| Industrial countries | 4.5 | –0.5 | 5.0 | –2.5 | –0.5 | ||
| European Community | 2.0 | –3.0 | –5.5 | –2.5 | –1.0 | ||
| Japan | 7.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | –1.0 | –1.5 | ||
| United States | 4.5 | 2.5 | 5.5 | –4.5 | –0.5 | ||
| Developing countries1 | 4.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 2.5 | ||
| Eastern trading countries | 6.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | ||
| Clothing 2 | |||||||
| World | 4.0 | 1.0 | 2.5 | –0.5 | 2.0 | ||
| Industrial countries | 2.0 | –1.0 | 1.0 | –4.0 | –0.5 | ||
| European Community | 7.5 | –4.5 | 5.5 | –5.0 | –1.0 | ||
| Japan | 7.5 | 2.0 | –2.0 | –5.5 | –2.5 | ||
| United States | 2.5 | — | — | –4.5 | 1.5 | ||
| Developing countries1 | 5.5 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 3.0 | ||
| Eastern trading countries | 7.0 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 5.0 | ||
Includes oil exporting as well as non-oil exporting developing countries.
Includes leather and footwear.
Textiles and Clothing: Production by Regions, 1963–80
(Change in volume in per cent)
| 1963–73 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1973–80 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Textiles | |||||||
| World | 5.0 | 1.5 | 3.5 | — | 1.5 | ||
| Industrial countries | 4.5 | –0.5 | 5.0 | –2.5 | –0.5 | ||
| European Community | 2.0 | –3.0 | –5.5 | –2.5 | –1.0 | ||
| Japan | 7.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | –1.0 | –1.5 | ||
| United States | 4.5 | 2.5 | 5.5 | –4.5 | –0.5 | ||
| Developing countries1 | 4.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 2.5 | ||
| Eastern trading countries | 6.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | ||
| Clothing 2 | |||||||
| World | 4.0 | 1.0 | 2.5 | –0.5 | 2.0 | ||
| Industrial countries | 2.0 | –1.0 | 1.0 | –4.0 | –0.5 | ||
| European Community | 7.5 | –4.5 | 5.5 | –5.0 | –1.0 | ||
| Japan | 7.5 | 2.0 | –2.0 | –5.5 | –2.5 | ||
| United States | 2.5 | — | — | –4.5 | 1.5 | ||
| Developing countries1 | 5.5 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 3.0 | ||
| Eastern trading countries | 7.0 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 5.0 | ||
Includes oil exporting as well as non-oil exporting developing countries.
Includes leather and footwear.
Imports of Textiles and Clothing of Selected Industrial Countries, 1973–76 and 1978–80
(Change in value in per cent per annum)
Excluding Portugal.
Imports of Textiles and Clothing of Selected Industrial Countries, 1973–76 and 1978–80
(Change in value in per cent per annum)
| Textiles | Clothing | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1973–76 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1973–76 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | ||
| Canada | 9.5 | 9.0 | 24.0 | –5.0 | 30.5 | –3.5 | 23.5 | –2.5 | |
| Of which: | |||||||||
| Industrial countries | 10.0 | 7.5 | 24.0 | –5.5 | 15.5 | –19.0 | 23.5 | –9.5 | |
| Developing countries | 10.0 | 8.5 | 23.0 | 6.5 | 42.0 | 6.0 | 16.5 | 2.5 | |
| European Community | 10.5 | 23.5 | 27.0 | 6.5 | 19.0 | 22.5 | 29.5 | 14.5 | |
| Of which: | |||||||||
| Southern Europe | 17.0 | 14.5 | 34.5 | 3.0 | 23.5 | 25.0 | 33.5 | 12.5 | |
| Other industrial countries | 9.0 | 24.5 | 25.0 | 5.0 | 14.0 | 24.5 | 25.0 | 11.5 | |
| Developing countries | 15.5 | 14.5 | 34.5 | 12.0 | 32.0 | 17.0 | 36.5 | 21.5 | |
| European Free Trade Association (EFTA)1 | 8.5 | 14.0 | 25.0 | 12.5 | 19.5 | 12.5 | 26.0 | 18.5 | |
| Of which: | |||||||||
| Southern Europe | — | 10.0 | 45.5 | 12.5 | 14.5 | 5.5 | 35.5 | 26.0 | |
| Other industrial countries | 8.0 | 15.0 | 24.0 | 9.5 | 16.0 | 18.5 | 26.5 | 17.0 | |
| Developing countries | 17.5 | 4.5 | 30.5 | 33.5 | 39.5 | –5.5 | 17.0 | 27.5 | |
| Japan | –7.0 | 72.5 | 35.5 | –18.5 | 11.5 | 42.5 | 45.5 | –15.0 | |
| Of which: | |||||||||
| Industrial countries | –10.0 | 37.5 | 44.5 | –8.4 | 8.5 | 40.0 | 59.5 | –3.7 | |
| Developing countries | 9.0 | 93.0 | 29.5 | –29.0 | 11.0 | 44.0 | 37.5 | –27.0 | |
| United States | 1.5 | 18.0 | — | 12.5 | 18.5 | 33.0 | 4.5 | 13.5 | |
| Of which: | |||||||||
| Industrial countries | –3.5 | 17.0 | –9.0 | 8.0 | –1.0 | 21.0 | –16.5 | — | |
| Developing countries | 7.5 | 15.0 | 12.0 | 10.5 | 25.0 | 34.0 | 7.0 | 15.0 | |
| All industrial countries | 8.0 | 23.0 | 25.0 | 5.5 | 19.0 | 23.5 | 24.0 | 12.5 | |
| Of which: | |||||||||
| Southern Europe | 12.0 | 33.5 | 33.0 | 3.0 | 20.5 | 22.0 | 33.0 | 12.5 | |
| Industrial countries | 7.5 | 21.5 | 23.0 | 5.0 | 12.5 | 22.5 | 23.0 | 11.0 | |
| Developing countries | 9.0 | 24.0 | 28.0 | 4.5 | 27.5 | 24.5 | 21.0 | 13.5 | |
Excluding Portugal.
Imports of Textiles and Clothing of Selected Industrial Countries, 1973–76 and 1978–80
(Change in value in per cent per annum)
| Textiles | Clothing | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1973–76 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1973–76 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | ||
| Canada | 9.5 | 9.0 | 24.0 | –5.0 | 30.5 | –3.5 | 23.5 | –2.5 | |
| Of which: | |||||||||
| Industrial countries | 10.0 | 7.5 | 24.0 | –5.5 | 15.5 | –19.0 | 23.5 | –9.5 | |
| Developing countries | 10.0 | 8.5 | 23.0 | 6.5 | 42.0 | 6.0 | 16.5 | 2.5 | |
| European Community | 10.5 | 23.5 | 27.0 | 6.5 | 19.0 | 22.5 | 29.5 | 14.5 | |
| Of which: | |||||||||
| Southern Europe | 17.0 | 14.5 | 34.5 | 3.0 | 23.5 | 25.0 | 33.5 | 12.5 | |
| Other industrial countries | 9.0 | 24.5 | 25.0 | 5.0 | 14.0 | 24.5 | 25.0 | 11.5 | |
| Developing countries | 15.5 | 14.5 | 34.5 | 12.0 | 32.0 | 17.0 | 36.5 | 21.5 | |
| European Free Trade Association (EFTA)1 | 8.5 | 14.0 | 25.0 | 12.5 | 19.5 | 12.5 | 26.0 | 18.5 | |
| Of which: | |||||||||
| Southern Europe | — | 10.0 | 45.5 | 12.5 | 14.5 | 5.5 | 35.5 | 26.0 | |
| Other industrial countries | 8.0 | 15.0 | 24.0 | 9.5 | 16.0 | 18.5 | 26.5 | 17.0 | |
| Developing countries | 17.5 | 4.5 | 30.5 | 33.5 | 39.5 | –5.5 | 17.0 | 27.5 | |
| Japan | –7.0 | 72.5 | 35.5 | –18.5 | 11.5 | 42.5 | 45.5 | –15.0 | |
| Of which: | |||||||||
| Industrial countries | –10.0 | 37.5 | 44.5 | –8.4 | 8.5 | 40.0 | 59.5 | –3.7 | |
| Developing countries | 9.0 | 93.0 | 29.5 | –29.0 | 11.0 | 44.0 | 37.5 | –27.0 | |
| United States | 1.5 | 18.0 | — | 12.5 | 18.5 | 33.0 | 4.5 | 13.5 | |
| Of which: | |||||||||
| Industrial countries | –3.5 | 17.0 | –9.0 | 8.0 | –1.0 | 21.0 | –16.5 | — | |
| Developing countries | 7.5 | 15.0 | 12.0 | 10.5 | 25.0 | 34.0 | 7.0 | 15.0 | |
| All industrial countries | 8.0 | 23.0 | 25.0 | 5.5 | 19.0 | 23.5 | 24.0 | 12.5 | |
| Of which: | |||||||||
| Southern Europe | 12.0 | 33.5 | 33.0 | 3.0 | 20.5 | 22.0 | 33.0 | 12.5 | |
| Industrial countries | 7.5 | 21.5 | 23.0 | 5.0 | 12.5 | 22.5 | 23.0 | 11.0 | |
| Developing countries | 9.0 | 24.0 | 28.0 | 4.5 | 27.5 | 24.5 | 21.0 | 13.5 | |
Excluding Portugal.
Textiles and Clothing: Bilateral Agreements to Restrict Trade Under Article 4 of the Multifiber Arrangement Maintained in 19811
Agreements notified to the Textiles Surveillance Body between January 1, 1978 and October 31, 1981. In addition, five bilateral agreements were signed under Article 3:4, including three by Austria with Brazil, Hong Kong, and Korea, one by Canada with Brazil, and one by Finland with Sri Lanka.
Not including agreements with countries granted preferential status.
Textiles and Clothing: Bilateral Agreements to Restrict Trade Under Article 4 of the Multifiber Arrangement Maintained in 19811
| Importing Country | Exporting Country and Area |
|---|---|
| Austria | Egypt, Hong Kong, India, Korea, Macao, and Pakistan |
| Canada | Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, the Philippines, Poland, Romania, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand |
| European Community2 | Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Guatemala, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Romania, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Uruguay, and Yugoslavia |
| Finland | Hong Kong, India, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, Romania, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand |
| Sweden | Brazil, Hong Kong, India, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Yugoslavia |
| United States | Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Egypt, Haiti, Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, Japan, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, the Philippines, Poland, Romania, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Yugoslavia |
Agreements notified to the Textiles Surveillance Body between January 1, 1978 and October 31, 1981. In addition, five bilateral agreements were signed under Article 3:4, including three by Austria with Brazil, Hong Kong, and Korea, one by Canada with Brazil, and one by Finland with Sri Lanka.
Not including agreements with countries granted preferential status.
Textiles and Clothing: Bilateral Agreements to Restrict Trade Under Article 4 of the Multifiber Arrangement Maintained in 19811
| Importing Country | Exporting Country and Area |
|---|---|
| Austria | Egypt, Hong Kong, India, Korea, Macao, and Pakistan |
| Canada | Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, the Philippines, Poland, Romania, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand |
| European Community2 | Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Guatemala, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Romania, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Uruguay, and Yugoslavia |
| Finland | Hong Kong, India, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, Romania, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand |
| Sweden | Brazil, Hong Kong, India, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Yugoslavia |
| United States | Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Egypt, Haiti, Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, Japan, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, the Philippines, Poland, Romania, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Yugoslavia |
Agreements notified to the Textiles Surveillance Body between January 1, 1978 and October 31, 1981. In addition, five bilateral agreements were signed under Article 3:4, including three by Austria with Brazil, Hong Kong, and Korea, one by Canada with Brazil, and one by Finland with Sri Lanka.
Not including agreements with countries granted preferential status.
Shipbuilding: World Production and Shares of Major Producers, 1975–81
(In thousands of gross tons1 and per cent)
Although compensated gross tons provide a better measure of production and capacity utilization, this table was prepared in gross tons since no data for the “rest of the world” were available in compensated gross tons.
Shipbuilding: World Production and Shares of Major Producers, 1975–81
(In thousands of gross tons1 and per cent)
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | |||||||
| Production | Per cent of world production | Production | Per cent of world production | Production | Per cent of world production | Production | Per cent of world production | |||
| OECD countries | 29,541 | 86.4 | 29,542 | 87.1 | 23,280 | 84.6 | 13,662 | 77.6 | ||
| European Community | 7,700 | 22.5 | 7,762 | 22.9 | 5,450 | 19.8 | 3,836 | 21.8 | ||
| Other Europe | 5,323 | 15.6 | 4,780 | 14.1 | 4,801 | 17.4 | 2,834 | 16.1 | ||
| North America | 650 | 1.9 | 998 | 2.9 | 1,221 | 4.4 | 1,316 | 7.5 | ||
| Japan | 15,808 | 46.2 | 15,935 | 47.0 | 11,676 | 42.4 | 5,630 | 32.0 | ||
| Other | 60 | 0.2 | 67 | 0.2 | 132 | 0.5 | 46 | 0.3 | ||
| Rest of the world | 4,661 | 13.6 | 4,380 | 12.9 | 4,252 | 15.4 | 3,938 | 22.4 | ||
| Total | 34,202 | 100.0 | 33,922 | 100.0 | 27,532 | 100.0 | 17,600 | 100.0 | ||
| 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | ||||||||
| Production | Per cent of world production | Production | Per cent of world production | Production | Per cent of world production | |||||
| OECD countries | 10,860 | 79.1 | 9,614 | 78.6 | 12,711 | 77.0 | ||||
| European Community | 2,716 | 19.8 | 1,781 | 14.6 | 2,344 | 14.2 | ||||
| Other Europe | 1,992 | 14.5 | 1,270 | 10.4 | 1,510 | 9.1 | ||||
| North America | 1,485 | 10.8 | 670 | 5.5 | 491 | 3.0 | ||||
| Japan | 4,659 | 33.9 | 5,886 | 48.1 | 8,357 | 50.6 | ||||
| Other | 8 | — | 7 | 0.1 | 9 | 0.1 | ||||
| Rest of the world | 2,866 | 20.9 | 2,617 | 21.4 | 3,801 | 23.0 | ||||
| Total | 13,726 | 100.0 | 12,231 | 100.0 | 16,512 | 100.0 | ||||
Although compensated gross tons provide a better measure of production and capacity utilization, this table was prepared in gross tons since no data for the “rest of the world” were available in compensated gross tons.
Shipbuilding: World Production and Shares of Major Producers, 1975–81
(In thousands of gross tons1 and per cent)
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | |||||||
| Production | Per cent of world production | Production | Per cent of world production | Production | Per cent of world production | Production | Per cent of world production | |||
| OECD countries | 29,541 | 86.4 | 29,542 | 87.1 | 23,280 | 84.6 | 13,662 | 77.6 | ||
| European Community | 7,700 | 22.5 | 7,762 | 22.9 | 5,450 | 19.8 | 3,836 | 21.8 | ||
| Other Europe | 5,323 | 15.6 | 4,780 | 14.1 | 4,801 | 17.4 | 2,834 | 16.1 | ||
| North America | 650 | 1.9 | 998 | 2.9 | 1,221 | 4.4 | 1,316 | 7.5 | ||
| Japan | 15,808 | 46.2 | 15,935 | 47.0 | 11,676 | 42.4 | 5,630 | 32.0 | ||
| Other | 60 | 0.2 | 67 | 0.2 | 132 | 0.5 | 46 | 0.3 | ||
| Rest of the world | 4,661 | 13.6 | 4,380 | 12.9 | 4,252 | 15.4 | 3,938 | 22.4 | ||
| Total | 34,202 | 100.0 | 33,922 | 100.0 | 27,532 | 100.0 | 17,600 | 100.0 | ||
| 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | ||||||||
| Production | Per cent of world production | Production | Per cent of world production | Production | Per cent of world production | |||||
| OECD countries | 10,860 | 79.1 | 9,614 | 78.6 | 12,711 | 77.0 | ||||
| European Community | 2,716 | 19.8 | 1,781 | 14.6 | 2,344 | 14.2 | ||||
| Other Europe | 1,992 | 14.5 | 1,270 | 10.4 | 1,510 | 9.1 | ||||
| North America | 1,485 | 10.8 | 670 | 5.5 | 491 | 3.0 | ||||
| Japan | 4,659 | 33.9 | 5,886 | 48.1 | 8,357 | 50.6 | ||||
| Other | 8 | — | 7 | 0.1 | 9 | 0.1 | ||||
| Rest of the world | 2,866 | 20.9 | 2,617 | 21.4 | 3,801 | 23.0 | ||||
| Total | 13,726 | 100.0 | 12,231 | 100.0 | 16,512 | 100.0 | ||||
Although compensated gross tons provide a better measure of production and capacity utilization, this table was prepared in gross tons since no data for the “rest of the world” were available in compensated gross tons.
Shipbuilding: Total New Orders, 1976–81
(In thousands of gross tons)
Members of the Association of West European Shipbuilders, which includes the European Community member countries, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden.
Shipbuilding: Total New Orders, 1976–81
(In thousands of gross tons)
| 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Europe1 | 1,770 | 2,817 | 2,292 | 4,345 | 4,288 | 4,061 | |
| Japan | 8,677 | 6,438 | 3,189 | 6,813 | 10,053 | 10,011 | |
| Total OECD countries | 10,447 | 9,255 | 5,481 | 11,158 | 14,341 | 14,072 | |
| Rest of the world | 2,489 | 2,504 | 2,861 | 5,745 | … | … | |
| Overall total | 12,936 | 11,759 | 8,342 | 16,903 | … | … | |
Members of the Association of West European Shipbuilders, which includes the European Community member countries, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden.
Shipbuilding: Total New Orders, 1976–81
(In thousands of gross tons)
| 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Europe1 | 1,770 | 2,817 | 2,292 | 4,345 | 4,288 | 4,061 | |
| Japan | 8,677 | 6,438 | 3,189 | 6,813 | 10,053 | 10,011 | |
| Total OECD countries | 10,447 | 9,255 | 5,481 | 11,158 | 14,341 | 14,072 | |
| Rest of the world | 2,489 | 2,504 | 2,861 | 5,745 | … | … | |
| Overall total | 12,936 | 11,759 | 8,342 | 16,903 | … | … | |
Members of the Association of West European Shipbuilders, which includes the European Community member countries, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden.
Footwear: European Community Production, Trade, Apparent Consumption, and Employment, 1975–80
Apparent consumption = production + imports—exports.
Footwear: European Community Production, Trade, Apparent Consumption, and Employment, 1975–80
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In millions of pairs) | |||||||
| Production | 890 | 910 | 886 | 889 | 979 | 903 | |
| Imports | 186 | 231 | 257 | 235 | 265 | 313 | |
| Imports subject to surveillance | — | — | — | … | 218 | 258 | |
| Exports | 138 | 143 | 144 | 164 | 203 | 155 | |
| Apparent consumption1 | 938 | 998 | 999 | 960 | 1,041 | 1,060 | |
| (In per cent) | |||||||
| Ratio of imports to apparent consumption | 19.8 | 23.2 | 25.1 | 24.5 | 25.5 | 29.5 | |
| Ratio of imports subject to surveillance to total imports | — | — | — | … | 82.3 | 82.4 | |
| (In thousands) | |||||||
| Employment | 349 | 329 | 333 | 331 | 347 | 331 | |
Apparent consumption = production + imports—exports.
Footwear: European Community Production, Trade, Apparent Consumption, and Employment, 1975–80
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In millions of pairs) | |||||||
| Production | 890 | 910 | 886 | 889 | 979 | 903 | |
| Imports | 186 | 231 | 257 | 235 | 265 | 313 | |
| Imports subject to surveillance | — | — | — | … | 218 | 258 | |
| Exports | 138 | 143 | 144 | 164 | 203 | 155 | |
| Apparent consumption1 | 938 | 998 | 999 | 960 | 1,041 | 1,060 | |
| (In per cent) | |||||||
| Ratio of imports to apparent consumption | 19.8 | 23.2 | 25.1 | 24.5 | 25.5 | 29.5 | |
| Ratio of imports subject to surveillance to total imports | — | — | — | … | 82.3 | 82.4 | |
| (In thousands) | |||||||
| Employment | 349 | 329 | 333 | 331 | 347 | 331 | |
Apparent consumption = production + imports—exports.
Footwear: U.S. Production, Imports, and Apparent Consumption of Nonrubber Footwear, 1978–81
Includes exports, which totaled 6.9 million pairs in 1978, 9.3 million in 1979, 11.2 million in 1980, and 11.4 million in 1981.
Footwear: U.S. Production, Imports, and Apparent Consumption of Nonrubber Footwear, 1978–81
| 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In millions of pairs) | ||||
| Production | 418.9 | 398.1 | 394.0 | 372.9 |
| Imports | 373.5 | 404.6 | 355.0 | 375.4 |
| Apparent consumption1 | 792.5 | 802.6 | 759.0 | 748.4 |
| (In per cent) | ||||
| Ratio of imports to apparent consumption | 47.0 | 50.0 | 48.0 | 51.0 |
Includes exports, which totaled 6.9 million pairs in 1978, 9.3 million in 1979, 11.2 million in 1980, and 11.4 million in 1981.
Footwear: U.S. Production, Imports, and Apparent Consumption of Nonrubber Footwear, 1978–81
| 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In millions of pairs) | ||||
| Production | 418.9 | 398.1 | 394.0 | 372.9 |
| Imports | 373.5 | 404.6 | 355.0 | 375.4 |
| Apparent consumption1 | 792.5 | 802.6 | 759.0 | 748.4 |
| (In per cent) | ||||
| Ratio of imports to apparent consumption | 47.0 | 50.0 | 48.0 | 51.0 |
Includes exports, which totaled 6.9 million pairs in 1978, 9.3 million in 1979, 11.2 million in 1980, and 11.4 million in 1981.
Commodity and Regional Composition of World Trade in Agricultural Products, Prices, and Terms of Trade, 1973–801
For classification of commodities and countries for agricultural trade, see Appendix II.
Estimates.
Excluding fishery and forestry products.
Including cocoa, coffee, and tea.
Fund staff estimates.
Net barter terms of trade of all agricultural exports for manufactured goods and crude petroleum.
Commodity and Regional Composition of World Trade in Agricultural Products, Prices, and Terms of Trade, 1973–801
| 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 19802 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In billions of U.S. dollars) | ||||||||||
| All agricultural commodities3 | ||||||||||
| Exports | ||||||||||
| Developing countries | 30.0 | 39.0 | 38.9 | 43.4 | 54.0 | 56.2 | 61.4 | 75.8 | ||
| Developed countries | 65.4 | 79.1 | 83.5 | 86.9 | 97.8 | 114.6 | 137.9 | 145.4 | ||
| Total | 95.4 | 118.1 | 122.4 | 130.4 | 151.8 | 170.8 | 199.3 | 221.2 | ||
| Imports | ||||||||||
| Developing countries | 19.5 | 30.3 | 32.4 | 31.2 | 36.8 | 43.8 | 50.1 | 66.0 | ||
| Developed countries | 82.1 | 97.6 | 104.8 | 112.8 | 129.4 | 143.9 | 169.7 | 186.0 | ||
| Total | 101.6 | 127.9 | 137.2 | 144.0 | 166.2 | 189.5 | 219.8 | 252.0 | ||
| Food | ||||||||||
| Exports | ||||||||||
| Developing countries | 16.0 | 24.1 | 25.0 | 23.3 | 27.2 | 29.7 | 32.4 | 38.0 | ||
| Developed countries | 46.3 | 57.3 | 63.0 | 63.2 | 68.2 | 80.9 | 96.3 | 115.0 | ||
| Total | 62.3 | 81.4 | 88.0 | 86.5 | 95.4 | 110.6 | 128.7 | 153.0 | ||
| Imports | ||||||||||
| Developing countries | 15.0 | 24.3 | 26.4 | 23.9 | 27.3 | 33.0 | 38.1 | 52.0 | ||
| Developed countries | 50.6 | 63.4 | 72.0 | 71.7 | 77.1 | 88.9 | 105.1 | 115.0 | ||
| Total | 65.6 | 87.7 | 98.4 | 95.6 | 104.4 | 121.9 | 143.2 | 167.0 | ||
| Beverages 4 | ||||||||||
| Exports | ||||||||||
| Developing countries | 6.4 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 12.0 | 21.6 | 21.8 | 24.8 | 23.0 | ||
| Developed countries | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| Total | 6.4 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 12.0 | 21.6 | 21.8 | 24.8 | 23.0 | ||
| Imports5 | ||||||||||
| Developing countries | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.8 | … | ||
| Developed countries | 6.1 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 10.6 | 18.7 | 18.9 | 21.3 | … | ||
| Total | 6.6 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 12.1 | 21.9 | 22.1 | 25.1 | 23.3 | ||
| Agricultural materials | ||||||||||
| Exports | ||||||||||
| Developing countries | 7.6 | 8.6 | 7.3 | 8.9 | 9.9 | 10.9 | 12.3 | 13.0 | ||
| Developed countries | 11.9 | 14.0 | 12.7 | 14.7 | 18.1 | 20.2 | 24.9 | 26.0 | ||
| Total | 19.5 | 22.6 | 20.0 | 23.6 | 28.0 | 31.1 | 37.2 | 39.0 | ||
| Imports | ||||||||||
| Developing countries | 3.3 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 5.0 | 6.2 | 7.2 | 8.0 | 10.0 | ||
| Developed countries | 18.0 | 20.4 | 18.3 | 21.6 | 24.4 | 27.2 | 32.3 | 34.0 | ||
| Total | 21.3 | 24.8 | 22.4 | 26.6 | 30.6 | 34.4 | 40.3 | 44.0 | ||
| Other agriculture | ||||||||||
| Exports | 7.2 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 8.3 | 6.8 | 7.3 | 8.6 | 6.2 | ||
| Imports | 8.1 | 7.6 | 8.4 | 9.7 | 9.3 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 17.7 | ||
| (1973 = 100) | ||||||||||
| Export price index | ||||||||||
| Food | 100 | 108 | 97 | 102 | 116 | 117 | 132 | 154 | ||
| Beverages | 100 | 119 | 114 | 204 | 365 | 258 | 263 | 249 | ||
| Agricultural raw materials | 100 | 114 | 100 | 112 | 124 | 132 | 159 | 167 | ||
| All agricultural commodities | 100 | 132 | 116 | 124 | 140 | 145 | 166 | 188 | ||
| Terms of trade | ||||||||||
| Food | 100 | 108 | 85 | 89 | 94 | 82 | 81 | 85 | ||
| Beverages | 100 | 106 | 89 | 89 | 262 | 161 | 144 | 122 | ||
| Agricultural raw materials | 100 | 94 | 70 | 78 | 80 | 74 | 78 | 74 | ||
| All agricultural commodities | 100 | 109 | 84 | 90 | 93 | 84 | 84 | 87 | ||
| Developing countries6 | 100 | 96 | 92 | 101 | 112 | 95 | 93 | 95 | ||
| Developed countries6 | 100 | 92 | 84 | 80 | 76 | 73 | 84 | 86 | ||
For classification of commodities and countries for agricultural trade, see Appendix II.
Estimates.
Excluding fishery and forestry products.
Including cocoa, coffee, and tea.
Fund staff estimates.
Net barter terms of trade of all agricultural exports for manufactured goods and crude petroleum.
Commodity and Regional Composition of World Trade in Agricultural Products, Prices, and Terms of Trade, 1973–801
| 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 19802 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In billions of U.S. dollars) | ||||||||||
| All agricultural commodities3 | ||||||||||
| Exports | ||||||||||
| Developing countries | 30.0 | 39.0 | 38.9 | 43.4 | 54.0 | 56.2 | 61.4 | 75.8 | ||
| Developed countries | 65.4 | 79.1 | 83.5 | 86.9 | 97.8 | 114.6 | 137.9 | 145.4 | ||
| Total | 95.4 | 118.1 | 122.4 | 130.4 | 151.8 | 170.8 | 199.3 | 221.2 | ||
| Imports | ||||||||||
| Developing countries | 19.5 | 30.3 | 32.4 | 31.2 | 36.8 | 43.8 | 50.1 | 66.0 | ||
| Developed countries | 82.1 | 97.6 | 104.8 | 112.8 | 129.4 | 143.9 | 169.7 | 186.0 | ||
| Total | 101.6 | 127.9 | 137.2 | 144.0 | 166.2 | 189.5 | 219.8 | 252.0 | ||
| Food | ||||||||||
| Exports | ||||||||||
| Developing countries | 16.0 | 24.1 | 25.0 | 23.3 | 27.2 | 29.7 | 32.4 | 38.0 | ||
| Developed countries | 46.3 | 57.3 | 63.0 | 63.2 | 68.2 | 80.9 | 96.3 | 115.0 | ||
| Total | 62.3 | 81.4 | 88.0 | 86.5 | 95.4 | 110.6 | 128.7 | 153.0 | ||
| Imports | ||||||||||
| Developing countries | 15.0 | 24.3 | 26.4 | 23.9 | 27.3 | 33.0 | 38.1 | 52.0 | ||
| Developed countries | 50.6 | 63.4 | 72.0 | 71.7 | 77.1 | 88.9 | 105.1 | 115.0 | ||
| Total | 65.6 | 87.7 | 98.4 | 95.6 | 104.4 | 121.9 | 143.2 | 167.0 | ||
| Beverages 4 | ||||||||||
| Exports | ||||||||||
| Developing countries | 6.4 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 12.0 | 21.6 | 21.8 | 24.8 | 23.0 | ||
| Developed countries | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| Total | 6.4 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 12.0 | 21.6 | 21.8 | 24.8 | 23.0 | ||
| Imports5 | ||||||||||
| Developing countries | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.8 | … | ||
| Developed countries | 6.1 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 10.6 | 18.7 | 18.9 | 21.3 | … | ||
| Total | 6.6 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 12.1 | 21.9 | 22.1 | 25.1 | 23.3 | ||
| Agricultural materials | ||||||||||
| Exports | ||||||||||
| Developing countries | 7.6 | 8.6 | 7.3 | 8.9 | 9.9 | 10.9 | 12.3 | 13.0 | ||
| Developed countries | 11.9 | 14.0 | 12.7 | 14.7 | 18.1 | 20.2 | 24.9 | 26.0 | ||
| Total | 19.5 | 22.6 | 20.0 | 23.6 | 28.0 | 31.1 | 37.2 | 39.0 | ||
| Imports | ||||||||||
| Developing countries | 3.3 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 5.0 | 6.2 | 7.2 | 8.0 | 10.0 | ||
| Developed countries | 18.0 | 20.4 | 18.3 | 21.6 | 24.4 | 27.2 | 32.3 | 34.0 | ||
| Total | 21.3 | 24.8 | 22.4 | 26.6 | 30.6 | 34.4 | 40.3 | 44.0 | ||
| Other agriculture | ||||||||||
| Exports | 7.2 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 8.3 | 6.8 | 7.3 | 8.6 | 6.2 | ||
| Imports | 8.1 | 7.6 | 8.4 | 9.7 | 9.3 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 17.7 | ||
| (1973 = 100) | ||||||||||
| Export price index | ||||||||||
| Food | 100 | 108 | 97 | 102 | 116 | 117 | 132 | 154 | ||
| Beverages | 100 | 119 | 114 | 204 | 365 | 258 | 263 | 249 | ||
| Agricultural raw materials | 100 | 114 | 100 | 112 | 124 | 132 | 159 | 167 | ||
| All agricultural commodities | 100 | 132 | 116 | 124 | 140 | 145 | 166 | 188 | ||
| Terms of trade | ||||||||||
| Food | 100 | 108 | 85 | 89 | 94 | 82 | 81 | 85 | ||
| Beverages | 100 | 106 | 89 | 89 | 262 | 161 | 144 | 122 | ||
| Agricultural raw materials | 100 | 94 | 70 | 78 | 80 | 74 | 78 | 74 | ||
| All agricultural commodities | 100 | 109 | 84 | 90 | 93 | 84 | 84 | 87 | ||
| Developing countries6 | 100 | 96 | 92 | 101 | 112 | 95 | 93 | 95 | ||
| Developed countries6 | 100 | 92 | 84 | 80 | 76 | 73 | 84 | 86 | ||
For classification of commodities and countries for agricultural trade, see Appendix II.
Estimates.
Excluding fishery and forestry products.
Including cocoa, coffee, and tea.
Fund staff estimates.
Net barter terms of trade of all agricultural exports for manufactured goods and crude petroleum.
Butter: Production, Trade, Stocks, and Price Developments, 1972–811
For classification of countries and regions, see Appendix II.
Average.
Provisional figures.
Includes intra-Community trade.
New Zealand butter quoted in London.
Butter: Production, Trade, Stocks, and Price Developments, 1972–811
| 1972–742 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 19813 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In thousands of tons) | |||||||||
| Production | 6,262 | 6,357 | 6,700 | 6,910 | 6,945 | 6,929 | 6,831 | 6,675 | |
| North America | 568 | 574 | 560 | 605 | 558 | 549 | 617 | 660 | |
| European Community | 1,649 | 1,680 | 1,735 | 1,727 | 1,918 | 1,922 | 1,871 | 1,825 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 409 | 405 | 412 | 373 | 338 | 356 | 333 | 325 | |
| State trading countries | 1,804 | 1,877 | 1,983 | 2,121 | 2,266 | 2,197 | 2,126 | 1,925 | |
| Developing countries | 1,832 | 1,821 | 1,472 | 1,494 | 1,507 | 1,531 | 1,545 | 1,550 | |
| Exports | 9434 | 9804 | 406 | 467 | 455 | 693 | 829 | 779 | |
| European Community | 5734 | 6174 | 157 | 236 | 246 | 468 | 575 | 525 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 240 | 241 | 249 | 231 | 209 | 225 | 254 | 254 | |
| Imports | 9354 | 9904 | 457 | 507 | 532 | 708 | 875 | 822 | |
| North America | 31 | 6 | — | — | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| European Community | 5794 | 7204 | 163 | 133 | 133 | 123 | 109 | 95 | |
| Japan | 18 | 2 | 19 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| U.S.S.R. | 82 | 12 | 10 | 76 | 39 | 174 | 249 | 249 | |
| Developing countries | 182 | 190 | 265 | 294 | 352 | 408 | 514 | 475 | |
| Stocks | 592 | 539 | 648 | 716 | 764 | 555 | 443 | 420 | |
| North America | 50 | 39 | 48 | 109 | 122 | 101 | 152 | 200 | |
| European Community | 309 | 262 | 380 | 372 | 563 | 372 | 240 | 170 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 70 | 72 | 85 | 75 | 79 | 82 | 51 | 50 | |
| U.S.S.R. | 163 | 166 | 135 | 160 | — | — | — | — | |
| (1972–74 = 100) | |||||||||
| Price index5 | 100 | 143 | 152 | 167 | 217 | 259 | 300 | 289 | |
For classification of countries and regions, see Appendix II.
Average.
Provisional figures.
Includes intra-Community trade.
New Zealand butter quoted in London.
Butter: Production, Trade, Stocks, and Price Developments, 1972–811
| 1972–742 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 19813 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In thousands of tons) | |||||||||
| Production | 6,262 | 6,357 | 6,700 | 6,910 | 6,945 | 6,929 | 6,831 | 6,675 | |
| North America | 568 | 574 | 560 | 605 | 558 | 549 | 617 | 660 | |
| European Community | 1,649 | 1,680 | 1,735 | 1,727 | 1,918 | 1,922 | 1,871 | 1,825 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 409 | 405 | 412 | 373 | 338 | 356 | 333 | 325 | |
| State trading countries | 1,804 | 1,877 | 1,983 | 2,121 | 2,266 | 2,197 | 2,126 | 1,925 | |
| Developing countries | 1,832 | 1,821 | 1,472 | 1,494 | 1,507 | 1,531 | 1,545 | 1,550 | |
| Exports | 9434 | 9804 | 406 | 467 | 455 | 693 | 829 | 779 | |
| European Community | 5734 | 6174 | 157 | 236 | 246 | 468 | 575 | 525 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 240 | 241 | 249 | 231 | 209 | 225 | 254 | 254 | |
| Imports | 9354 | 9904 | 457 | 507 | 532 | 708 | 875 | 822 | |
| North America | 31 | 6 | — | — | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| European Community | 5794 | 7204 | 163 | 133 | 133 | 123 | 109 | 95 | |
| Japan | 18 | 2 | 19 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| U.S.S.R. | 82 | 12 | 10 | 76 | 39 | 174 | 249 | 249 | |
| Developing countries | 182 | 190 | 265 | 294 | 352 | 408 | 514 | 475 | |
| Stocks | 592 | 539 | 648 | 716 | 764 | 555 | 443 | 420 | |
| North America | 50 | 39 | 48 | 109 | 122 | 101 | 152 | 200 | |
| European Community | 309 | 262 | 380 | 372 | 563 | 372 | 240 | 170 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 70 | 72 | 85 | 75 | 79 | 82 | 51 | 50 | |
| U.S.S.R. | 163 | 166 | 135 | 160 | — | — | — | — | |
| (1972–74 = 100) | |||||||||
| Price index5 | 100 | 143 | 152 | 167 | 217 | 259 | 300 | 289 | |
For classification of countries and regions, see Appendix II.
Average.
Provisional figures.
Includes intra-Community trade.
New Zealand butter quoted in London.
Cheese: Production, Trade, Stocks, and Price Developments, 1972–811
For classification of countries and regions, see Appendix II.
Average.
Provisional figures.
Includes intra-Community trade.
Wholesale prices.
Cheese: Production, Trade, Stocks, and Price Developments, 1972–811
| 1972–742 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 19813 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In thousands of tons) | |||||||||
| Production | 9,028 | 9,603 | 10,027 | 10,270 | 10,651 | 10,952 | 11,376 | 11,600 | |
| North America | 1,865 | 1,871 | 2,116 | 2,144 | 2,077 | 2,221 | 2,314 | 2,500 | |
| European Community | 2,641 | 2,768 | 2,989 | 3,145 | 3,117 | 3,583 | 3,718 | 3,800 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 185 | 204 | 202 | 193 | 198 | 237 | 254 | 225 | |
| State trading countries | 1,992 | 2,169 | 2,394 | 2,444 | 2,630 | 2,668 | 2,686 | 2,660 | |
| Developing countries | 2,345 | 2,591 | 1,446 | 1,452 | 1,507 | 1,459 | 1,495 | 1,525 | |
| Exports | 9344 | 9994 | 268 | 340 | 332 | 384 | 433 | 480 | |
| European Community | 6174 | 6874 | 145 | 216 | 218 | 269 | 303 | 350 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 118 | 108 | 123 | 124 | 114 | 115 | 130 | 130 | |
| Imports | 9174 | 9674 | 448 | 451 | 491 | 537 | 570 | 606 | |
| North America | 129 | 102 | 117 | 116 | 133 | 134 | 126 | 130 | |
| European Community | 5674 | 6174 | 117 | 93 | 78 | 84 | 87 | 90 | |
| Japan | 40 | 49 | 55 | 65 | 71 | 74 | 75 | 75 | |
| U.S.S.R. | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 11 | 11 | |
| Developing countries | 88 | 101 | 152 | 171 | 203 | 238 | 271 | 300 | |
| Stocks | |||||||||
| North America | 202 | 197 | 240 | 248 | 245 | 276 | 359 | 500 | |
| European Community | 254 | 339 | 310 | 360 | 306 | 371 | 345 | 350 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 30 | 44 | 63 | 58 | 68 | 90 | 95 | 75 | |
| U.S.S.R. | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | |
| (1973–75 = 100) | |||||||||
| Price index5 | |||||||||
| Netherlands Gouda cheese | 77 | 88 | 115 | 131 | 122 | 122 | 125 | … | |
| U.S. cheddar cheese (Wisconsin) | … | 109 | 122 | 123 | 133 | 154 | 177 | … | |
For classification of countries and regions, see Appendix II.
Average.
Provisional figures.
Includes intra-Community trade.
Wholesale prices.
Cheese: Production, Trade, Stocks, and Price Developments, 1972–811
| 1972–742 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 19813 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In thousands of tons) | |||||||||
| Production | 9,028 | 9,603 | 10,027 | 10,270 | 10,651 | 10,952 | 11,376 | 11,600 | |
| North America | 1,865 | 1,871 | 2,116 | 2,144 | 2,077 | 2,221 | 2,314 | 2,500 | |
| European Community | 2,641 | 2,768 | 2,989 | 3,145 | 3,117 | 3,583 | 3,718 | 3,800 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 185 | 204 | 202 | 193 | 198 | 237 | 254 | 225 | |
| State trading countries | 1,992 | 2,169 | 2,394 | 2,444 | 2,630 | 2,668 | 2,686 | 2,660 | |
| Developing countries | 2,345 | 2,591 | 1,446 | 1,452 | 1,507 | 1,459 | 1,495 | 1,525 | |
| Exports | 9344 | 9994 | 268 | 340 | 332 | 384 | 433 | 480 | |
| European Community | 6174 | 6874 | 145 | 216 | 218 | 269 | 303 | 350 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 118 | 108 | 123 | 124 | 114 | 115 | 130 | 130 | |
| Imports | 9174 | 9674 | 448 | 451 | 491 | 537 | 570 | 606 | |
| North America | 129 | 102 | 117 | 116 | 133 | 134 | 126 | 130 | |
| European Community | 5674 | 6174 | 117 | 93 | 78 | 84 | 87 | 90 | |
| Japan | 40 | 49 | 55 | 65 | 71 | 74 | 75 | 75 | |
| U.S.S.R. | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 11 | 11 | |
| Developing countries | 88 | 101 | 152 | 171 | 203 | 238 | 271 | 300 | |
| Stocks | |||||||||
| North America | 202 | 197 | 240 | 248 | 245 | 276 | 359 | 500 | |
| European Community | 254 | 339 | 310 | 360 | 306 | 371 | 345 | 350 | |
| Australia and New Zealand | 30 | 44 | 63 | 58 | 68 | 90 | 95 | 75 | |
| U.S.S.R. | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | |
| (1973–75 = 100) | |||||||||
| Price index5 | |||||||||
| Netherlands Gouda cheese | 77 | 88 | 115 | 131 | 122 | 122 | 125 | … | |
| U.S. cheddar cheese (Wisconsin) | … | 109 | 122 | 123 | 133 | 154 | 177 | … | |
For classification of countries and regions, see Appendix II.
Average.
Provisional figures.
Includes intra-Community trade.
Wholesale prices.
Bovine Meat: Production, Trade, and Price Developments, 1972–811
For classification of countries and regions, see Appendix II.
Average.
Provisional figures.
Including European state trading countries.
All origins in U.S. ports.
Bovine Meat: Production, Trade, and Price Developments, 1972–811
| 1972–742 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 19813 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In thousands of tons) | |||||||||
| Production | 41,313 | 45,447 | 47,514 | 47,548 | 48,397 | 47,200 | 46,800 | 46,700 | |
| Developing countries | 10,542 | 11,238 | 14,272 | 14,550 | 15,274 | 15,200 | 15,400 | 15,500 | |
| Developed countries4 | 30,771 | 34,209 | 33,242 | 32,998 | 33,123 | 32,000 | 31,400 | 31,200 | |
| Exports | 2,377 | 2,483 | 2,623 | 2,928 | 3,193 | 3,389 | 3,080 | 2,860 | |
| Developing countries | 691 | 368 | 585 | 624 | 723 | 625 | 500 | 505 | |
| Developed countries | 1,686 | 2,115 | 2,038 | 2,304 | 2,470 | 2,764 | 2,580 | 2,355 | |
| Imports | 2,437 | 2,443 | 2,617 | 3,024 | 3,040 | 3,467 | 3,210 | 3,000 | |
| Developing countries | 151 | 185 | 283 | 368 | 529 | 553 | 500 | 495 | |
| Developed countries | 2,286 | 2,258 | 2,334 | 2,656 | 2,511 | 2,914 | 2,710 | 2,505 | |
| (In millions of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||
| Value of exports | 3,604 | 3,772 | 3,901 | 4,795 | 5,951 | 7,967 | 8,422 | … | |
| (1972–74 = 100) | |||||||||
| Price index5 | 100 | 78 | 94 | 89 | 127 | 171 | 162 | 150 | |
For classification of countries and regions, see Appendix II.
Average.
Provisional figures.
Including European state trading countries.
All origins in U.S. ports.
Bovine Meat: Production, Trade, and Price Developments, 1972–811
| 1972–742 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 19813 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In thousands of tons) | |||||||||
| Production | 41,313 | 45,447 | 47,514 | 47,548 | 48,397 | 47,200 | 46,800 | 46,700 | |
| Developing countries | 10,542 | 11,238 | 14,272 | 14,550 | 15,274 | 15,200 | 15,400 | 15,500 | |
| Developed countries4 | 30,771 | 34,209 | 33,242 | 32,998 | 33,123 | 32,000 | 31,400 | 31,200 | |
| Exports | 2,377 | 2,483 | 2,623 | 2,928 | 3,193 | 3,389 | 3,080 | 2,860 | |
| Developing countries | 691 | 368 | 585 | 624 | 723 | 625 | 500 | 505 | |
| Developed countries | 1,686 | 2,115 | 2,038 | 2,304 | 2,470 | 2,764 | 2,580 | 2,355 | |
| Imports | 2,437 | 2,443 | 2,617 | 3,024 | 3,040 | 3,467 | 3,210 | 3,000 | |
| Developing countries | 151 | 185 | 283 | 368 | 529 | 553 | 500 | 495 | |
| Developed countries | 2,286 | 2,258 | 2,334 | 2,656 | 2,511 | 2,914 | 2,710 | 2,505 | |
| (In millions of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||
| Value of exports | 3,604 | 3,772 | 3,901 | 4,795 | 5,951 | 7,967 | 8,422 | … | |
| (1972–74 = 100) | |||||||||
| Price index5 | 100 | 78 | 94 | 89 | 127 | 171 | 162 | 150 | |
For classification of countries and regions, see Appendix II.
Average.
Provisional figures.
Including European state trading countries.
All origins in U.S. ports.
Wheat: Production, Trade, Stocks, and Price Developments, 1972–74 and 1975–811
For classification of countries and regions, see Appendix II.
Average.
Provisional figures.
Including Asian state trading countries.
Excluding Asian state trading countries.
At end of national crop years.
U.S. hard red winter wheat, No. 2, at North Sea ports (c.i.f.).
Wheat: Production, Trade, Stocks, and Price Developments, 1972–74 and 1975–811
| 1972–742 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 19813 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In millions of tons) | |||||||||
| Production | 361.3 | 355.8 | 417.9 | 385.7 | 449.8 | 429.2 | 444.9 | 456.5 | |
| Developing countries4 | 109.7 | 122.4 | 138.5 | 124.5 | 143.7 | 161.0 | 150.5 | 158.2 | |
| Developed countries | 131.1 | 142.7 | 153.8 | 140.4 | 154.8 | 154.8 | 166.9 | 181.8 | |
| State trading countries5 | 120.5 | 90.7 | 125.6 | 120.8 | 151.3 | 113.3 | 127.5 | 116.5 | |
| Exports | 64.4 | 65.9 | 61.5 | 72.0 | 71.5 | 85.5 | 93.2 | 101.0 | |
| Developing countries4 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 6.3 | 5.0 | 6.4 | 5.7 | 4.8 | 5.6 | |
| Developed countries | 57.0 | 60.6 | 52.9 | 64.4 | 61.9 | 78.4 | 86.8 | 94.2 | |
| State trading countries5 | 4.5 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.1 | |
| Imports | 63.2 | 67.5 | 60.5 | 71.5 | 72.9 | 84.0 | 92.3 | 101.0 | |
| Developing countries4 | 37.4 | 37.4 | 38.2 | 45.8 | 49.9 | 53.0 | 57.7 | 64.8 | |
| Developed countries | 13.6 | 14.6 | 12.1 | 13.5 | 13.1 | 13.7 | 13.5 | 14.3 | |
| State trading countries5 | 12.2 | 15.5 | 10.2 | 12.2 | 9.9 | 17.3 | 21.1 | 21.9 | |
| Stocks6 | 46.0 | 59.0 | 85.2 | 81.5 | 112.8 | 101.4 | 91.7 | 93.0 | |
| (In millions of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||
| Value of exports | 7,391.0 | 11,346.0 | 10,547.0 | 9,827.0 | 11,236.0 | 13,406.0 | 18,449.0 | … | |
| (In U.S. dollars per ton) | |||||||||
| Price7 | 142.6 | 157.4 | 122.4 | 124.8 | 155.8 | 206.2 | 206.6 | 217.0 | |
For classification of countries and regions, see Appendix II.
Average.
Provisional figures.
Including Asian state trading countries.
Excluding Asian state trading countries.
At end of national crop years.
U.S. hard red winter wheat, No. 2, at North Sea ports (c.i.f.).
Wheat: Production, Trade, Stocks, and Price Developments, 1972–74 and 1975–811
| 1972–742 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 19813 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In millions of tons) | |||||||||
| Production | 361.3 | 355.8 | 417.9 | 385.7 | 449.8 | 429.2 | 444.9 | 456.5 | |
| Developing countries4 | 109.7 | 122.4 | 138.5 | 124.5 | 143.7 | 161.0 | 150.5 | 158.2 | |
| Developed countries | 131.1 | 142.7 | 153.8 | 140.4 | 154.8 | 154.8 | 166.9 | 181.8 | |
| State trading countries5 | 120.5 | 90.7 | 125.6 | 120.8 | 151.3 | 113.3 | 127.5 | 116.5 | |
| Exports | 64.4 | 65.9 | 61.5 | 72.0 | 71.5 | 85.5 | 93.2 | 101.0 | |
| Developing countries4 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 6.3 | 5.0 | 6.4 | 5.7 | 4.8 | 5.6 | |
| Developed countries | 57.0 | 60.6 | 52.9 | 64.4 | 61.9 | 78.4 | 86.8 | 94.2 | |
| State trading countries5 | 4.5 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.1 | |
| Imports | 63.2 | 67.5 | 60.5 | 71.5 | 72.9 | 84.0 | 92.3 | 101.0 | |
| Developing countries4 | 37.4 | 37.4 | 38.2 | 45.8 | 49.9 | 53.0 | 57.7 | 64.8 | |
| Developed countries | 13.6 | 14.6 | 12.1 | 13.5 | 13.1 | 13.7 | 13.5 | 14.3 | |
| State trading countries5 | 12.2 | 15.5 | 10.2 | 12.2 | 9.9 | 17.3 | 21.1 | 21.9 | |
| Stocks6 | 46.0 | 59.0 | 85.2 | 81.5 | 112.8 | 101.4 | 91.7 | 93.0 | |
| (In millions of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||
| Value of exports | 7,391.0 | 11,346.0 | 10,547.0 | 9,827.0 | 11,236.0 | 13,406.0 | 18,449.0 | … | |
| (In U.S. dollars per ton) | |||||||||
| Price7 | 142.6 | 157.4 | 122.4 | 124.8 | 155.8 | 206.2 | 206.6 | 217.0 | |
For classification of countries and regions, see Appendix II.
Average.
Provisional figures.
Including Asian state trading countries.
Excluding Asian state trading countries.
At end of national crop years.
U.S. hard red winter wheat, No. 2, at North Sea ports (c.i.f.).
Fats and Oils: Production, Trade, and Price Developments, 1972–811
For classification of countries and regions, see Appendix II.
Average.
Provisional figures.
All fats and oils, excluding butter.
Fats and Oils: Production, Trade, and Price Developments, 1972–811
| 1972–742 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 19813 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In thousands of tons) | |||||||||
| Production | 46,240 | 47,870 | 51,670 | 50,330 | 56,800 | 57,800 | 62,260 | 60,490 | |
| Developing countries | 18,480 | 20,740 | 22,690 | 22,620 | 23,780 | 24,230 | 25,780 | 26,920 | |
| Developed countries | 19,890 | 18,600 | 21,340 | 19,660 | 24,520 | 25,690 | 28,710 | 25,780 | |
| State trading countries | 7,870 | 8,530 | 7,640 | 8,050 | 8,500 | 7,880 | 7,770 | 7,790 | |
| Exports | 13,990 | 14,510 | 16,210 | 16,940 | 18,590 | 19,570 | 20,990 | … | |
| Developing countries | 5,060 | 6,180 | 7,200 | 6,720 | 6,940 | 7,090 | 8,100 | … | |
| Developed countries | 7,910 | 7,340 | 8,210 | 9,420 | 10,930 | 11,840 | 12,330 | … | |
| State trading countries | 1,020 | 990 | 800 | 800 | 720 | 640 | 560 | … | |
| Imports | 13,630 | 13,600 | 15,810 | 16,720 | 18,240 | 19,500 | 20,910 | … | |
| Developing countries | 3,380 | 3,750 | 4,410 | 5,860 | 7,070 | 7,430 | 8,710 | … | |
| Developed countries | 9,480 | 9,210 | 10,370 | 9,870 | 10,110 | 10,630 | 10,730 | … | |
| State trading countries | 770 | 640 | 1,030 | 990 | 1,060 | 1,440 | 1,470 | … | |
| (In millions of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||
| Value of exports | 5,870 | 8,070 | 7,660 | 9,630 | 11,420 | 14,510 | 15,100 | … | |
| (1964–66 = 100) | |||||||||
| FAO price index4 | … | 213 | 189 | 233 | 268 | 303 | 263 | 250 | |
For classification of countries and regions, see Appendix II.
Average.
Provisional figures.
All fats and oils, excluding butter.
Fats and Oils: Production, Trade, and Price Developments, 1972–811
| 1972–742 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 19813 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In thousands of tons) | |||||||||
| Production | 46,240 | 47,870 | 51,670 | 50,330 | 56,800 | 57,800 | 62,260 | 60,490 | |
| Developing countries | 18,480 | 20,740 | 22,690 | 22,620 | 23,780 | 24,230 | 25,780 | 26,920 | |
| Developed countries | 19,890 | 18,600 | 21,340 | 19,660 | 24,520 | 25,690 | 28,710 | 25,780 | |
| State trading countries | 7,870 | 8,530 | 7,640 | 8,050 | 8,500 | 7,880 | 7,770 | 7,790 | |
| Exports | 13,990 | 14,510 | 16,210 | 16,940 | 18,590 | 19,570 | 20,990 | … | |
| Developing countries | 5,060 | 6,180 | 7,200 | 6,720 | 6,940 | 7,090 | 8,100 | … | |
| Developed countries | 7,910 | 7,340 | 8,210 | 9,420 | 10,930 | 11,840 | 12,330 | … | |
| State trading countries | 1,020 | 990 | 800 | 800 | 720 | 640 | 560 | … | |
| Imports | 13,630 | 13,600 | 15,810 | 16,720 | 18,240 | 19,500 | 20,910 | … | |
| Developing countries | 3,380 | 3,750 | 4,410 | 5,860 | 7,070 | 7,430 | 8,710 | … | |
| Developed countries | 9,480 | 9,210 | 10,370 | 9,870 | 10,110 | 10,630 | 10,730 | … | |
| State trading countries | 770 | 640 | 1,030 | 990 | 1,060 | 1,440 | 1,470 | … | |
| (In millions of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||
| Value of exports | 5,870 | 8,070 | 7,660 | 9,630 | 11,420 | 14,510 | 15,100 | … | |
| (1964–66 = 100) | |||||||||
| FAO price index4 | … | 213 | 189 | 233 | 268 | 303 | 263 | 250 | |
For classification of countries and regions, see Appendix II.
Average.
Provisional figures.
All fats and oils, excluding butter.
Sugar: Production, Trade, Consumption, and Price Developments, 1972–811
For classification of countries and regions, see Appendix II.
Average.
Provisional figures.
International Sugar Agreement daily prices for raw sugar.
Sugar: Production, Trade, Consumption, and Price Developments, 1972–811
| 1972–742 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 19813 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In millions of tons) | |||||||||
| Production | 75.9 | 79.3 | 87.4 | 92.6 | 90.9 | 84.2 | 87.1 | … | |
| Developing countries | 36.1 | 41.5 | 49.9 | 51.6 | 50.2 | 45.2 | 49.3 | … | |
| Developed countries | 22.8 | 21.6 | 25.9 | 27.0 | 26.8 | 26.7 | 26.8 | … | |
| State trading countries | 17.0 | 16.2 | 11.6 | 14.0 | 13.9 | 12.3 | 11.0 | … | |
| Imports | 22.6 | 22.0 | 23.0 | 27.8 | 25.4 | 25.7 | 27.1 | … | |
| Developing countries | 4.8 | 4.8 | 5.9 | 8.3 | 9.7 | 8.8 | 11.0 | … | |
| Developed countries | 13.9 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 13.8 | 11.1 | 12.0 | 10.3 | … | |
| State trading countries | 3.9 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 5.7 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 5.8 | … | |
| Exports | 22.8 | 21.6 | 23.0 | 28.5 | 26.3 | 26.4 | 27.3 | … | |
| Developing countries | 15.5 | 15.3 | 16.6 | 19.9 | 17.6 | 18.4 | 17.4 | … | |
| Developed countries | 5.9 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.3 | 9.3 | … | |
| State trading countries | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.6 | … | |
| (In billions of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||
| Export value | 5.6 | 10.7 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 9.0 | 14.4 | … | |
| Developing countries | 3.9 | 7.6 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 6.7 | 9.5 | … | |
| Developed countries | 1.3 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 4.6 | … | |
| State trading countries | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | … | |
| (In millions of tons) | |||||||||
| Consumption | 75.7 | 78.1 | 80.5 | 83.7 | 85.0 | 89.4 | 88.2 | 88.7 | |
| Developing countries | 25.4 | 27.9 | 34.1 | 36.6 | 38.2 | 42.1 | 41.7 | 42.8 | |
| Developed countries | 30.7 | 29.6 | 30.3 | 30.8 | 29.9 | 30.6 | 29.6 | 29.0 | |
| State trading countries | 19.6 | 20.6 | 16.1 | 16.3 | 16.9 | 16.7 | 16.9 | 16.9 | |
| (1972–74 = 100) | |||||||||
| Average price4 | 100 | 132 | 74 | 74 | 50 | 63 | 187 | 116 | |
For classification of countries and regions, see Appendix II.
Average.
Provisional figures.
International Sugar Agreement daily prices for raw sugar.
Sugar: Production, Trade, Consumption, and Price Developments, 1972–811
| 1972–742 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 19813 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In millions of tons) | |||||||||
| Production | 75.9 | 79.3 | 87.4 | 92.6 | 90.9 | 84.2 | 87.1 | … | |
| Developing countries | 36.1 | 41.5 | 49.9 | 51.6 | 50.2 | 45.2 | 49.3 | … | |
| Developed countries | 22.8 | 21.6 | 25.9 | 27.0 | 26.8 | 26.7 | 26.8 | … | |
| State trading countries | 17.0 | 16.2 | 11.6 | 14.0 | 13.9 | 12.3 | 11.0 | … | |
| Imports | 22.6 | 22.0 | 23.0 | 27.8 | 25.4 | 25.7 | 27.1 | … | |
| Developing countries | 4.8 | 4.8 | 5.9 | 8.3 | 9.7 | 8.8 | 11.0 | … | |
| Developed countries | 13.9 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 13.8 | 11.1 | 12.0 | 10.3 | … | |
| State trading countries | 3.9 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 5.7 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 5.8 | … | |
| Exports | 22.8 | 21.6 | 23.0 | 28.5 | 26.3 | 26.4 | 27.3 | … | |
| Developing countries | 15.5 | 15.3 | 16.6 | 19.9 | 17.6 | 18.4 | 17.4 | … | |
| Developed countries | 5.9 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.3 | 9.3 | … | |
| State trading countries | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.6 | … | |
| (In billions of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||
| Export value | 5.6 | 10.7 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 9.0 | 14.4 | … | |
| Developing countries | 3.9 | 7.6 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 6.7 | 9.5 | … | |
| Developed countries | 1.3 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 4.6 | … | |
| State trading countries | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | … | |
| (In millions of tons) | |||||||||
| Consumption | 75.7 | 78.1 | 80.5 | 83.7 | 85.0 | 89.4 | 88.2 | 88.7 | |
| Developing countries | 25.4 | 27.9 | 34.1 | 36.6 | 38.2 | 42.1 | 41.7 | 42.8 | |
| Developed countries | 30.7 | 29.6 | 30.3 | 30.8 | 29.9 | 30.6 | 29.6 | 29.0 | |
| State trading countries | 19.6 | 20.6 | 16.1 | 16.3 | 16.9 | 16.7 | 16.9 | 16.9 | |
| (1972–74 = 100) | |||||||||
| Average price4 | 100 | 132 | 74 | 74 | 50 | 63 | 187 | 116 | |
For classification of countries and regions, see Appendix II.
Average.
Provisional figures.
International Sugar Agreement daily prices for raw sugar.
Agricultural Trade by Principal Commodities and Countries, 1972–81
Average.
Provisional figures.
Fresh, chilled, and frozen.
Including intra-Community trade.
Trade year ending in the middle of the year indicated by the column heading.
Including intra-Community trade.
Including Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.
Agricultural Trade by Principal Commodities and Countries, 1972–81
| 1972–741 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 19812 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temperate zone products | ||||||||||
| Beef and veal3 | ||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | 2,377 | 2,483 | 2,623 | 2,928 | 3,193 | 3,389 | 3,080 | … | ||
| Imports (in thousand tons) | 2,437 | 2,443 | 2,617 | 3,024 | 3,040 | 3,467 | 3,210 | … | ||
| Butter | ||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | 9434 | 9804 | 406 | 467 | 455 | 693 | 750 | 900 | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community | 60.764 | 62.964 | 38.67 | 50.54 | 54.07 | 67.53 | 66.67 | 58.33 | ||
| Australia and New Zealand | 25.45 | 24.59 | 61.33 | 49.46 | 45.93 | 32.47 | 33.33 | 36.11 | ||
| Imports (in thousand tons) | 9354 | 9904 | 457 | 507 | 532 | 731 | 928 | 875 | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community | 61.934 | 72.734 | 35.67 | 26.23 | 25.00 | 17.37 | 11.75 | 10.86 | ||
| Developing countries | 19.47 | 19.19 | 57.99 | 58.19 | 66.17 | 58.41 | 55.39 | 54.29 | ||
| Cheese | ||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | 9344 | 9994 | 268 | 340 | 332 | 384 | 710 | 745 | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community | 66.064 | 68.774 | 54.10 | 63.53 | 65.66 | 70.05 | 42.68 | 46.98 | ||
| Australia and New Zealand | 12.63 | 10.81 | 45.90 | 36.47 | 34.34 | 29.95 | 18.31 | … | ||
| Imports (in thousand tons) | 9174 | 9674 | 448 | 451 | 491 | 537 | 682 | 740 | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| United States and Canada | 14.07 | 10.55 | 26.12 | 25.72 | 27.09 | 24.95 | 18.48 | 17.57 | ||
| European Community | 61.834 | 63.814 | 26.12 | 20.62 | 15.89 | 15.64 | 12.76 | 12.16 | ||
| Developing countries | 9.60 | 10.44 | 33.93 | 37.92 | 41.34 | 44.32 | 39.74 | 40.54 | ||
| Coarse grains5 | ||||||||||
| Exports (in million tons) | 69.35 | 67.90 | 73.10 | 78.70 | 81.20 | 98.30 | 102.30 | 108.80 | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community | 4.93 | 2.36 | 3.42 | 0.60 | 4.56 | 4.68 | 2.87 | 3.22 | ||
| United States | 57.97 | 50.81 | 63.34 | 64.29 | 64.16 | 64.95 | 73.36 | 68.01 | ||
| Developing countries | 13.33 | 19.00 | 13.68 | 18.04 | 17.12 | 16.44 | 8.73 | 15.07 | ||
| Imports (in million tons) | 67.30 | 69.50 | 72.90 | 77.70 | 79.60 | 99.00 | 101.10 | 108.80 | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community | 24.37 | 23.31 | 24.42 | 34.23 | 20.10 | 15.78 | 13.40 | 11.49 | ||
| Japan | 19.47 | 18.99 | 18.52 | 20.46 | 21.36 | 20.65 | 18.87 | 17.65 | ||
| State trading countries | 15.16 | 10.36 | 28.67 | 17.37 | 25.13 | 21.81 | 29.38 | 31.71 | ||
| Developing countries | 14.71 | 17.55 | 15.23 | 14.54 | 19.22 | 27.73 | 25.98 | 27.57 | ||
| Wheat | ||||||||||
| Exports (in million tons) | 64.40 | 65.90 | 61.50 | 72.00 | 71.50 | 85.50 | 93.20 | 101.00 | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| Australia | 9.17 | 11.27 | 11.99 | 13.33 | 15.28 | 9.65 | 17.81 | 10.90 | ||
| Canada | 18.38 | 17.18 | 18.36 | 20.98 | 22.08 | 19.44 | 17.81 | 16.83 | ||
| European Community | 8.78 | 10.56 | 11.99 | 7.15 | 6.94 | 10.35 | 11.28 | 12.18 | ||
| United States | 43.68 | 46.06 | 47.80 | 41.79 | 43.19 | 44.62 | 43.35 | 51.49 | ||
| Imports (in million tons) | 63.20 | 67.50 | 60.50 | 71.50 | 72.90 | 84.00 | 92.30 | 101.00 | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community | 9.04 | 7.99 | 9.48 | 6.94 | 7.69 | 6.45 | 5.45 | 4.46 | ||
| Japan | 7.75 | 8.14 | 8.74 | 9.09 | 7.83 | 7.82 | 6.91 | 5.54 | ||
| State trading countries | 28.77 | 19.61 | 26.37 | 16.86 | 17.06 | 13.58 | 20.61 | 21.68 | ||
| Developing countries | 42.75 | 54.45 | 52.00 | 63.14 | 64.06 | 68.45 | 62.55 | 64.16 | ||
| Competing zone products | ||||||||||
| Fats and oils | ||||||||||
| Exports (in million tons) | 14.00 | 14.51 | 16.21 | 16.94 | 18.59 | 19.57 | 20.99 | … | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community | 7.93 | 9.03 | 7.34 | 7.44 | 6.94 | 7.60 | 7.81 | … | ||
| North America | 40.50 | 34.25 | 35.35 | 40.26 | 43.95 | 44.17 | 44.40 | … | ||
| Developing countries | 35.43 | 41.70 | 44.42 | 39.67 | 37.33 | 36.93 | 38.59 | … | ||
| Imports (in million tons) | 13.62 | 13.61 | 15.81 | 16.72 | 18.24 | 19.64 | 20.91 | … | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community | 41.63 | 41.00 | 37.13 | 34.81 | 30.65 | 32.43 | 30.94 | … | ||
| Other Europe | 7.93 | 7.79 | 7.65 | 6.70 | 6.09 | 5.55 | 5.84 | … | ||
| Japan | 11.31 | 10.43 | 10.25 | 9.33 | 9.32 | 9.11 | 8.80 | … | ||
| North America | 6.90 | 6.61 | 8.79 | 6.70 | 5.70 | 5.35 | 4.26 | … | ||
| Developing countries | 22.32 | 25.20 | 27.89 | 35.05 | 38.76 | 38.09 | 41.65 | … | ||
| Sugar | ||||||||||
| Exports (in million tons) | 22.83 | 21.62 | 22.95 | 28.54 | 26.32 | 26.55 | 27.35 | … | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community | 25.714 | 25.024 | 11.90 | 13.14 | 16.53 | 16.42 | 18.28 | … | ||
| Far East and Oceania | 10.73 | 14.80 | 17.91 | 17.17 | 11.82 | 13.71 | 10.97 | … | ||
| Latin America | 51.03 | 51.48 | 46.10 | 45.23 | 47.91 | 48.17 | 44.31 | … | ||
| Other developed countries, excluding Europe7 | 13.49 | 14.62 | 12.42 | 13.67 | 12.73 | 10.51 | 13.42 | … | ||
| Imports (in million tons) | 22.64 | 22.02 | 23.04 | 27.79 | 25.44 | 25.66 | 27.14 | … | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community6 | 15.33 | 17.08 | 14.19 | 10.80 | 10.18 | 9.70 | 8.62 | … | ||
| North America | 25.75 | 20.35 | 21.88 | 22.96 | 19.03 | 21.04 | 16.95 | … | ||
| State trading countries | 17.54 | 21.34 | 20.40 | 20.65 | 18.28 | 19.17 | 21.22 | … | ||
| Developing countries | 21.16 | 21.57 | 25.43 | 29.76 | 38.25 | 34.49 | 40.53 | … | ||
Average.
Provisional figures.
Fresh, chilled, and frozen.
Including intra-Community trade.
Trade year ending in the middle of the year indicated by the column heading.
Including intra-Community trade.
Including Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.
Agricultural Trade by Principal Commodities and Countries, 1972–81
| 1972–741 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 19812 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temperate zone products | ||||||||||
| Beef and veal3 | ||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | 2,377 | 2,483 | 2,623 | 2,928 | 3,193 | 3,389 | 3,080 | … | ||
| Imports (in thousand tons) | 2,437 | 2,443 | 2,617 | 3,024 | 3,040 | 3,467 | 3,210 | … | ||
| Butter | ||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | 9434 | 9804 | 406 | 467 | 455 | 693 | 750 | 900 | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community | 60.764 | 62.964 | 38.67 | 50.54 | 54.07 | 67.53 | 66.67 | 58.33 | ||
| Australia and New Zealand | 25.45 | 24.59 | 61.33 | 49.46 | 45.93 | 32.47 | 33.33 | 36.11 | ||
| Imports (in thousand tons) | 9354 | 9904 | 457 | 507 | 532 | 731 | 928 | 875 | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community | 61.934 | 72.734 | 35.67 | 26.23 | 25.00 | 17.37 | 11.75 | 10.86 | ||
| Developing countries | 19.47 | 19.19 | 57.99 | 58.19 | 66.17 | 58.41 | 55.39 | 54.29 | ||
| Cheese | ||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | 9344 | 9994 | 268 | 340 | 332 | 384 | 710 | 745 | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community | 66.064 | 68.774 | 54.10 | 63.53 | 65.66 | 70.05 | 42.68 | 46.98 | ||
| Australia and New Zealand | 12.63 | 10.81 | 45.90 | 36.47 | 34.34 | 29.95 | 18.31 | … | ||
| Imports (in thousand tons) | 9174 | 9674 | 448 | 451 | 491 | 537 | 682 | 740 | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| United States and Canada | 14.07 | 10.55 | 26.12 | 25.72 | 27.09 | 24.95 | 18.48 | 17.57 | ||
| European Community | 61.834 | 63.814 | 26.12 | 20.62 | 15.89 | 15.64 | 12.76 | 12.16 | ||
| Developing countries | 9.60 | 10.44 | 33.93 | 37.92 | 41.34 | 44.32 | 39.74 | 40.54 | ||
| Coarse grains5 | ||||||||||
| Exports (in million tons) | 69.35 | 67.90 | 73.10 | 78.70 | 81.20 | 98.30 | 102.30 | 108.80 | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community | 4.93 | 2.36 | 3.42 | 0.60 | 4.56 | 4.68 | 2.87 | 3.22 | ||
| United States | 57.97 | 50.81 | 63.34 | 64.29 | 64.16 | 64.95 | 73.36 | 68.01 | ||
| Developing countries | 13.33 | 19.00 | 13.68 | 18.04 | 17.12 | 16.44 | 8.73 | 15.07 | ||
| Imports (in million tons) | 67.30 | 69.50 | 72.90 | 77.70 | 79.60 | 99.00 | 101.10 | 108.80 | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community | 24.37 | 23.31 | 24.42 | 34.23 | 20.10 | 15.78 | 13.40 | 11.49 | ||
| Japan | 19.47 | 18.99 | 18.52 | 20.46 | 21.36 | 20.65 | 18.87 | 17.65 | ||
| State trading countries | 15.16 | 10.36 | 28.67 | 17.37 | 25.13 | 21.81 | 29.38 | 31.71 | ||
| Developing countries | 14.71 | 17.55 | 15.23 | 14.54 | 19.22 | 27.73 | 25.98 | 27.57 | ||
| Wheat | ||||||||||
| Exports (in million tons) | 64.40 | 65.90 | 61.50 | 72.00 | 71.50 | 85.50 | 93.20 | 101.00 | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| Australia | 9.17 | 11.27 | 11.99 | 13.33 | 15.28 | 9.65 | 17.81 | 10.90 | ||
| Canada | 18.38 | 17.18 | 18.36 | 20.98 | 22.08 | 19.44 | 17.81 | 16.83 | ||
| European Community | 8.78 | 10.56 | 11.99 | 7.15 | 6.94 | 10.35 | 11.28 | 12.18 | ||
| United States | 43.68 | 46.06 | 47.80 | 41.79 | 43.19 | 44.62 | 43.35 | 51.49 | ||
| Imports (in million tons) | 63.20 | 67.50 | 60.50 | 71.50 | 72.90 | 84.00 | 92.30 | 101.00 | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community | 9.04 | 7.99 | 9.48 | 6.94 | 7.69 | 6.45 | 5.45 | 4.46 | ||
| Japan | 7.75 | 8.14 | 8.74 | 9.09 | 7.83 | 7.82 | 6.91 | 5.54 | ||
| State trading countries | 28.77 | 19.61 | 26.37 | 16.86 | 17.06 | 13.58 | 20.61 | 21.68 | ||
| Developing countries | 42.75 | 54.45 | 52.00 | 63.14 | 64.06 | 68.45 | 62.55 | 64.16 | ||
| Competing zone products | ||||||||||
| Fats and oils | ||||||||||
| Exports (in million tons) | 14.00 | 14.51 | 16.21 | 16.94 | 18.59 | 19.57 | 20.99 | … | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community | 7.93 | 9.03 | 7.34 | 7.44 | 6.94 | 7.60 | 7.81 | … | ||
| North America | 40.50 | 34.25 | 35.35 | 40.26 | 43.95 | 44.17 | 44.40 | … | ||
| Developing countries | 35.43 | 41.70 | 44.42 | 39.67 | 37.33 | 36.93 | 38.59 | … | ||
| Imports (in million tons) | 13.62 | 13.61 | 15.81 | 16.72 | 18.24 | 19.64 | 20.91 | … | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community | 41.63 | 41.00 | 37.13 | 34.81 | 30.65 | 32.43 | 30.94 | … | ||
| Other Europe | 7.93 | 7.79 | 7.65 | 6.70 | 6.09 | 5.55 | 5.84 | … | ||
| Japan | 11.31 | 10.43 | 10.25 | 9.33 | 9.32 | 9.11 | 8.80 | … | ||
| North America | 6.90 | 6.61 | 8.79 | 6.70 | 5.70 | 5.35 | 4.26 | … | ||
| Developing countries | 22.32 | 25.20 | 27.89 | 35.05 | 38.76 | 38.09 | 41.65 | … | ||
| Sugar | ||||||||||
| Exports (in million tons) | 22.83 | 21.62 | 22.95 | 28.54 | 26.32 | 26.55 | 27.35 | … | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community | 25.714 | 25.024 | 11.90 | 13.14 | 16.53 | 16.42 | 18.28 | … | ||
| Far East and Oceania | 10.73 | 14.80 | 17.91 | 17.17 | 11.82 | 13.71 | 10.97 | … | ||
| Latin America | 51.03 | 51.48 | 46.10 | 45.23 | 47.91 | 48.17 | 44.31 | … | ||
| Other developed countries, excluding Europe7 | 13.49 | 14.62 | 12.42 | 13.67 | 12.73 | 10.51 | 13.42 | … | ||
| Imports (in million tons) | 22.64 | 22.02 | 23.04 | 27.79 | 25.44 | 25.66 | 27.14 | … | ||
| Of which: (in per cent) | ||||||||||
| European Community6 | 15.33 | 17.08 | 14.19 | 10.80 | 10.18 | 9.70 | 8.62 | … | ||
| North America | 25.75 | 20.35 | 21.88 | 22.96 | 19.03 | 21.04 | 16.95 | … | ||
| State trading countries | 17.54 | 21.34 | 20.40 | 20.65 | 18.28 | 19.17 | 21.22 | … | ||
| Developing countries | 21.16 | 21.57 | 25.43 | 29.76 | 38.25 | 34.49 | 40.53 | … | ||
Average.
Provisional figures.
Fresh, chilled, and frozen.
Including intra-Community trade.
Trade year ending in the middle of the year indicated by the column heading.
Including intra-Community trade.
Including Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.
Structure of Agricultural Trade of Principal Commodities, 1975–801
(In billions of U.S. dollars and per cent)
Includes only registered agricultural trade.
Fresh, chilled, and frozen.
Including intra-Community trade.
Trade year ending in the middle of the year indicated by the column heading.
Structure of Agricultural Trade of Principal Commodities, 1975–801
(In billions of U.S. dollars and per cent)
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total agricultural exports | 77.9 | 90.0 | 101.3 | 113.5 | 138.0 | 158.7 | ||
| Tropical zone product exports | 7.5 | 10.4 | 15.2 | 14.2 | 19.1 | 19.7 | ||
| Cocoa | 1.8 | 2.2 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 3.7 | ||
| Coffee | 4.0 | 8.0 | 11.7 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 11.6 | ||
| Natural rubber | 1.7 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 4.0 | 4.4 | ||
| Temperate zone product exports | 30.0 | 31.3 | 29.8 | 36.7 | 44.2 | 54.2 | ||
| Beef and veal2 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 8.7 | ||
| Butter3 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 3.4 | ||
| Cheese3 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 4.1 | ||
| Citrus fruit | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 2.7 | ||
| Coarse grains4 | 10.7 | 11.3 | 9.6 | 12.0 | 13.5 | 16.8 | ||
| Wheat | 10.8 | 10.6 | 9.3 | 11.3 | 13.4 | 18.5 | ||
| Competing zone product exports | 13.7 | 13.2 | 15.1 | 16.7 | 20.3 | 25.8 | ||
| Fats and oils | 3.3 | 5.8 | 7.7 | 9.2 | 11.3 | 11.4 | ||
| Sugar3 | 10.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 9.0 | 14.4 | ||
| Total of the above | 51.2 | 54.9 | 60.1 | 67.6 | 83.6 | 99.7 | ||
| Per cent of total agricultural exports | 65.7 | 61.0 | 59.3 | 59.6 | 60.6 | 62.8 | ||
Includes only registered agricultural trade.
Fresh, chilled, and frozen.
Including intra-Community trade.
Trade year ending in the middle of the year indicated by the column heading.
Structure of Agricultural Trade of Principal Commodities, 1975–801
(In billions of U.S. dollars and per cent)
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total agricultural exports | 77.9 | 90.0 | 101.3 | 113.5 | 138.0 | 158.7 | ||
| Tropical zone product exports | 7.5 | 10.4 | 15.2 | 14.2 | 19.1 | 19.7 | ||
| Cocoa | 1.8 | 2.2 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 3.7 | ||
| Coffee | 4.0 | 8.0 | 11.7 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 11.6 | ||
| Natural rubber | 1.7 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 4.0 | 4.4 | ||
| Temperate zone product exports | 30.0 | 31.3 | 29.8 | 36.7 | 44.2 | 54.2 | ||
| Beef and veal2 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 8.7 | ||
| Butter3 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 3.4 | ||
| Cheese3 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 4.1 | ||
| Citrus fruit | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 2.7 | ||
| Coarse grains4 | 10.7 | 11.3 | 9.6 | 12.0 | 13.5 | 16.8 | ||
| Wheat | 10.8 | 10.6 | 9.3 | 11.3 | 13.4 | 18.5 | ||
| Competing zone product exports | 13.7 | 13.2 | 15.1 | 16.7 | 20.3 | 25.8 | ||
| Fats and oils | 3.3 | 5.8 | 7.7 | 9.2 | 11.3 | 11.4 | ||
| Sugar3 | 10.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 9.0 | 14.4 | ||
| Total of the above | 51.2 | 54.9 | 60.1 | 67.6 | 83.6 | 99.7 | ||
| Per cent of total agricultural exports | 65.7 | 61.0 | 59.3 | 59.6 | 60.6 | 62.8 | ||
Includes only registered agricultural trade.
Fresh, chilled, and frozen.
Including intra-Community trade.
Trade year ending in the middle of the year indicated by the column heading.
European Community: Target Prices for Selected Commodities, 1972/73 and 1979/80–1981/821
Beginning of marketing year.
Sheep meat and goat meat were not covered by the Common Agricultural Policy prior to 1980/81.
European Community: Target Prices for Selected Commodities, 1972/73 and 1979/80–1981/821
| 1980/81 | 1981/82 | 1981/82 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1972/73 | 1979/80 | 1980/81 | 1981/82 | 1979/80 | 1980/81 | 1972/73 | ||
| (Percentage change) | ||||||||
| Cereals (ECU/ton) | ||||||||
| Common wheat | 137.58 | 201.42 | 214.01 | 230.55 | 6.3 | 7.7 | 67.6 | |
| Barley | 126.03 | 182.89 | 194.32 | 210.00 | 6.2 | 8.1 | 66.7 | |
| Rye | 127.48 | 192.50 | 197.31 | 210.00 | 2.5 | 6.4 | 64.7 | |
| Rice, husked (ECU/ton) | 225.69 | 382.28 | 408.16 | 450.50 | 6.8 | 10.4 | 99.6 | |
| Sugar, white (ECU/ton) | 296.80 | 432.60 | 455.50 | 494.20 | 5.3 | 8.5 | 66.5 | |
| Olive oil (ECU/ton) | 1,507.56 | 2,350.40 | 2,479.70 | 2,727.70 | 5.5 | 10.0 | 80.5 | |
| Oilseeds (ECU/ton) | ||||||||
| Sunflower | 254.48 | 396.60 | 426.30 | 477.50 | 7.5 | 12.0 | 87.6 | |
| Soya | … | 394.80 | 420.50 | 462.60 | 6.5 | 10.0 | … | |
| Wine, Type A II (ECU/hl) | 36.39 | 52.79 | 55.69 | 61.26 | 5.5 | 10.0 | 68.3 | |
| Tobacco, No. 2 (ECU/kg) | 2.767 | 3.464 | 3.603 | 3.783 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 36.7 | |
| Fruits and vegetables (ECU/100 kg) | ||||||||
| Cauliflower | 9.79 | 14.52 | 14.75 | 17.40 | 1.6 | 18.0 | 77.7 | |
| Tomatoes (open grown) | 15.96 | 23.27 | 24.79 | 26.51/17.22 | 6.5 | 6.9 | 66.1 | |
| Oranges | 19.22 | 30.40 | 32.14/19.38 | 35.53/26.28 | 5.7 | 10.5 | 84.9 | |
| Apples | 11.73 | 19.18 | 20.42 | 22.54 | 6.5 | 10.4 | 92.2 | |
| Milk (3.7 per cent fat content) | 142.29 | 214.00 | 222.60 | 242.60 | 4.0 | 9.0 | 70.5 | |
| Beef animals (live) | 906.71 | 1,545.80 | 1,607.60 | 1,728.20 | 4.0 | 7.5 | 90.6 | |
| Pig meat | 997.39 | 1,504.46 | 1,587.21 | 1,761.80 | 5.5 | 11.0 | 76.6 | |
| Sheep meat and goat meat2 | ||||||||
| (ECU/100 kg) | 345.00 | 370.88 | 7.5 | |||||
Beginning of marketing year.
Sheep meat and goat meat were not covered by the Common Agricultural Policy prior to 1980/81.
European Community: Target Prices for Selected Commodities, 1972/73 and 1979/80–1981/821
| 1980/81 | 1981/82 | 1981/82 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1972/73 | 1979/80 | 1980/81 | 1981/82 | 1979/80 | 1980/81 | 1972/73 | ||
| (Percentage change) | ||||||||
| Cereals (ECU/ton) | ||||||||
| Common wheat | 137.58 | 201.42 | 214.01 | 230.55 | 6.3 | 7.7 | 67.6 | |
| Barley | 126.03 | 182.89 | 194.32 | 210.00 | 6.2 | 8.1 | 66.7 | |
| Rye | 127.48 | 192.50 | 197.31 | 210.00 | 2.5 | 6.4 | 64.7 | |
| Rice, husked (ECU/ton) | 225.69 | 382.28 | 408.16 | 450.50 | 6.8 | 10.4 | 99.6 | |
| Sugar, white (ECU/ton) | 296.80 | 432.60 | 455.50 | 494.20 | 5.3 | 8.5 | 66.5 | |
| Olive oil (ECU/ton) | 1,507.56 | 2,350.40 | 2,479.70 | 2,727.70 | 5.5 | 10.0 | 80.5 | |
| Oilseeds (ECU/ton) | ||||||||
| Sunflower | 254.48 | 396.60 | 426.30 | 477.50 | 7.5 | 12.0 | 87.6 | |
| Soya | … | 394.80 | 420.50 | 462.60 | 6.5 | 10.0 | … | |
| Wine, Type A II (ECU/hl) | 36.39 | 52.79 | 55.69 | 61.26 | 5.5 | 10.0 | 68.3 | |
| Tobacco, No. 2 (ECU/kg) | 2.767 | 3.464 | 3.603 | 3.783 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 36.7 | |
| Fruits and vegetables (ECU/100 kg) | ||||||||
| Cauliflower | 9.79 | 14.52 | 14.75 | 17.40 | 1.6 | 18.0 | 77.7 | |
| Tomatoes (open grown) | 15.96 | 23.27 | 24.79 | 26.51/17.22 | 6.5 | 6.9 | 66.1 | |
| Oranges | 19.22 | 30.40 | 32.14/19.38 | 35.53/26.28 | 5.7 | 10.5 | 84.9 | |
| Apples | 11.73 | 19.18 | 20.42 | 22.54 | 6.5 | 10.4 | 92.2 | |
| Milk (3.7 per cent fat content) | 142.29 | 214.00 | 222.60 | 242.60 | 4.0 | 9.0 | 70.5 | |
| Beef animals (live) | 906.71 | 1,545.80 | 1,607.60 | 1,728.20 | 4.0 | 7.5 | 90.6 | |
| Pig meat | 997.39 | 1,504.46 | 1,587.21 | 1,761.80 | 5.5 | 11.0 | 76.6 | |
| Sheep meat and goat meat2 | ||||||||
| (ECU/100 kg) | 345.00 | 370.88 | 7.5 | |||||
Beginning of marketing year.
Sheep meat and goat meat were not covered by the Common Agricultural Policy prior to 1980/81.
European Community: Regional Distribution of Imports of Principal Agricultural Products, 1962 and 1979
Numbers in parentheses refer to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC).
Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States.
Imports of SITC categories 0, 1, 2 (excluding subcategories 27 and 28), and 4.
European Community: Regional Distribution of Imports of Principal Agricultural Products, 1962 and 1979
| Intra-Community Trade | Selected Developed Countries2 | Developing Countries | Eastern Trading Countries | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Product1 | 1962 | 1979 | 1962 | 1979 | 1962 | 1979 | 1962 | 1979 | |
| (In percentage of total Community imports of the product) | |||||||||
| Fresh meat (011) | 33.5 | 73.9 | 34.3 | 11.8 | 25.8 | 6.7 | 3.6 | 4.8 | |
| Dried and smoked meat (012) | 83.6 | 96.2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 3.0 | 0.1 | 10.6 | 3.5 | |
| Prepared meat (013) | 40.9 | 70.0 | 8.7 | 2.8 | 34.7 | 17.1 | 9.2 | 6.3 | |
| Milk and cream (022) | 61.7 | 99.8 | 17.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | — | 0.6 | — | |
| Butter (023) | 37.0 | 83.5 | 48.3 | 16.4 | 2.0 | — | 5.3 | 0.1 | |
| Cheese and curd (024) | 51.9 | 86.8 | 28.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | |
| Unmilled wheat (041) | 7.1 | 57.4 | 64.9 | 40.5 | 20.3 | 2.1 | 6.0 | — | |
| Unmilled maize (044) | 4.1 | 35.4 | 57.4 | 54.3 | 22.9 | 9.2 | 6.4 | 0.3 | |
| Other unmilled cereals (045) | 7.2 | 65.0 | 59.4 | 11.1 | 22.2 | 20.7 | 5.0 | 1.3 | |
| Fresh vegetables (054) | 51.1 | 49.5 | 5.2 | 3.5 | 23.5 | 29.0 | 3.7 | 2.2 | |
| Sugar and honey (061) | 8.8 | 34.9 | 12.5 | 2.2 | 63.7 | 55.6 | 8.1 | 1.6 | |
| Animal oils and fats (411) | 20.5 | 37.7 | 36.2 | 28.1 | 11.1 | 6.2 | 0.1 | 1.8 | |
| Vegetable oils (421) | 5.4 | 51.0 | 9.3 | 0.8 | 58.6 | 34.8 | 6.9 | 3.1 | |
| (Value of imports in millions of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||
| Fresh meat (011) | 277.5 | 6,062.5 | 284.2 | 971.7 | 213.9 | 549.6 | 30.0 | 393.3 | |
| Dried and smoked meat (012) | 233.7 | 823.5 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 8.3 | 0.5 | 29.6 | 30.1 | |
| Prepared meat (013) | 95.3 | 898.4 | 20.2 | 35.4 | 80.7 | 220.3 | 21.3 | 80.8 | |
| Milk and cream (022) | 37.9 | 1,346.6 | 9.8 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.1 | — | |
| Butter (023) | 144.0 | 1,163.1 | 188.2 | 228.4 | 7.8 | — | 20.5 | 0.5 | |
| Cheese and curd (024) | 126.9 | 1,356.6 | 69.6 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 1.3 | |
| Unmilled wheat (041) | 49.6 | 1,285.5 | 453.1 | 908.0 | 141.6 | 46.0 | 42.1 | 1.0 | |
| Unmilled maize (044) | 26.6 | 995.1 | 376.1 | 1,525.3 | 150.1 | 257.6 | 41.7 | 8.1 | |
| Other unmilled cereals (045) | 19.2 | 171.3 | 159.0 | 29.4 | 59.5 | 54.4 | 13.3 | 3.4 | |
| Fresh vegetables (054) | 363.5 | 2,176.6 | 37.1 | 155.1 | 167.1 | 1,273.0 | 26.5 | 95.8 | |
| Sugar and honey (061) | 27.4 | 692.5 | 38.7 | 43.8 | 198.1 | 1,102.9 | 25.3 | 32.4 | |
| Animal oils and fats (411) | 25.4 | 265.6 | 44.8 | 197.7 | 13.8 | 43.7 | 0.1 | 12.4 | |
| Vegetable oils (421) | 10.0 | 669.9 | 17.1 | 10.2 | 108.2 | 457.0 | 12.7 | 41.3 | |
| Total of products listed | 1,437.0 | 17,907.2 | 1,699.2 | 4,109.0 | 1,150.4 | 4,008.3 | 264.2 | 700.4 | |
| (As percentage of total agricultural imports)3 | 8.1 | 16.3 | 9.6 | 3.7 | 6.5 | 3.7 | 1.5 | 0.6 | |
Numbers in parentheses refer to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC).
Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States.
Imports of SITC categories 0, 1, 2 (excluding subcategories 27 and 28), and 4.
European Community: Regional Distribution of Imports of Principal Agricultural Products, 1962 and 1979
| Intra-Community Trade | Selected Developed Countries2 | Developing Countries | Eastern Trading Countries | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Product1 | 1962 | 1979 | 1962 | 1979 | 1962 | 1979 | 1962 | 1979 | |
| (In percentage of total Community imports of the product) | |||||||||
| Fresh meat (011) | 33.5 | 73.9 | 34.3 | 11.8 | 25.8 | 6.7 | 3.6 | 4.8 | |
| Dried and smoked meat (012) | 83.6 | 96.2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 3.0 | 0.1 | 10.6 | 3.5 | |
| Prepared meat (013) | 40.9 | 70.0 | 8.7 | 2.8 | 34.7 | 17.1 | 9.2 | 6.3 | |
| Milk and cream (022) | 61.7 | 99.8 | 17.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | — | 0.6 | — | |
| Butter (023) | 37.0 | 83.5 | 48.3 | 16.4 | 2.0 | — | 5.3 | 0.1 | |
| Cheese and curd (024) | 51.9 | 86.8 | 28.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | |
| Unmilled wheat (041) | 7.1 | 57.4 | 64.9 | 40.5 | 20.3 | 2.1 | 6.0 | — | |
| Unmilled maize (044) | 4.1 | 35.4 | 57.4 | 54.3 | 22.9 | 9.2 | 6.4 | 0.3 | |
| Other unmilled cereals (045) | 7.2 | 65.0 | 59.4 | 11.1 | 22.2 | 20.7 | 5.0 | 1.3 | |
| Fresh vegetables (054) | 51.1 | 49.5 | 5.2 | 3.5 | 23.5 | 29.0 | 3.7 | 2.2 | |
| Sugar and honey (061) | 8.8 | 34.9 | 12.5 | 2.2 | 63.7 | 55.6 | 8.1 | 1.6 | |
| Animal oils and fats (411) | 20.5 | 37.7 | 36.2 | 28.1 | 11.1 | 6.2 | 0.1 | 1.8 | |
| Vegetable oils (421) | 5.4 | 51.0 | 9.3 | 0.8 | 58.6 | 34.8 | 6.9 | 3.1 | |
| (Value of imports in millions of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||
| Fresh meat (011) | 277.5 | 6,062.5 | 284.2 | 971.7 | 213.9 | 549.6 | 30.0 | 393.3 | |
| Dried and smoked meat (012) | 233.7 | 823.5 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 8.3 | 0.5 | 29.6 | 30.1 | |
| Prepared meat (013) | 95.3 | 898.4 | 20.2 | 35.4 | 80.7 | 220.3 | 21.3 | 80.8 | |
| Milk and cream (022) | 37.9 | 1,346.6 | 9.8 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.1 | — | |
| Butter (023) | 144.0 | 1,163.1 | 188.2 | 228.4 | 7.8 | — | 20.5 | 0.5 | |
| Cheese and curd (024) | 126.9 | 1,356.6 | 69.6 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 1.3 | |
| Unmilled wheat (041) | 49.6 | 1,285.5 | 453.1 | 908.0 | 141.6 | 46.0 | 42.1 | 1.0 | |
| Unmilled maize (044) | 26.6 | 995.1 | 376.1 | 1,525.3 | 150.1 | 257.6 | 41.7 | 8.1 | |
| Other unmilled cereals (045) | 19.2 | 171.3 | 159.0 | 29.4 | 59.5 | 54.4 | 13.3 | 3.4 | |
| Fresh vegetables (054) | 363.5 | 2,176.6 | 37.1 | 155.1 | 167.1 | 1,273.0 | 26.5 | 95.8 | |
| Sugar and honey (061) | 27.4 | 692.5 | 38.7 | 43.8 | 198.1 | 1,102.9 | 25.3 | 32.4 | |
| Animal oils and fats (411) | 25.4 | 265.6 | 44.8 | 197.7 | 13.8 | 43.7 | 0.1 | 12.4 | |
| Vegetable oils (421) | 10.0 | 669.9 | 17.1 | 10.2 | 108.2 | 457.0 | 12.7 | 41.3 | |
| Total of products listed | 1,437.0 | 17,907.2 | 1,699.2 | 4,109.0 | 1,150.4 | 4,008.3 | 264.2 | 700.4 | |
| (As percentage of total agricultural imports)3 | 8.1 | 16.3 | 9.6 | 3.7 | 6.5 | 3.7 | 1.5 | 0.6 | |
Numbers in parentheses refer to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC).
Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States.
Imports of SITC categories 0, 1, 2 (excluding subcategories 27 and 28), and 4.
European Agricultural Guarantee and Guidance Fund: Guarantee Section, Expenditures by Sector, 1975–82
(In per cent of total)
Projected figures.
European Agricultural Guarantee and Guidance Fund: Guarantee Section, Expenditures by Sector, 1975–82
(In per cent of total)
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | 19821 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cereals | 13.1 | 10.9 | 8.8 | 12.8 | 15.0 | 14.8 | 16.6 | 15.4 | ||
| Export subsidies | 7.3 | 6.8 | 4.9 | 9.6 | 11.3 | 10.4 | 10.8 | 10.0 | ||
| Intervention | 5.8 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 5.8 | 5.4 | ||
| Milk products | 24.3 | 36.8 | 38.2 | 46.3 | 43.4 | 42.0 | 31.5 | 29.7 | ||
| Export subsidies | 17.4 | 12.5 | 18.6 | 18.0 | 20.0 | 24.3 | 17.3 | 17.3 | ||
| Intervention | 6.9 | 24.3 | 19.6 | 28.3 | 23.4 | 17.7 | 14.2 | 12.4 | ||
| Oil and fats | 4.9 | 5.5 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 8.2 | 9.2 | ||
| Export subsidies | — | 0.1 | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||
| Intervention | 4.9 | 5.4 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 8.1 | 9.1 | ||
| Sugar | 6.5 | 4.1 | 8.1 | 10.1 | 9.0 | 5.1 | 6.0 | 9.3 | ||
| Export subsidies | 0.7 | 1.0 | 5.5 | 7.4 | 6.6 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 6.0 | ||
| Intervention | 5.8 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 3.3 | ||
| Beef and veal | 20.7 | 11.5 | 6.2 | 7.4 | 7.2 | 12.0 | 12.8 | 10.7 | ||
| Export subsidies | 3.0 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 6.0 | ||
| Intervention | 17.7 | 9.1 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 4.6 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 4.7 | ||
| Fruit and vegetables | 1.9 | 4.4 | 2.8 | 1.2 | 4.2 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.4 | ||
| Export subsidies | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | ||
| Intervention | 1.2 | 3.4 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 3.9 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.8 | ||
| Tobacco | 4.8 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 4.7 | ||
| Export subsidies | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | ||
| Intervention | 4.8 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 4.6 | ||
| Others | 5.5 | 7.2 | 12.7 | 5.5 | 6.4 | 8.6 | 14.5 | 12.5 | ||
| Accession compensatory amounts (ACAs) in intra-Community trade | 8.8 | 6.4 | 2.6 | 0.3 | — | — | — | — | ||
| Monetary compensatory amounts (MCAs) | 9.5 | 9.1 | 12.9 | 10.2 | 6.8 | 2.6 | 1.4 | 2.1 | ||
| Intra-Community | 9.4 | 5.6 | 9.8 | 7.8 | 4.4 | 0.5 | –0.7 | 0.7 | ||
| Extra-Community | 0.1 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1.4 | ||
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
| Guidance section expenditures as per cent of guarantee section expenditures | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.5 | … | … | ||
| Total agricultural expenditures of the European Community | ||||||||||
| As per cent of total EC operating expenditures | … | … | … | 87.1 | 83.7 | 83.8 | 81.9 | 73.9 | ||
| As per cent of total EC expenditures | … | … | … | 75.8 | 74.1 | 74.2 | 73.1 | 65.9 | ||
Projected figures.
European Agricultural Guarantee and Guidance Fund: Guarantee Section, Expenditures by Sector, 1975–82
(In per cent of total)
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | 19821 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cereals | 13.1 | 10.9 | 8.8 | 12.8 | 15.0 | 14.8 | 16.6 | 15.4 | ||
| Export subsidies | 7.3 | 6.8 | 4.9 | 9.6 | 11.3 | 10.4 | 10.8 | 10.0 | ||
| Intervention | 5.8 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 5.8 | 5.4 | ||
| Milk products | 24.3 | 36.8 | 38.2 | 46.3 | 43.4 | 42.0 | 31.5 | 29.7 | ||
| Export subsidies | 17.4 | 12.5 | 18.6 | 18.0 | 20.0 | 24.3 | 17.3 | 17.3 | ||
| Intervention | 6.9 | 24.3 | 19.6 | 28.3 | 23.4 | 17.7 | 14.2 | 12.4 | ||
| Oil and fats | 4.9 | 5.5 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 8.2 | 9.2 | ||
| Export subsidies | — | 0.1 | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||
| Intervention | 4.9 | 5.4 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 8.1 | 9.1 | ||
| Sugar | 6.5 | 4.1 | 8.1 | 10.1 | 9.0 | 5.1 | 6.0 | 9.3 | ||
| Export subsidies | 0.7 | 1.0 | 5.5 | 7.4 | 6.6 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 6.0 | ||
| Intervention | 5.8 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 3.3 | ||
| Beef and veal | 20.7 | 11.5 | 6.2 | 7.4 | 7.2 | 12.0 | 12.8 | 10.7 | ||
| Export subsidies | 3.0 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 6.0 | ||
| Intervention | 17.7 | 9.1 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 4.6 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 4.7 | ||
| Fruit and vegetables | 1.9 | 4.4 | 2.8 | 1.2 | 4.2 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.4 | ||
| Export subsidies | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | ||
| Intervention | 1.2 | 3.4 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 3.9 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.8 | ||
| Tobacco | 4.8 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 4.7 | ||
| Export subsidies | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | ||
| Intervention | 4.8 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 4.6 | ||
| Others | 5.5 | 7.2 | 12.7 | 5.5 | 6.4 | 8.6 | 14.5 | 12.5 | ||
| Accession compensatory amounts (ACAs) in intra-Community trade | 8.8 | 6.4 | 2.6 | 0.3 | — | — | — | — | ||
| Monetary compensatory amounts (MCAs) | 9.5 | 9.1 | 12.9 | 10.2 | 6.8 | 2.6 | 1.4 | 2.1 | ||
| Intra-Community | 9.4 | 5.6 | 9.8 | 7.8 | 4.4 | 0.5 | –0.7 | 0.7 | ||
| Extra-Community | 0.1 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1.4 | ||
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
| Guidance section expenditures as per cent of guarantee section expenditures | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.5 | … | … | ||
| Total agricultural expenditures of the European Community | ||||||||||
| As per cent of total EC operating expenditures | … | … | … | 87.1 | 83.7 | 83.8 | 81.9 | 73.9 | ||
| As per cent of total EC expenditures | … | … | … | 75.8 | 74.1 | 74.2 | 73.1 | 65.9 | ||
Projected figures.
Australia: Exports,1 Nominal Protection, and Effective Protection for Selected Agricultural Commodities, 1970/71–1979/80
Data on trade are for calendar years.
Australia: Exports,1 Nominal Protection, and Effective Protection for Selected Agricultural Commodities, 1970/71–1979/80
| 1970/71 | 1971/72 | 1972/73 | 1973/74 | 1974/75 | 1975/76 | 1976/77 | 1977/78 | 1978/79 | 1979/80 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat | |||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | … | … | 3,855 | 7,124 | 8,254 | 7,962 | 9,502 | 7,910 | 11,526 | 13,049 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 21 | 23 | 15 | –9 | –7 | –2 | 4 | 4 | –1 | –1 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 41 | 43 | 34 | –15 | –13 | –5 | 5 | 5 | –5 | –5 | |
| Rice | |||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | … | 169 | … | 137 | 173 | 218 | 257 | 278 | 241 | 413 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 29 | 48 | 17 | 7 | 16 | 24 | 26 | 26 | 14 | 14 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 39 | 74 | 18 | 5 | 20 | 33 | 37 | 38 | 17 | 17 | |
| Apples and pears | |||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | … | … | … | … | 107 | 97 | 60 | 67 | 76 | 86 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 5 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 10 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 5 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 4 | 14 | 11 | 15 | 19 | 14 | 15 | 3 | — | 4 | |
| Citrus fruit | |||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | … | 35 | … | … | 15 | 19 | 20 | 23 | 26 | 45 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 35 | 33 | 35 | 36 | 35 | 36 | 26 | 43 | 43 | 49 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 51 | 50 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 57 | 40 | 69 | 68 | 82 | |
| Wool | |||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | … | … | … | … | 581 | 722 | 828 | 628 | 706 | 657 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 12 | 18 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 17 | 25 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | — | |
| Beef | |||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | 501 | … | 582 | … | 416 | 548 | 633 | 758 | 814 | 581 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 13 | 4 | 1 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 13 | 4 | 1 | |
| Mutton and lamb | |||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | … | … | … | … | 100 | 159 | 223 | 198 | 151 | 191 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 3 | 3 | — | — | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | — | 1 | |
| Dairy products | |||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | … | … | … | … | 195 | 267 | 291 | 201 | 215 | 217 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 58 | 38 | 25 | 24 | 27 | 35 | 26 | 25 | 22 | 25 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 100 | 74 | 39 | 41 | 47 | 67 | 45 | 42 | 36 | 42 | |
| Sugar | |||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | … | … | 2,084 | 1,800 | 1,996 | 2,000 | 2,556 | 2,478 | 1,929 | 2,140 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 21 | 9 | — | –12 | –20 | –14 | –8 | –6 | –2 | –5 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 33 | 10 | –5 | –20 | –31 | –23 | –15 | –13 | –7 | –12 | |
| Total agriculture | |||||||||||
| Exports (in millions of Australian dollars) | … | … | 2,020 | 3,508 | 3,863 | 4,260 | 5,222 | 5,206 | 5,990 | 8,480 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 16 | 15 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 4 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 24 | 22 | 9 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 6 | 2 | |
Data on trade are for calendar years.
Australia: Exports,1 Nominal Protection, and Effective Protection for Selected Agricultural Commodities, 1970/71–1979/80
| 1970/71 | 1971/72 | 1972/73 | 1973/74 | 1974/75 | 1975/76 | 1976/77 | 1977/78 | 1978/79 | 1979/80 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat | |||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | … | … | 3,855 | 7,124 | 8,254 | 7,962 | 9,502 | 7,910 | 11,526 | 13,049 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 21 | 23 | 15 | –9 | –7 | –2 | 4 | 4 | –1 | –1 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 41 | 43 | 34 | –15 | –13 | –5 | 5 | 5 | –5 | –5 | |
| Rice | |||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | … | 169 | … | 137 | 173 | 218 | 257 | 278 | 241 | 413 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 29 | 48 | 17 | 7 | 16 | 24 | 26 | 26 | 14 | 14 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 39 | 74 | 18 | 5 | 20 | 33 | 37 | 38 | 17 | 17 | |
| Apples and pears | |||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | … | … | … | … | 107 | 97 | 60 | 67 | 76 | 86 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 5 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 10 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 5 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 4 | 14 | 11 | 15 | 19 | 14 | 15 | 3 | — | 4 | |
| Citrus fruit | |||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | … | 35 | … | … | 15 | 19 | 20 | 23 | 26 | 45 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 35 | 33 | 35 | 36 | 35 | 36 | 26 | 43 | 43 | 49 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 51 | 50 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 57 | 40 | 69 | 68 | 82 | |
| Wool | |||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | … | … | … | … | 581 | 722 | 828 | 628 | 706 | 657 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 12 | 18 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 17 | 25 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | — | |
| Beef | |||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | 501 | … | 582 | … | 416 | 548 | 633 | 758 | 814 | 581 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 13 | 4 | 1 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 13 | 4 | 1 | |
| Mutton and lamb | |||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | … | … | … | … | 100 | 159 | 223 | 198 | 151 | 191 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 3 | 3 | — | — | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | — | 1 | |
| Dairy products | |||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | … | … | … | … | 195 | 267 | 291 | 201 | 215 | 217 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 58 | 38 | 25 | 24 | 27 | 35 | 26 | 25 | 22 | 25 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 100 | 74 | 39 | 41 | 47 | 67 | 45 | 42 | 36 | 42 | |
| Sugar | |||||||||||
| Exports (in thousand tons) | … | … | 2,084 | 1,800 | 1,996 | 2,000 | 2,556 | 2,478 | 1,929 | 2,140 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 21 | 9 | — | –12 | –20 | –14 | –8 | –6 | –2 | –5 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 33 | 10 | –5 | –20 | –31 | –23 | –15 | –13 | –7 | –12 | |
| Total agriculture | |||||||||||
| Exports (in millions of Australian dollars) | … | … | 2,020 | 3,508 | 3,863 | 4,260 | 5,222 | 5,206 | 5,990 | 8,480 | |
| Nominal protection (in per cent) | 16 | 15 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 4 | |
| Effective protection (in per cent) | 24 | 22 | 9 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 6 | 2 | |
Data on trade are for calendar years.
European Community: Nominal Protection Coefficients, 1975–80
(Price in terms of ECUs and per 100 kilograms, excluding value-added tax)
For maize and wheat, the marketing stage is from the first buyer, wholesaler, or importer to the trader; for sugar beets, the marketing stage is from producer to industry; for beef and lamb, the marketing stage is from wholesaler (or slaughterhouse) to retailer.
Based on average prices (daily for lamb and sugar, weekly for maize and wheat, and monthly for beef). The sources of these prices are as follows: for maize, U.S. No. 2 yellow, f.o.b. Gulf ports, export price base (USDA Grain Market News); for wheat, U.S. No. 2 hard red winter wheat, f.o.b. Gulf ports, export price base (USDA Grain Market News); for rice, Thailand white milled, 5 per cent broken, f.o.b. Bangkok, export price (USDA Rice Market News); for sugar, International Sugar Agreement prices calculated in accordance with Economic Rule 611.3 (Journal of Commerce and Financial Times); for beef, U.S. imported frozen boneless, 85 per cent visible lean cow meat, import price, f.o.b. port of entry (U.S. Department of Agriculture); for lamb, New Zealand Pl’s Smithfield Market, London (Financial Times). The prices in U.S. dollars were converted to European Currency Units (ECUs) at exchange rates given in EUROSTAT.
Using 1979 gross national product at market prices.
Standard quality.
Price per 100 kilograms (carcass weight).
European Community: Nominal Protection Coefficients, 1975–80
(Price in terms of ECUs and per 100 kilograms, excluding value-added tax)
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domestic price1 Pd | World price2 Pw | Domestic price1 Pd | World price2 Pw | Domestic price1 Pd | World price2 Pw | |||||
| Maize | ||||||||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 14.53 | 9.65 | 1.50 | 16.97 | 10.04 | 1.69 | 19.02 | 8.35 | 2.28 | |
| France | 12.43 | 9.65 | 1.29 | 14.30 | 10.04 | 1.42 | 15.27 | 8.35 | 1.83 | |
| Italy | 13.14 | 9.65 | 1.36 | 14.63 | 10.04 | 1.46 | 15.11 | 8.35 | 1.81 | |
| Netherlands | 13.38 | 9.65 | 1.38 | 15.72 | 10.04 | 1.56 | 17.70 | 8.35 | 2.12 | |
| Belgium | 14.29 | 9.65 | 1.48 | 16.80 | 10.04 | 1.67 | 18.97 | 8.35 | 2.27 | |
| Luxembourg | 14.80 | 9.65 | 1.53 | 17.28 | 10.04 | 1.72 | 19.58 | 8.35 | 2.34 | |
| United Kingdom | 10.13 | 9.65 | 1.05 | 12.13 | 10.04 | 1.21 | 13.65 | 8.35 | 1.63 | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 13.01 | 9.65 | 1.35 | 15.10 | 10.04 | 1.50 | 16.58 | 8.35 | 1.99 | |
| Wheat | ||||||||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 14.03 | 12.03 | 1.17 | 16.61 | 11.89 | 1.39 | 17.63 | 9.04 | 1.95 | |
| France | 11.96 | 12.03 | 0.99 | 13.45 | 11.89 | 1.13 | 13.33 | 9.04 | 1.47 | |
| Italy | 13.44 | 12.03 | 1.12 | 15.68 | 11.89 | 1.32 | 16.61 | 9.04 | 1.84 | |
| Netherlands | 12.87 | 12.03 | 1.07 | 15.04 | 11.89 | 1.26 | 15.87 | 9.04 | 1.75 | |
| Belgium | 12.94 | 12.03 | 1.07 | 15.09 | 11.89 | 1.27 | 16.33 | 9.04 | 1.81 | |
| Luxembourg | 12.51 | 12.03 | 1.07 | 15.06 | 11.89 | 1.27 | 15.41 | 9.04 | 1.70 | |
| United Kingdom | 10.12 | 12.03 | 0.84 | 11.65 | 11.89 | 0.98 | 12.85 | 9.04 | 1.42 | |
| Ireland | 11.87 | 12.03 | 0.99 | 12.44 | 11.89 | 1.05 | 14.10 | 9.04 | 1.56 | |
| Denmark | 11.79 | 12.03 | 0.98 | 14.13 | 11.89 | 1.19 | 14.55 | 9.04 | 1.61 | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 12.63 | 12.03 | 1.05 | 14.68 | 11.89 | 1.23 | 15.43 | 9.04 | 1.71 | |
| Sugar beets 4 | ||||||||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 26.69 | 36.53 | 0.73 | 30.37 | 22.85 | 1.33 | 32.44 | 15.71 | 2.06 | |
| France | 24.25 | 36.53 | 0.66 | 24.55 | 22.85 | 1.07 | 22.59 | 15.71 | 1.44 | |
| Italy | 37.76 | 36.53 | 1.03 | 35.16 | 22.85 | 1.54 | 35.64 | 15.71 | 2.27 | |
| Netherlands | 30.86 | 36.53 | 0.84 | 29.86 | 22.85 | 1.31 | 30.13 | 15.71 | 1.92 | |
| Belgium | 26.42 | 36.53 | 0.72 | 29.02 | 22.85 | 1.27 | 31.19 | 15.71 | 1.98 | |
| United Kingdom | 30.61 | 36.53 | 0.84 | 29.28 | 22.85 | 1.28 | 30.60 | 15.71 | 1.95 | |
| Ireland | 31.60 | 36.53 | 0.86 | 30.57 | 22.85 | 1.34 | 35.18 | 15.71 | 2.24 | |
| Denmark | 24.89 | 36.53 | 0.78 | 28.63 | 22.85 | 1.25 | 27.83 | 15.71 | 1.77 | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 28.45 | 36.53 | 0.78 | 29.30 | 22.85 | 1.28 | 29.91 | 15.71 | 1.90 | |
| Beef 5 | ||||||||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 227.46 | 106.96 | 2.13 | 249.80 | 141.40 | 1.77 | 268.10 | 132.01 | 2.03 | |
| France | 199.47 | 106.96 | 1.86 | 223.77 | 141.40 | 1.58 | 226.90 | 132.01 | 1.72 | |
| Italy | 241.94 | 106.96 | 2.26 | 239.97 | 141.40 | 1.70 | 245.99 | 132.01 | 1.86 | |
| Netherlands | 213.41 | 106.96 | 1.99 | 238.90 | 141.40 | 1.69 | 261.06 | 132.01 | 1.98 | |
| Belgium | 234.97 | 106.96 | 2.19 | 259.21 | 141.40 | 1.83 | 285.97 | 132.01 | 2.17 | |
| Luxembourg | 189.45 | 106.96 | 1.77 | 216.10 | 141.40 | 1.53 | 257.08 | 132.01 | 1.95 | |
| United Kingdom | 130.92 | 106.96 | 1.22 | 160.69 | 141.40 | 1.14 | 158.07 | 132.01 | 1.19 | |
| Ireland | 115.26 | 106.96 | 1.08 | 156.31 | 141.40 | 1.11 | 181.05 | 132.01 | 1.37 | |
| Denmark | 178.59 | 106.96 | 1.67 | 205.12 | 141.40 | 1.45 | 225.51 | 132.01 | 1.71 | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 204.78 | 106.96 | 1.91 | 226.04 | 141.40 | 1.60 | 236.55 | 132.01 | 1.79 | |
| Lamb and sheep 5 | ||||||||||
| France | 293.65 | 120.45 | 2.44 | 309.83 | 141.70 | 2.19 | 324.20 | 150.85 | 2.15 | |
| Italy | 237.10 | 120.45 | 1.97 | 240.08 | 141.70 | 1.69 | 248.30 | 150.85 | 1.65 | |
| Belgium | 188.73 | 120.45 | 1.57 | 205.28 | 141.70 | 1.45 | 217.60 | 150.85 | 1.44 | |
| United Kingdom | 133.53 | 120.45 | 1.11 | 150.39 | 141.70 | 1.06 | 171.53 | 150.85 | 1.14 | |
| Ireland | 143.31 | 120.45 | 1.19 | 181.97 | 141.70 | 1.28 | 179.76 | 150.85 | 1.19 | |
| Denmark | 164.27 | 120.45 | 1.36 | 222.87 | 141.70 | 1.57 | 239.80 | 150.85 | 1.59 | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 224.24 | 120.45 | 1.86 | 239.88 | 141.70 | 1.69 | 254.45 | 150.85 | 1.69 | |
| Maize | ||||||||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 20.05 | 7.91 | 2.53 | … | 8.44 | … | … | 9.01 | … | |
| France | 15.89 | 7.91 | 2.01 | 16.29 | 8.44 | 1.93 | 17.54 | 9.01 | 1.95 | |
| Italy | 15.88 | 7.91 | 2.01 | 16.70 | 8.44 | 1.98 | 18.02 | 9.01 | 2.00 | |
| Netherlands | 18.61 | 7.91 | 2.35 | 18.97 | 8.44 | 2.25 | 19.35 | 9.01 | 2.15 | |
| Belgium | 19.63 | 7.91 | 2.48 | 19.92 | 8.44 | 2.36 | 20.53 | 9.01 | 2.28 | |
| Luxembourg | 20.75 | 7.91 | 2.63 | 20.87 | 8.44 | 2.47 | 20.82 | 9.01 | 2.31 | |
| United Kingdom | 16.54 | 7.91 | 2.09 | 17.28 | 8.44 | 2.05 | … | … | … | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 17.76 | 7.91 | 2.25 | 17.17 | 8.44 | 2.03 | 18.22 | 9.01 | 2.02 | |
| Wheat | ||||||||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 19.62 | 10.03 | 1.95 | … | 11.74 | … | … | 12.35 | … | |
| France | 16.04 | 10.03 | 1.60 | 16.35 | 11.74 | 1.39 | 17.34 | 12.35 | 1.40 | |
| Italy | 17.00 | 10.03 | 1.69 | 17.67 | 11.74 | 1.50 | 19.18 | 12.35 | 1.55 | |
| Netherlands | 17.70 | 10.03 | 1.76 | 17.79 | 11.74 | 1.51 | 17.72 | 12.35 | 1.43 | |
| Belgium | 17.70 | 10.03 | 1.76 | 17.70 | 11.74 | 1.51 | 17.92 | 12.35 | 1.45 | |
| Luxembourg | … | 10.03 | … | … | 11.74 | … | … | 12.35 | … | |
| United Kingdom | 13.15 | 10.03 | 1.31 | 14.99 | 11.74 | 1.28 | … | 12.35 | … | |
| Ireland | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | |
| Denmark | 17.38 | 10.03 | 1.73 | … | … | … | 16.53 | … | 1.34 | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 17.09 | 10.03 | 1.70 | 16.53 | 11.74 | 1.41 | 17.88 | 12.35 | 1.45 | |
| Sugar beets 4 | ||||||||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 34.55 | 13.53 | 2.55 | 35.29 | 15.54 | 2.27 | 36.09 | 45.39 | 0.79 | |
| France | 23.59 | 13.53 | 1.74 | 25.59 | 15.54 | 1.65 | … | … | … | |
| Italy | 41.95 | 13.53 | 3.10 | … | … | … | … | … | … | |
| Netherlands | 32.16 | 13.53 | 2.38 | 34.86 | 15.54 | 2.24 | 39.01 | 45.39 | 0.86 | |
| Belgium | 31.20 | 13.53 | 2.30 | 30.72 | 15.54 | 1.98 | … | … | … | |
| United Kingdom | 32.28 | 13.53 | 2.38 | 37.28 | 15.54 | 2.39 | … | … | … | |
| Ireland | 37.66 | 13.53 | 2.78 | 39.58 | 15.54 | 2.55 | 39.94 | 45.39 | 0.88 | |
| Denmark | 30.57 | 13.53 | 2.56 | … | … | … | … | … | … | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 32.16 | 13.53 | 2.38 | 32.63 | 15.54 | 2.10 | 36.63 | 45.39 | 0.81 | |
| Beef5 | ||||||||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 275.42 | 167.79 | 1.64 | 279.19 | 210.42 | 1.33 | 278.11 | 198.22 | 1.40 | |
| France | 239.90 | 167.79 | 1.43 | 246.16 | 210.42 | 1.17 | 267.17 | 198.22 | 1.35 | |
| Italy | 258.10 | 167.79 | 1.54 | 264.62 | 210.42 | 1.26 | 294.57 | 198.22 | 1.49 | |
| Netherlands | 269.78 | 167.79 | 1.61 | 271.41 | 210.42 | 1.29 | 268.09 | 198.22 | 1.35 | |
| Belgium | 303.26 | 167.79 | 1.81 | 301.78 | 210.42 | 1.43 | 303.00 | 198.22 | 1.53 | |
| Luxembourg | 262.05 | 167.79 | 1.56 | 262.14 | 210.42 | 1.24 | 264.10 | 198.22 | 1.33 | |
| United Kingdom | 180.45 | 167.79 | 1.08 | 210.17 | 210.42 | 0.99 | 243.45 | 198.22 | 1.23 | |
| Ireland | 206.19 | 167.79 | 1.23 | … | … | … | … | … | … | |
| Denmark | 234.21 | 167.79 | 1.39 | 233.45 | 210.42 | 1.11 | 236.73 | 198.22 | 1.19 | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 248.97 | 167.79 | 1.48 | 257.58 | 210.42 | 1.22 | 271.54 | 198.22 | 1.37 | |
| Lamb and sheep 5 | ||||||||||
| France | 327.19 | 174.13 | 1.88 | 337.25 | 175.13 | 1.92 | 336.35 | 207.69 | 1.62 | |
| Italy | 228.20 | 174.13 | 1.31 | 267.82 | 175.13 | 1.53 | 277.38 | 207.69 | 1.33 | |
| Belgium | 229.17 | 174.13 | 1.32 | 254.28 | 175.13 | 1.45 | 280.06 | 207.69 | 1.35 | |
| United Kingdom | 186.02 | 174.13 | 1.07 | 215.21 | 175.13 | 1.23 | 221.63 | 207.69 | 1.07 | |
| Ireland | 251.47 | 174.13 | 1.44 | … | … | … | … | … | … | |
| Denmark | 256.86 | 174.13 | 1.47 | 270.91 | 175.13 | 1.55 | 245.55 | 207.69 | 1.18 | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 257.38 | 174.13 | 1.48 | 280.39 | 175.13 | 1.60 | 284.73 | 207.69 | 1.37 | |
For maize and wheat, the marketing stage is from the first buyer, wholesaler, or importer to the trader; for sugar beets, the marketing stage is from producer to industry; for beef and lamb, the marketing stage is from wholesaler (or slaughterhouse) to retailer.
Based on average prices (daily for lamb and sugar, weekly for maize and wheat, and monthly for beef). The sources of these prices are as follows: for maize, U.S. No. 2 yellow, f.o.b. Gulf ports, export price base (USDA Grain Market News); for wheat, U.S. No. 2 hard red winter wheat, f.o.b. Gulf ports, export price base (USDA Grain Market News); for rice, Thailand white milled, 5 per cent broken, f.o.b. Bangkok, export price (USDA Rice Market News); for sugar, International Sugar Agreement prices calculated in accordance with Economic Rule 611.3 (Journal of Commerce and Financial Times); for beef, U.S. imported frozen boneless, 85 per cent visible lean cow meat, import price, f.o.b. port of entry (U.S. Department of Agriculture); for lamb, New Zealand Pl’s Smithfield Market, London (Financial Times). The prices in U.S. dollars were converted to European Currency Units (ECUs) at exchange rates given in EUROSTAT.
Using 1979 gross national product at market prices.
Standard quality.
Price per 100 kilograms (carcass weight).
European Community: Nominal Protection Coefficients, 1975–80
(Price in terms of ECUs and per 100 kilograms, excluding value-added tax)
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domestic price1 Pd | World price2 Pw | Domestic price1 Pd | World price2 Pw | Domestic price1 Pd | World price2 Pw | |||||
| Maize | ||||||||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 14.53 | 9.65 | 1.50 | 16.97 | 10.04 | 1.69 | 19.02 | 8.35 | 2.28 | |
| France | 12.43 | 9.65 | 1.29 | 14.30 | 10.04 | 1.42 | 15.27 | 8.35 | 1.83 | |
| Italy | 13.14 | 9.65 | 1.36 | 14.63 | 10.04 | 1.46 | 15.11 | 8.35 | 1.81 | |
| Netherlands | 13.38 | 9.65 | 1.38 | 15.72 | 10.04 | 1.56 | 17.70 | 8.35 | 2.12 | |
| Belgium | 14.29 | 9.65 | 1.48 | 16.80 | 10.04 | 1.67 | 18.97 | 8.35 | 2.27 | |
| Luxembourg | 14.80 | 9.65 | 1.53 | 17.28 | 10.04 | 1.72 | 19.58 | 8.35 | 2.34 | |
| United Kingdom | 10.13 | 9.65 | 1.05 | 12.13 | 10.04 | 1.21 | 13.65 | 8.35 | 1.63 | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 13.01 | 9.65 | 1.35 | 15.10 | 10.04 | 1.50 | 16.58 | 8.35 | 1.99 | |
| Wheat | ||||||||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 14.03 | 12.03 | 1.17 | 16.61 | 11.89 | 1.39 | 17.63 | 9.04 | 1.95 | |
| France | 11.96 | 12.03 | 0.99 | 13.45 | 11.89 | 1.13 | 13.33 | 9.04 | 1.47 | |
| Italy | 13.44 | 12.03 | 1.12 | 15.68 | 11.89 | 1.32 | 16.61 | 9.04 | 1.84 | |
| Netherlands | 12.87 | 12.03 | 1.07 | 15.04 | 11.89 | 1.26 | 15.87 | 9.04 | 1.75 | |
| Belgium | 12.94 | 12.03 | 1.07 | 15.09 | 11.89 | 1.27 | 16.33 | 9.04 | 1.81 | |
| Luxembourg | 12.51 | 12.03 | 1.07 | 15.06 | 11.89 | 1.27 | 15.41 | 9.04 | 1.70 | |
| United Kingdom | 10.12 | 12.03 | 0.84 | 11.65 | 11.89 | 0.98 | 12.85 | 9.04 | 1.42 | |
| Ireland | 11.87 | 12.03 | 0.99 | 12.44 | 11.89 | 1.05 | 14.10 | 9.04 | 1.56 | |
| Denmark | 11.79 | 12.03 | 0.98 | 14.13 | 11.89 | 1.19 | 14.55 | 9.04 | 1.61 | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 12.63 | 12.03 | 1.05 | 14.68 | 11.89 | 1.23 | 15.43 | 9.04 | 1.71 | |
| Sugar beets 4 | ||||||||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 26.69 | 36.53 | 0.73 | 30.37 | 22.85 | 1.33 | 32.44 | 15.71 | 2.06 | |
| France | 24.25 | 36.53 | 0.66 | 24.55 | 22.85 | 1.07 | 22.59 | 15.71 | 1.44 | |
| Italy | 37.76 | 36.53 | 1.03 | 35.16 | 22.85 | 1.54 | 35.64 | 15.71 | 2.27 | |
| Netherlands | 30.86 | 36.53 | 0.84 | 29.86 | 22.85 | 1.31 | 30.13 | 15.71 | 1.92 | |
| Belgium | 26.42 | 36.53 | 0.72 | 29.02 | 22.85 | 1.27 | 31.19 | 15.71 | 1.98 | |
| United Kingdom | 30.61 | 36.53 | 0.84 | 29.28 | 22.85 | 1.28 | 30.60 | 15.71 | 1.95 | |
| Ireland | 31.60 | 36.53 | 0.86 | 30.57 | 22.85 | 1.34 | 35.18 | 15.71 | 2.24 | |
| Denmark | 24.89 | 36.53 | 0.78 | 28.63 | 22.85 | 1.25 | 27.83 | 15.71 | 1.77 | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 28.45 | 36.53 | 0.78 | 29.30 | 22.85 | 1.28 | 29.91 | 15.71 | 1.90 | |
| Beef 5 | ||||||||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 227.46 | 106.96 | 2.13 | 249.80 | 141.40 | 1.77 | 268.10 | 132.01 | 2.03 | |
| France | 199.47 | 106.96 | 1.86 | 223.77 | 141.40 | 1.58 | 226.90 | 132.01 | 1.72 | |
| Italy | 241.94 | 106.96 | 2.26 | 239.97 | 141.40 | 1.70 | 245.99 | 132.01 | 1.86 | |
| Netherlands | 213.41 | 106.96 | 1.99 | 238.90 | 141.40 | 1.69 | 261.06 | 132.01 | 1.98 | |
| Belgium | 234.97 | 106.96 | 2.19 | 259.21 | 141.40 | 1.83 | 285.97 | 132.01 | 2.17 | |
| Luxembourg | 189.45 | 106.96 | 1.77 | 216.10 | 141.40 | 1.53 | 257.08 | 132.01 | 1.95 | |
| United Kingdom | 130.92 | 106.96 | 1.22 | 160.69 | 141.40 | 1.14 | 158.07 | 132.01 | 1.19 | |
| Ireland | 115.26 | 106.96 | 1.08 | 156.31 | 141.40 | 1.11 | 181.05 | 132.01 | 1.37 | |
| Denmark | 178.59 | 106.96 | 1.67 | 205.12 | 141.40 | 1.45 | 225.51 | 132.01 | 1.71 | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 204.78 | 106.96 | 1.91 | 226.04 | 141.40 | 1.60 | 236.55 | 132.01 | 1.79 | |
| Lamb and sheep 5 | ||||||||||
| France | 293.65 | 120.45 | 2.44 | 309.83 | 141.70 | 2.19 | 324.20 | 150.85 | 2.15 | |
| Italy | 237.10 | 120.45 | 1.97 | 240.08 | 141.70 | 1.69 | 248.30 | 150.85 | 1.65 | |
| Belgium | 188.73 | 120.45 | 1.57 | 205.28 | 141.70 | 1.45 | 217.60 | 150.85 | 1.44 | |
| United Kingdom | 133.53 | 120.45 | 1.11 | 150.39 | 141.70 | 1.06 | 171.53 | 150.85 | 1.14 | |
| Ireland | 143.31 | 120.45 | 1.19 | 181.97 | 141.70 | 1.28 | 179.76 | 150.85 | 1.19 | |
| Denmark | 164.27 | 120.45 | 1.36 | 222.87 | 141.70 | 1.57 | 239.80 | 150.85 | 1.59 | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 224.24 | 120.45 | 1.86 | 239.88 | 141.70 | 1.69 | 254.45 | 150.85 | 1.69 | |
| Maize | ||||||||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 20.05 | 7.91 | 2.53 | … | 8.44 | … | … | 9.01 | … | |
| France | 15.89 | 7.91 | 2.01 | 16.29 | 8.44 | 1.93 | 17.54 | 9.01 | 1.95 | |
| Italy | 15.88 | 7.91 | 2.01 | 16.70 | 8.44 | 1.98 | 18.02 | 9.01 | 2.00 | |
| Netherlands | 18.61 | 7.91 | 2.35 | 18.97 | 8.44 | 2.25 | 19.35 | 9.01 | 2.15 | |
| Belgium | 19.63 | 7.91 | 2.48 | 19.92 | 8.44 | 2.36 | 20.53 | 9.01 | 2.28 | |
| Luxembourg | 20.75 | 7.91 | 2.63 | 20.87 | 8.44 | 2.47 | 20.82 | 9.01 | 2.31 | |
| United Kingdom | 16.54 | 7.91 | 2.09 | 17.28 | 8.44 | 2.05 | … | … | … | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 17.76 | 7.91 | 2.25 | 17.17 | 8.44 | 2.03 | 18.22 | 9.01 | 2.02 | |
| Wheat | ||||||||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 19.62 | 10.03 | 1.95 | … | 11.74 | … | … | 12.35 | … | |
| France | 16.04 | 10.03 | 1.60 | 16.35 | 11.74 | 1.39 | 17.34 | 12.35 | 1.40 | |
| Italy | 17.00 | 10.03 | 1.69 | 17.67 | 11.74 | 1.50 | 19.18 | 12.35 | 1.55 | |
| Netherlands | 17.70 | 10.03 | 1.76 | 17.79 | 11.74 | 1.51 | 17.72 | 12.35 | 1.43 | |
| Belgium | 17.70 | 10.03 | 1.76 | 17.70 | 11.74 | 1.51 | 17.92 | 12.35 | 1.45 | |
| Luxembourg | … | 10.03 | … | … | 11.74 | … | … | 12.35 | … | |
| United Kingdom | 13.15 | 10.03 | 1.31 | 14.99 | 11.74 | 1.28 | … | 12.35 | … | |
| Ireland | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | |
| Denmark | 17.38 | 10.03 | 1.73 | … | … | … | 16.53 | … | 1.34 | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 17.09 | 10.03 | 1.70 | 16.53 | 11.74 | 1.41 | 17.88 | 12.35 | 1.45 | |
| Sugar beets 4 | ||||||||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 34.55 | 13.53 | 2.55 | 35.29 | 15.54 | 2.27 | 36.09 | 45.39 | 0.79 | |
| France | 23.59 | 13.53 | 1.74 | 25.59 | 15.54 | 1.65 | … | … | … | |
| Italy | 41.95 | 13.53 | 3.10 | … | … | … | … | … | … | |
| Netherlands | 32.16 | 13.53 | 2.38 | 34.86 | 15.54 | 2.24 | 39.01 | 45.39 | 0.86 | |
| Belgium | 31.20 | 13.53 | 2.30 | 30.72 | 15.54 | 1.98 | … | … | … | |
| United Kingdom | 32.28 | 13.53 | 2.38 | 37.28 | 15.54 | 2.39 | … | … | … | |
| Ireland | 37.66 | 13.53 | 2.78 | 39.58 | 15.54 | 2.55 | 39.94 | 45.39 | 0.88 | |
| Denmark | 30.57 | 13.53 | 2.56 | … | … | … | … | … | … | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 32.16 | 13.53 | 2.38 | 32.63 | 15.54 | 2.10 | 36.63 | 45.39 | 0.81 | |
| Beef5 | ||||||||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 275.42 | 167.79 | 1.64 | 279.19 | 210.42 | 1.33 | 278.11 | 198.22 | 1.40 | |
| France | 239.90 | 167.79 | 1.43 | 246.16 | 210.42 | 1.17 | 267.17 | 198.22 | 1.35 | |
| Italy | 258.10 | 167.79 | 1.54 | 264.62 | 210.42 | 1.26 | 294.57 | 198.22 | 1.49 | |
| Netherlands | 269.78 | 167.79 | 1.61 | 271.41 | 210.42 | 1.29 | 268.09 | 198.22 | 1.35 | |
| Belgium | 303.26 | 167.79 | 1.81 | 301.78 | 210.42 | 1.43 | 303.00 | 198.22 | 1.53 | |
| Luxembourg | 262.05 | 167.79 | 1.56 | 262.14 | 210.42 | 1.24 | 264.10 | 198.22 | 1.33 | |
| United Kingdom | 180.45 | 167.79 | 1.08 | 210.17 | 210.42 | 0.99 | 243.45 | 198.22 | 1.23 | |
| Ireland | 206.19 | 167.79 | 1.23 | … | … | … | … | … | … | |
| Denmark | 234.21 | 167.79 | 1.39 | 233.45 | 210.42 | 1.11 | 236.73 | 198.22 | 1.19 | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 248.97 | 167.79 | 1.48 | 257.58 | 210.42 | 1.22 | 271.54 | 198.22 | 1.37 | |
| Lamb and sheep 5 | ||||||||||
| France | 327.19 | 174.13 | 1.88 | 337.25 | 175.13 | 1.92 | 336.35 | 207.69 | 1.62 | |
| Italy | 228.20 | 174.13 | 1.31 | 267.82 | 175.13 | 1.53 | 277.38 | 207.69 | 1.33 | |
| Belgium | 229.17 | 174.13 | 1.32 | 254.28 | 175.13 | 1.45 | 280.06 | 207.69 | 1.35 | |
| United Kingdom | 186.02 | 174.13 | 1.07 | 215.21 | 175.13 | 1.23 | 221.63 | 207.69 | 1.07 | |
| Ireland | 251.47 | 174.13 | 1.44 | … | … | … | … | … | … | |
| Denmark | 256.86 | 174.13 | 1.47 | 270.91 | 175.13 | 1.55 | 245.55 | 207.69 | 1.18 | |
| Weighted avg.3 | 257.38 | 174.13 | 1.48 | 280.39 | 175.13 | 1.60 | 284.73 | 207.69 | 1.37 | |
For maize and wheat, the marketing stage is from the first buyer, wholesaler, or importer to the trader; for sugar beets, the marketing stage is from producer to industry; for beef and lamb, the marketing stage is from wholesaler (or slaughterhouse) to retailer.
Based on average prices (daily for lamb and sugar, weekly for maize and wheat, and monthly for beef). The sources of these prices are as follows: for maize, U.S. No. 2 yellow, f.o.b. Gulf ports, export price base (USDA Grain Market News); for wheat, U.S. No. 2 hard red winter wheat, f.o.b. Gulf ports, export price base (USDA Grain Market News); for rice, Thailand white milled, 5 per cent broken, f.o.b. Bangkok, export price (USDA Rice Market News); for sugar, International Sugar Agreement prices calculated in accordance with Economic Rule 611.3 (Journal of Commerce and Financial Times); for beef, U.S. imported frozen boneless, 85 per cent visible lean cow meat, import price, f.o.b. port of entry (U.S. Department of Agriculture); for lamb, New Zealand Pl’s Smithfield Market, London (Financial Times). The prices in U.S. dollars were converted to European Currency Units (ECUs) at exchange rates given in EUROSTAT.
Using 1979 gross national product at market prices.
Standard quality.
Price per 100 kilograms (carcass weight).
United States: Nominal Protection Coefficients, 1975–80
(Price in terms of U.S. dollars)
Maize prices are in terms of U.S. dollars per 56 pounds. Domestic maize prices are wholesale prices for Corn No. 2 yellow—Chicago, and world prices are for U.S. No. 2 yellow, f.o.b. Gulf ports, export price base.
Wheat prices are in terms of U.S. dollars per 60 pounds. Domestic wheat prices are for Kansas City, No. 1 hard red winter wheat minus 2 U.S. cents. World wheat prices are for U.S. No. 2 hard red winter wheat, f.o.b. Gulf ports, export price base.
Rice prices are in terms of U.S. dollars per 100 pounds. Domestic rice prices are for Houston No. 2 f.o.b. mill price and world prices are for Thailand white milled, 5 per cent broken, f.o.b., Bangkok export price.
Beef prices are in terms of U.S. dollars per 100 pounds. Domestic beef prices are wholesale prices of U.S. Central Markets for steer beef choice, 600–700 pounds. World beef prices are for U.S. imported frozen boneless, 85 per cent visible lean cow meat import price, f.o.b. port of entry.
Lamb meat prices are in terms of U.S. dollars per 100 pounds. Domestic lamb meat prices are wholesale prices in Eastern markets for prime choice meat, 55–65 pounds. World lamb meat prices are New Zealand Pi’s Smithfield Market, London.
United States: Nominal Protection Coefficients, 1975–80
(Price in terms of U.S. dollars)
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | ||||
| Maize1 | 3.03 | 3.26 | 0.93 | 2.64 | 3.05 | 0.87 | 2.29 | 2.59 | 0.88 |
| Wheat2 | 3.88 | 4.06 | 0.96 | 3.22 | 3.62 | 0.89 | 2.77 | 2.81 | 0.99 |
| Rice3 | … | 16.47 | … | 20.03 | 11.52 | 1.74 | 16.97 | 12.35 | 1.37 |
| Beef4 | 72.55 | 60.20 | 1.21 | 61.00 | 71.71 | 0.85 | 62.69 | 68.33 | 0.92 |
| Lamb5 | 98.33 | 67.79 | 1.45 | 99.41 | 71.86 | 1.38 | 104.41 | 78.08 | 1.34 |
| 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | |||||||
| Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | ||||
| Maize1 | 2.33 | 2.74 | 0.85 | 2.61 | 3.15 | 0.83 | 2.93 | 3.42 | 0.86 |
| Wheat2 | 3.10 | 3.48 | 0.89 | 3.86 | 4.36 | 0.89 | 4.36 | 4.70 | 0.93 |
| Rice3 | 17.84 | 16.71 | 1.07 | 19.73 | 15.16 | 1.30 | 20.47 | 19.67 | 1.04 |
| Beef4 | 80.43 | 96.99 | 0.83 | 101.62 | 130.82 | 0.78 | 104.44 | 125.19 | 0.83 |
| Lamb5 | 120.75 | 100.65 | 1.20 | 125.29 | 109.02 | 1.14 | 126.00 | 131.17 | 0.96 |
Maize prices are in terms of U.S. dollars per 56 pounds. Domestic maize prices are wholesale prices for Corn No. 2 yellow—Chicago, and world prices are for U.S. No. 2 yellow, f.o.b. Gulf ports, export price base.
Wheat prices are in terms of U.S. dollars per 60 pounds. Domestic wheat prices are for Kansas City, No. 1 hard red winter wheat minus 2 U.S. cents. World wheat prices are for U.S. No. 2 hard red winter wheat, f.o.b. Gulf ports, export price base.
Rice prices are in terms of U.S. dollars per 100 pounds. Domestic rice prices are for Houston No. 2 f.o.b. mill price and world prices are for Thailand white milled, 5 per cent broken, f.o.b., Bangkok export price.
Beef prices are in terms of U.S. dollars per 100 pounds. Domestic beef prices are wholesale prices of U.S. Central Markets for steer beef choice, 600–700 pounds. World beef prices are for U.S. imported frozen boneless, 85 per cent visible lean cow meat import price, f.o.b. port of entry.
Lamb meat prices are in terms of U.S. dollars per 100 pounds. Domestic lamb meat prices are wholesale prices in Eastern markets for prime choice meat, 55–65 pounds. World lamb meat prices are New Zealand Pi’s Smithfield Market, London.
United States: Nominal Protection Coefficients, 1975–80
(Price in terms of U.S. dollars)
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | ||||
| Maize1 | 3.03 | 3.26 | 0.93 | 2.64 | 3.05 | 0.87 | 2.29 | 2.59 | 0.88 |
| Wheat2 | 3.88 | 4.06 | 0.96 | 3.22 | 3.62 | 0.89 | 2.77 | 2.81 | 0.99 |
| Rice3 | … | 16.47 | … | 20.03 | 11.52 | 1.74 | 16.97 | 12.35 | 1.37 |
| Beef4 | 72.55 | 60.20 | 1.21 | 61.00 | 71.71 | 0.85 | 62.69 | 68.33 | 0.92 |
| Lamb5 | 98.33 | 67.79 | 1.45 | 99.41 | 71.86 | 1.38 | 104.41 | 78.08 | 1.34 |
| 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | |||||||
| Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | ||||
| Maize1 | 2.33 | 2.74 | 0.85 | 2.61 | 3.15 | 0.83 | 2.93 | 3.42 | 0.86 |
| Wheat2 | 3.10 | 3.48 | 0.89 | 3.86 | 4.36 | 0.89 | 4.36 | 4.70 | 0.93 |
| Rice3 | 17.84 | 16.71 | 1.07 | 19.73 | 15.16 | 1.30 | 20.47 | 19.67 | 1.04 |
| Beef4 | 80.43 | 96.99 | 0.83 | 101.62 | 130.82 | 0.78 | 104.44 | 125.19 | 0.83 |
| Lamb5 | 120.75 | 100.65 | 1.20 | 125.29 | 109.02 | 1.14 | 126.00 | 131.17 | 0.96 |
Maize prices are in terms of U.S. dollars per 56 pounds. Domestic maize prices are wholesale prices for Corn No. 2 yellow—Chicago, and world prices are for U.S. No. 2 yellow, f.o.b. Gulf ports, export price base.
Wheat prices are in terms of U.S. dollars per 60 pounds. Domestic wheat prices are for Kansas City, No. 1 hard red winter wheat minus 2 U.S. cents. World wheat prices are for U.S. No. 2 hard red winter wheat, f.o.b. Gulf ports, export price base.
Rice prices are in terms of U.S. dollars per 100 pounds. Domestic rice prices are for Houston No. 2 f.o.b. mill price and world prices are for Thailand white milled, 5 per cent broken, f.o.b., Bangkok export price.
Beef prices are in terms of U.S. dollars per 100 pounds. Domestic beef prices are wholesale prices of U.S. Central Markets for steer beef choice, 600–700 pounds. World beef prices are for U.S. imported frozen boneless, 85 per cent visible lean cow meat import price, f.o.b. port of entry.
Lamb meat prices are in terms of U.S. dollars per 100 pounds. Domestic lamb meat prices are wholesale prices in Eastern markets for prime choice meat, 55–65 pounds. World lamb meat prices are New Zealand Pi’s Smithfield Market, London.
Japan: Nominal Protection Coefficients, 1975–81
(Price in terms of Japanese yen)
Data provided by the Japanese authorities.
Data provided by the Australia-Japan Research Center, Australian National University. The domestic price for beef is the weighted average of the principal categories of beef at major wholesale markets (yen per kilogram of boneless beef), and the world price is the comparable import price. For grains, the domestic price is the price paid to producers per kilogram, and the world price is the unit c.i.f. value of Japanese imports per kilogram.
Japan: Nominal Protection Coefficients, 1975–81
(Price in terms of Japanese yen)
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Product | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | |||||
| Grains | |||||||||||||
| Rice1 | 288 | 109 | 2.64 | 306 | 77 | 3.97 | 318 | 73 | 4.36 | 319 | 79 | 4.04 | |
| Wheat2 | 43 | 59 | 0.74 | 55 | 54 | 1.03 | 55 | 35 | 1.55 | 54 | 31 | 1.73 | |
| Barley2 | 34 | 47 | 0.72 | 46 | 44 | 1.06 | 46 | 35 | 1.34 | 46 | 26 | 1.74 | |
| Soybeans2 | 145 | 84 | 1.73 | 181 | 70 | 2.58 | 182 | 82 | 2.22 | 201 | 56 | 3.61 | |
| Meats | |||||||||||||
| Beef1 | 1,203 | 498 | 2.42 | 1,170 | 531 | 2.20 | 1,174 | 436 | 2.69 | 1,140 | 462 | 2.47 | |
| Beef2 | 1,760 | 508 | 3.46 | 2,027 | 527 | 3.85 | 1,917 | 433 | 4.43 | 1,945 | 462 | 4.21 | |
| Pork | 989 | 734 | 1.35 | 963 | 838 | 1.15 | 969 | 831 | 1.17 | 890 | 834 | 1.07 | |
| Butter1 | 992 | 462 | 2.15 | 1,234 | 410 | 3.01 | 1,233 | 327 | 3.77 | 1,191 | 312 | 3.82 | |
| Sugar1 | 220 | 171 | 1.29 | 187 | 122 | 1.53 | 185 | 103 | 1.80 | 187 | 98 | 1.91 | |
| Oranges1 | 240 | 149 | 1.61 | 267 | 144 | 1.85 | 321 | 138 | 2.33 | 326 | 145 | 2.25 | |
| 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | |||||||||||
| Product | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | |||||||
| Grains | |||||||||||||
| Rice1 | 319 | 75 | 4.25 | 327 | 103 | 3.17 | 328 | 110 | 2.98 | ||||
| Wheat2 | 60 | 40 | 1.50 | 60 | 49 | 1.23 | … | … | … | ||||
| Barley2 | 51 | 29 | 1.74 | 51 | 40 | 1.25 | … | … | … | ||||
| Soybeans2 | 235 | 67 | 3.52 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||||
| Meats | |||||||||||||
| Beef1 | 1,340 | 684 | 1.96 | 1,181 | 811 | 1.46 | 1,144 | 720 | 1.59 | ||||
| Beef2 | 2,239 | 685 | 3.27 | 2,233 | 813 | 2.75 | … | … | … | ||||
| Pork | 761 | 846 | 0.90 | 809 | 852 | 0.95 | 921 | 853 | 1.08 | ||||
| Butter1 | 1,119 | 356 | 3.14 | 1,120 | 452 | 2.48 | 1,204 | 583 | 2.07 | ||||
| Sugar1 | 222 | 145 | 1.53 | 239 | 179 | 1.34 | … | … | … | ||||
| Oranges1 | 331 | 177 | 1.87 | 316 | 135 | 2.34 | 301 | 188 | 1.66 | ||||
Data provided by the Japanese authorities.
Data provided by the Australia-Japan Research Center, Australian National University. The domestic price for beef is the weighted average of the principal categories of beef at major wholesale markets (yen per kilogram of boneless beef), and the world price is the comparable import price. For grains, the domestic price is the price paid to producers per kilogram, and the world price is the unit c.i.f. value of Japanese imports per kilogram.
Japan: Nominal Protection Coefficients, 1975–81
(Price in terms of Japanese yen)
| 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Product | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | |||||
| Grains | |||||||||||||
| Rice1 | 288 | 109 | 2.64 | 306 | 77 | 3.97 | 318 | 73 | 4.36 | 319 | 79 | 4.04 | |
| Wheat2 | 43 | 59 | 0.74 | 55 | 54 | 1.03 | 55 | 35 | 1.55 | 54 | 31 | 1.73 | |
| Barley2 | 34 | 47 | 0.72 | 46 | 44 | 1.06 | 46 | 35 | 1.34 | 46 | 26 | 1.74 | |
| Soybeans2 | 145 | 84 | 1.73 | 181 | 70 | 2.58 | 182 | 82 | 2.22 | 201 | 56 | 3.61 | |
| Meats | |||||||||||||
| Beef1 | 1,203 | 498 | 2.42 | 1,170 | 531 | 2.20 | 1,174 | 436 | 2.69 | 1,140 | 462 | 2.47 | |
| Beef2 | 1,760 | 508 | 3.46 | 2,027 | 527 | 3.85 | 1,917 | 433 | 4.43 | 1,945 | 462 | 4.21 | |
| Pork | 989 | 734 | 1.35 | 963 | 838 | 1.15 | 969 | 831 | 1.17 | 890 | 834 | 1.07 | |
| Butter1 | 992 | 462 | 2.15 | 1,234 | 410 | 3.01 | 1,233 | 327 | 3.77 | 1,191 | 312 | 3.82 | |
| Sugar1 | 220 | 171 | 1.29 | 187 | 122 | 1.53 | 185 | 103 | 1.80 | 187 | 98 | 1.91 | |
| Oranges1 | 240 | 149 | 1.61 | 267 | 144 | 1.85 | 321 | 138 | 2.33 | 326 | 145 | 2.25 | |
| 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | |||||||||||
| Product | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | Domestic price Pd | World price Pw | |||||||
| Grains | |||||||||||||
| Rice1 | 319 | 75 | 4.25 | 327 | 103 | 3.17 | 328 | 110 | 2.98 | ||||
| Wheat2 | 60 | 40 | 1.50 | 60 | 49 | 1.23 | … | … | … | ||||
| Barley2 | 51 | 29 | 1.74 | 51 | 40 | 1.25 | … | … | … | ||||
| Soybeans2 | 235 | 67 | 3.52 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||||
| Meats | |||||||||||||
| Beef1 | 1,340 | 684 | 1.96 | 1,181 | 811 | 1.46 | 1,144 | 720 | 1.59 | ||||
| Beef2 | 2,239 | 685 | 3.27 | 2,233 | 813 | 2.75 | … | … | … | ||||
| Pork | 761 | 846 | 0.90 | 809 | 852 | 0.95 | 921 | 853 | 1.08 | ||||
| Butter1 | 1,119 | 356 | 3.14 | 1,120 | 452 | 2.48 | 1,204 | 583 | 2.07 | ||||
| Sugar1 | 222 | 145 | 1.53 | 239 | 179 | 1.34 | … | … | … | ||||
| Oranges1 | 331 | 177 | 1.87 | 316 | 135 | 2.34 | 301 | 188 | 1.66 | ||||
Data provided by the Japanese authorities.
Data provided by the Australia-Japan Research Center, Australian National University. The domestic price for beef is the weighted average of the principal categories of beef at major wholesale markets (yen per kilogram of boneless beef), and the world price is the comparable import price. For grains, the domestic price is the price paid to producers per kilogram, and the world price is the unit c.i.f. value of Japanese imports per kilogram.
United States: Domestic Support Program for Dairy Products
Support prices are established for milk with 3.5 per cent fat content. These support prices are for milk with slightly higher fat content.
For years when the annual average price was higher than the support price, some support purchases might have still taken place because market prices might have been below support prices during certain months of the year.
Gross outlays minus receipts of the Commodity Credit Corporation on a fiscal-year basis.
Data refer to the complete manufacturing year.
United States: Domestic Support Program for Dairy Products
| Manufacturing Grade Milk | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Support level | |||||||
| Manufacturing Year (except as noted) | Percentage of parity equivalent | Support price1 | Average price received by farmer1 | Total milk production | USDA net market removals2 (milk equiv.) | Net expenditure on dairy price support and related programs3 | |
| (In per cent) | (In U.S. dollars/cwt) | (In billions of pounds) | (In millions of U.S. dollars) | ||||
| 1970–71 | 85 | 4.66 | 4.76 | 117.4 | 7.1 | 214.3 | |
| 1971–72 | 85 | 4.93 | 4.91 | 119.4 | 6.6 | 174.2 | |
| 1972–73 | 116.6 | ||||||
| April 1–March 14 | 79 | 4.93 | 119.1 | 4.9 | |||
| March 15–March 31 | 85 | 5.29 | 5.22 | ||||
| 1973–74 | 31.7 | ||||||
| April 1–August 9 | 75 | 5.29 | |||||
| August 10–March 31 | 80 | 5.61 | 6.95 | 114.9 | 0.7 | ||
| 1974–75 | 424.5 | ||||||
| April 1–January 4 | 81 | 6.57 | |||||
| January 5–March 31 | 89 | 7.24 | 6.874 | 115.64 | 2.44 | ||
| 1975–76 | 56.8 | ||||||
| April 1–October 1 | 79 | 7.24 | |||||
| October 2–March 31 | 84 | 7.71 | 8.124 | 116.44 | 0.94 | ||
| 1976–77 | 469.1 | ||||||
| October 1–March 31 | 81 | 8.26 | |||||
| April 1–September 30 | 82 | 9.00 | 8.524 | 122.2 | 6.94 | ||
| 1977–78 | 240.1 | ||||||
| October 1–March 31 | 82 | 9.00 | |||||
| April 1–September 30 | 86 | 9.43 | 9.304 | 121.7 | 3.24 | ||
| 1978–79 | 23.8 | ||||||
| October 1–March 31 | 80 | 9.87 | |||||
| April 1–September 30 | 87 | 10.76 | 10.864 | 122.5 | l.l4 | ||
| 1979–80 | 1,011.1 | ||||||
| October 1–March 31 | 80 | 11.49 | |||||
| April 1–September 30 | 86 | 12.36 | 11.754 | 127.3 | 8.24 | ||
| 1980–81 | 1,893.8 | ||||||
| October 1–September 30 | 80 | 13.10 | 12.724 | 131.7 | 12.74 | ||
Support prices are established for milk with 3.5 per cent fat content. These support prices are for milk with slightly higher fat content.
For years when the annual average price was higher than the support price, some support purchases might have still taken place because market prices might have been below support prices during certain months of the year.
Gross outlays minus receipts of the Commodity Credit Corporation on a fiscal-year basis.
Data refer to the complete manufacturing year.
United States: Domestic Support Program for Dairy Products
| Manufacturing Grade Milk | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Support level | |||||||
| Manufacturing Year (except as noted) | Percentage of parity equivalent | Support price1 | Average price received by farmer1 | Total milk production | USDA net market removals2 (milk equiv.) | Net expenditure on dairy price support and related programs3 | |
| (In per cent) | (In U.S. dollars/cwt) | (In billions of pounds) | (In millions of U.S. dollars) | ||||
| 1970–71 | 85 | 4.66 | 4.76 | 117.4 | 7.1 | 214.3 | |
| 1971–72 | 85 | 4.93 | 4.91 | 119.4 | 6.6 | 174.2 | |
| 1972–73 | 116.6 | ||||||
| April 1–March 14 | 79 | 4.93 | 119.1 | 4.9 | |||
| March 15–March 31 | 85 | 5.29 | 5.22 | ||||
| 1973–74 | 31.7 | ||||||
| April 1–August 9 | 75 | 5.29 | |||||
| August 10–March 31 | 80 | 5.61 | 6.95 | 114.9 | 0.7 | ||
| 1974–75 | 424.5 | ||||||
| April 1–January 4 | 81 | 6.57 | |||||
| January 5–March 31 | 89 | 7.24 | 6.874 | 115.64 | 2.44 | ||
| 1975–76 | 56.8 | ||||||
| April 1–October 1 | 79 | 7.24 | |||||
| October 2–March 31 | 84 | 7.71 | 8.124 | 116.44 | 0.94 | ||
| 1976–77 | 469.1 | ||||||
| October 1–March 31 | 81 | 8.26 | |||||
| April 1–September 30 | 82 | 9.00 | 8.524 | 122.2 | 6.94 | ||
| 1977–78 | 240.1 | ||||||
| October 1–March 31 | 82 | 9.00 | |||||
| April 1–September 30 | 86 | 9.43 | 9.304 | 121.7 | 3.24 | ||
| 1978–79 | 23.8 | ||||||
| October 1–March 31 | 80 | 9.87 | |||||
| April 1–September 30 | 87 | 10.76 | 10.864 | 122.5 | l.l4 | ||
| 1979–80 | 1,011.1 | ||||||
| October 1–March 31 | 80 | 11.49 | |||||
| April 1–September 30 | 86 | 12.36 | 11.754 | 127.3 | 8.24 | ||
| 1980–81 | 1,893.8 | ||||||
| October 1–September 30 | 80 | 13.10 | 12.724 | 131.7 | 12.74 | ||
Support prices are established for milk with 3.5 per cent fat content. These support prices are for milk with slightly higher fat content.
For years when the annual average price was higher than the support price, some support purchases might have still taken place because market prices might have been below support prices during certain months of the year.
Gross outlays minus receipts of the Commodity Credit Corporation on a fiscal-year basis.
Data refer to the complete manufacturing year.
U.S. Wheat Domestic Support Program
A bushel of wheat is equal to 27.2 kilograms.
Prior to 1974, the target prices shown were the support prices for wheat used for domestic food.
The marketing certificate payment rate was the difference between the price received by farmers in the first five months (July–November) of the marketing year and 100 per cent of wheat parity on July 1.
Diversion and certificate payments.
Deficiency payment.
U.S. Wheat Domestic Support Program
| National Average Support Prices |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crop Year | Production1 | Target price2 | Domestic marketing certificate value3 | Loan rate | Average Price to Farmers | Farm Value | Government Payments |
| (In millions of bushels) | (In U.S. dollars per bushel) | (In millions of U.S. dollars) | |||||
| 1970 | 1,352 | 2.82 | 1.57 | 1.25 | 1.33 | 1,803 | 8714 |
| 1971 | 1,619 | 2.93 | 1.63 | 1.25 | 1.34 | 2,167 | 8864 |
| 1972 | 1,546 | 3.02 | 1.34 | 1.25 | 1.76 | 2,704 | 8594 |
| 1973 | 1,711 | 3.39 | 0.68 | 1.25 | 3.95 | 6,719 | 4784 |
| 1974 | 1,782 | 2.05 | — | 1.37 | 4.09 | 7,287 | — |
| 1975 | 2,127 | 2.05 | — | 1.37 | 3.56 | 7,553 | — |
| 1976 | 2,149 | 2.27 | — | 2.25 | 2.73 | 5,870 | — |
| 1977 | 2,046 | 2.90 | — | 2.25 | 2.33 | 4,766 | 9965 |
| 1978 | 1,776 | 3.40 | — | 2.35 | 2.97 | 5,281 | 6355 |
| 1979 | 2,134 | 3.40 | — | 2.50 | 3.78 | 8,070 | — |
| 1980 | 2,370 | 3.08-3.63 | — | 3.00-3.30 | 3.95-4.15 | 9,437 | — |
| 1981 | … | 3.81 | — | 3.20-3.50 | … | … | … |
A bushel of wheat is equal to 27.2 kilograms.
Prior to 1974, the target prices shown were the support prices for wheat used for domestic food.
The marketing certificate payment rate was the difference between the price received by farmers in the first five months (July–November) of the marketing year and 100 per cent of wheat parity on July 1.
Diversion and certificate payments.
Deficiency payment.
U.S. Wheat Domestic Support Program
| National Average Support Prices |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crop Year | Production1 | Target price2 | Domestic marketing certificate value3 | Loan rate | Average Price to Farmers | Farm Value | Government Payments |
| (In millions of bushels) | (In U.S. dollars per bushel) | (In millions of U.S. dollars) | |||||
| 1970 | 1,352 | 2.82 | 1.57 | 1.25 | 1.33 | 1,803 | 8714 |
| 1971 | 1,619 | 2.93 | 1.63 | 1.25 | 1.34 | 2,167 | 8864 |
| 1972 | 1,546 | 3.02 | 1.34 | 1.25 | 1.76 | 2,704 | 8594 |
| 1973 | 1,711 | 3.39 | 0.68 | 1.25 | 3.95 | 6,719 | 4784 |
| 1974 | 1,782 | 2.05 | — | 1.37 | 4.09 | 7,287 | — |
| 1975 | 2,127 | 2.05 | — | 1.37 | 3.56 | 7,553 | — |
| 1976 | 2,149 | 2.27 | — | 2.25 | 2.73 | 5,870 | — |
| 1977 | 2,046 | 2.90 | — | 2.25 | 2.33 | 4,766 | 9965 |
| 1978 | 1,776 | 3.40 | — | 2.35 | 2.97 | 5,281 | 6355 |
| 1979 | 2,134 | 3.40 | — | 2.50 | 3.78 | 8,070 | — |
| 1980 | 2,370 | 3.08-3.63 | — | 3.00-3.30 | 3.95-4.15 | 9,437 | — |
| 1981 | … | 3.81 | — | 3.20-3.50 | … | … | … |
A bushel of wheat is equal to 27.2 kilograms.
Prior to 1974, the target prices shown were the support prices for wheat used for domestic food.
The marketing certificate payment rate was the difference between the price received by farmers in the first five months (July–November) of the marketing year and 100 per cent of wheat parity on July 1.
Diversion and certificate payments.
Deficiency payment.
Internal Terms of Trade of Industrial Countries, 1974–81
(In per cent)
Internal Terms of Trade of Industrial Countries, 1974–81
(In per cent)
| 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| European Community | ||||||||||
| Agricultural price | ||||||||||
| (wholesale) index | 100.0 | 109.6 | 126.5 | 141.1 | 145.8 | 155.6 | 167.8 | 186.1 | ||
| Manufacturing price | ||||||||||
| (wholesale) index | 100.0 | 102.4 | 111.1 | 119.7 | 124.3 | 134.7 | 150.4 | 165.4 | ||
| Internal terms of trade | 100.0 | 107.0 | 113.9 | 117.9 | 117.3 | 115.5 | 111.6 | 112.5 | ||
| Japan | ||||||||||
| Agricultural price | ||||||||||
| (wholesale) index | 100.0 | 108.8 | 117.7 | 121.2 | 125.2 | 126.2 | 137.8 | 144.4 | ||
| Manufacturing price | ||||||||||
| (wholesale) index | 100.0 | 102.9 | 102.8 | 104.8 | 104.2 | 104.5 | 107.6 | 109.4 | ||
| Internal terms of trade | 100.0 | 105.7 | 114.5 | 115.6 | 120.4 | 120.8 | 128.1 | 132.0 | ||
| United States | ||||||||||
| Agricultural price | ||||||||||
| (wholesale) index | 100.0 | 104.0 | 103.3 | 106.7 | 116.6 | 129.5 | 137.9 | 141.9 | ||
| Manufacturing price | ||||||||||
| (wholesale) index | 100.0 | 115.7 | 122.6 | 130.3 | 141.3 | 159.3 | 185.2 | 205.2 | ||
| Internal terms of trade | 100.0 | 89.9 | 84.3 | 81.9 | 82.5 | 81.3 | 74.5 | 69.2 | ||
Internal Terms of Trade of Industrial Countries, 1974–81
(In per cent)
| 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| European Community | ||||||||||
| Agricultural price | ||||||||||
| (wholesale) index | 100.0 | 109.6 | 126.5 | 141.1 | 145.8 | 155.6 | 167.8 | 186.1 | ||
| Manufacturing price | ||||||||||
| (wholesale) index | 100.0 | 102.4 | 111.1 | 119.7 | 124.3 | 134.7 | 150.4 | 165.4 | ||
| Internal terms of trade | 100.0 | 107.0 | 113.9 | 117.9 | 117.3 | 115.5 | 111.6 | 112.5 | ||
| Japan | ||||||||||
| Agricultural price | ||||||||||
| (wholesale) index | 100.0 | 108.8 | 117.7 | 121.2 | 125.2 | 126.2 | 137.8 | 144.4 | ||
| Manufacturing price | ||||||||||
| (wholesale) index | 100.0 | 102.9 | 102.8 | 104.8 | 104.2 | 104.5 | 107.6 | 109.4 | ||
| Internal terms of trade | 100.0 | 105.7 | 114.5 | 115.6 | 120.4 | 120.8 | 128.1 | 132.0 | ||
| United States | ||||||||||
| Agricultural price | ||||||||||
| (wholesale) index | 100.0 | 104.0 | 103.3 | 106.7 | 116.6 | 129.5 | 137.9 | 141.9 | ||
| Manufacturing price | ||||||||||
| (wholesale) index | 100.0 | 115.7 | 122.6 | 130.3 | 141.3 | 159.3 | 185.2 | 205.2 | ||
| Internal terms of trade | 100.0 | 89.9 | 84.3 | 81.9 | 82.5 | 81.3 | 74.5 | 69.2 | ||
European Community: Average Degree of Self-Supply in Selected Agricultural Products, 1956/60, 1968/69, and 1978/791
(In per cent)
Includes nine members of the Community (excluding Greece).
Includes only the six original members of the Community. Average of the years 1956 through 1960.
Average of crop years 1967/68, 1968/69, and 1969/70.
Average of crop years 1977/78, 1978/79, and 1979/80.
Average of crop years 1976/77, 1977/78, and 1978/79.
European Community: Average Degree of Self-Supply in Selected Agricultural Products, 1956/60, 1968/69, and 1978/791
(In per cent)
| Product | 1956/602 | 1968/693 | 1978/794 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total cereals (excluding rice) | 85 | 86 | 97 |
| Wheat | 90 | 94 | 108 |
| Rye | 98 | 100 | 108 |
| Barley | 84 | 103 | 112 |
| Oats | 92 | 96 | 98 |
| Grain maize | 64 | 45 | 60 |
| Sugar | 104 | 82 | 124 |
| Fresh vegetables | 104 | 98 | 94 |
| Fresh fruit (excluding citrus fruits) | 90 | 80 | 77 |
| Wine | 89 | 97 | 99 |
| Fresh milk products (excluding cream) | 100 | 100 | 1005 |
| Cheese | 100 | 98 | 1035 |
| Butter | 101 | 91 | 1115 |
| Eggs | 90 | 99 | 101 |
| Total beef and veal | 92 | 90 | 100 |
| Poultry meat | 93 | 101 | 105 |
| Sheep meat and | |||
| goat meat | … | 56 | 67 |
Includes nine members of the Community (excluding Greece).
Includes only the six original members of the Community. Average of the years 1956 through 1960.
Average of crop years 1967/68, 1968/69, and 1969/70.
Average of crop years 1977/78, 1978/79, and 1979/80.
Average of crop years 1976/77, 1977/78, and 1978/79.
European Community: Average Degree of Self-Supply in Selected Agricultural Products, 1956/60, 1968/69, and 1978/791
(In per cent)
| Product | 1956/602 | 1968/693 | 1978/794 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total cereals (excluding rice) | 85 | 86 | 97 |
| Wheat | 90 | 94 | 108 |
| Rye | 98 | 100 | 108 |
| Barley | 84 | 103 | 112 |
| Oats | 92 | 96 | 98 |
| Grain maize | 64 | 45 | 60 |
| Sugar | 104 | 82 | 124 |
| Fresh vegetables | 104 | 98 | 94 |
| Fresh fruit (excluding citrus fruits) | 90 | 80 | 77 |
| Wine | 89 | 97 | 99 |
| Fresh milk products (excluding cream) | 100 | 100 | 1005 |
| Cheese | 100 | 98 | 1035 |
| Butter | 101 | 91 | 1115 |
| Eggs | 90 | 99 | 101 |
| Total beef and veal | 92 | 90 | 100 |
| Poultry meat | 93 | 101 | 105 |
| Sheep meat and | |||
| goat meat | … | 56 | 67 |
Includes nine members of the Community (excluding Greece).
Includes only the six original members of the Community. Average of the years 1956 through 1960.
Average of crop years 1967/68, 1968/69, and 1969/70.
Average of crop years 1977/78, 1978/79, and 1979/80.
Average of crop years 1976/77, 1977/78, and 1978/79.
Japan: Self-Supply Levels of Agricultural Commodities, 1960, 1970, and 1975–78
(In per cent of total demand)
Japan: Self-Supply Levels of Agricultural Commodities, 1960, 1970, and 1975–78
(In per cent of total demand)
| Product | 1960 | 1970 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agricultural products for food | 90 | 76 | 74 | 70 | 74 | 73 | |
| Grains | 83 | 48 | 43 | 37 | 39 | 37 | |
| Rice | 102 | 106 | 110 | 100 | 114 | 111 | |
| Wheat | 39 | 9 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | |
| Barley | 107 | 34 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 14 | |
| Pulses | 44 | 13 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 | |
| Soybeans | 28 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | |
| Vegetables | 100 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 97 | |
| Fruit | 100 | 84 | 84 | 82 | 85 | 78 | |
| Hen eggs | 101 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | |
| Milk and milk products | 89 | 89 | 82 | 85 | 87 | 89 | |
| Meat (excluding whale meat) | 91 | 89 | 77 | 76 | 77 | 80 | |
| Beef | 96 | 90 | 81 | 69 | 75 | 73 | |
| Pork | 96 | 98 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 90 | |
| Sugar | 18 | 23 | 15 | 19 | 19 | 22 | |
Japan: Self-Supply Levels of Agricultural Commodities, 1960, 1970, and 1975–78
(In per cent of total demand)
| Product | 1960 | 1970 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agricultural products for food | 90 | 76 | 74 | 70 | 74 | 73 | |
| Grains | 83 | 48 | 43 | 37 | 39 | 37 | |
| Rice | 102 | 106 | 110 | 100 | 114 | 111 | |
| Wheat | 39 | 9 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | |
| Barley | 107 | 34 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 14 | |
| Pulses | 44 | 13 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 | |
| Soybeans | 28 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | |
| Vegetables | 100 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 97 | |
| Fruit | 100 | 84 | 84 | 82 | 85 | 78 | |
| Hen eggs | 101 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | |
| Milk and milk products | 89 | 89 | 82 | 85 | 87 | 89 | |
| Meat (excluding whale meat) | 91 | 89 | 77 | 76 | 77 | 80 | |
| Beef | 96 | 90 | 81 | 69 | 75 | 73 | |
| Pork | 96 | 98 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 90 | |
| Sugar | 18 | 23 | 15 | 19 | 19 | 22 | |
Budget Expenditures on Agriculture, 1974–811
Fiscal-year basis.
European Agricultural Guarantee and Guidance Fund.
Estimate.
Budget Expenditures on Agriculture, 1974–811
| 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In millions of European Currency Units) | ||||||||||
| European Community | ||||||||||
| EAGGF2 guarantee expenditures | 3,094 | 4,513 | 5,587 | 6,830 | 8,673 | 10,441 | 11,315 | 10,980 | ||
| (In per cent) | ||||||||||
| EAGGF guarantee expenditures as per cent of | ||||||||||
| Total budget expenditures | 67.0 | 69.3 | 69.3 | 74.1 | 71.4 | 72.7 | 69.3 | 63.3 | ||
| Community food expenditures | … | … | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | ||
| Community gross national product | 0.31 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.55 | 0.59 | 0.57 | 0.523 | ||
| United States | ||||||||||
| (In millions of U.S. dollars) | ||||||||||
| Commodity Credit Corporation | ||||||||||
| Total net expenditures | 1,745 | 1,519 | 1,805 | 4,670 | 6,465 | 4,587 | 3,825 | 5,290 | ||
| (In per cent) | ||||||||||
| As per cent of federal government budget outlays | 0.65 | 0.47 | 0.49 | 1.16 | 1.43 | 0.93 | 0.66 | 0.81 | ||
| As per cent of gross national product | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.24 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.18 | ||
Fiscal-year basis.
European Agricultural Guarantee and Guidance Fund.
Estimate.
Budget Expenditures on Agriculture, 1974–811
| 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In millions of European Currency Units) | ||||||||||
| European Community | ||||||||||
| EAGGF2 guarantee expenditures | 3,094 | 4,513 | 5,587 | 6,830 | 8,673 | 10,441 | 11,315 | 10,980 | ||
| (In per cent) | ||||||||||
| EAGGF guarantee expenditures as per cent of | ||||||||||
| Total budget expenditures | 67.0 | 69.3 | 69.3 | 74.1 | 71.4 | 72.7 | 69.3 | 63.3 | ||
| Community food expenditures | … | … | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | ||
| Community gross national product | 0.31 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.55 | 0.59 | 0.57 | 0.523 | ||
| United States | ||||||||||
| (In millions of U.S. dollars) | ||||||||||
| Commodity Credit Corporation | ||||||||||
| Total net expenditures | 1,745 | 1,519 | 1,805 | 4,670 | 6,465 | 4,587 | 3,825 | 5,290 | ||
| (In per cent) | ||||||||||
| As per cent of federal government budget outlays | 0.65 | 0.47 | 0.49 | 1.16 | 1.43 | 0.93 | 0.66 | 0.81 | ||
| As per cent of gross national product | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.24 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.18 | ||
Fiscal-year basis.
European Agricultural Guarantee and Guidance Fund.
Estimate.
Indicators of Market Instability in Agricultural and World Trade, 1972–811
(In per cent)
The formula used is as follows:
| I | = instability index |
| Xt | = quantity of production or volume of exports or price in period t |
| n | = number of years in time period |
| A | = 5-year moving average. |
| I | = instability index |
| Xt | = quantity of production or volume of exports or price in period t |
| n | = number of years in time period |
| A | = 5-year moving average. |
Covering the period 1972–80.
World commodity output.
Indicators of Market Instability in Agricultural and World Trade, 1972–811
(In per cent)
| Quantity of Production |
Quantity of Exports |
Price | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat | 4.71 | 3.58 | 12.69 |
| Bovine meat | 1.58 | 4.26 | 12.61 |
| Sugar | 3.872 | 7.052 | 27.44 |
| Butter | 1.50 | 8.17 | 5.49 |
| Cheese | 0.35 | 7.25 | 7.96 |
| World trade | 1.163 | 1.85 | 4.47 |
The formula used is as follows:
| I | = instability index |
| Xt | = quantity of production or volume of exports or price in period t |
| n | = number of years in time period |
| A | = 5-year moving average. |
Covering the period 1972–80.
World commodity output.
Indicators of Market Instability in Agricultural and World Trade, 1972–811
(In per cent)
| Quantity of Production |
Quantity of Exports |
Price | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat | 4.71 | 3.58 | 12.69 |
| Bovine meat | 1.58 | 4.26 | 12.61 |
| Sugar | 3.872 | 7.052 | 27.44 |
| Butter | 1.50 | 8.17 | 5.49 |
| Cheese | 0.35 | 7.25 | 7.96 |
| World trade | 1.163 | 1.85 | 4.47 |
The formula used is as follows:
| I | = instability index |
| Xt | = quantity of production or volume of exports or price in period t |
| n | = number of years in time period |
| A | = 5-year moving average. |
| I | = instability index |
| Xt | = quantity of production or volume of exports or price in period t |
| n | = number of years in time period |
| A | = 5-year moving average. |
Covering the period 1972–80.
World commodity output.
Tariff Reductions Agreed by Industrial Countries Under the Multilateral Trade Negotiations
(In per cent)
Tariff Reductions Agreed by Industrial Countries Under the Multilateral Trade Negotiations
(In per cent)
| Raw Materials | Semimanufactures | Finished Manufactures | All Industrial Products | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Countries | Depth of cut | Post-MTN average | Depth of cut | Post-MTN average | Depth of cut | Post-MTN average | Depth of cut | Post-MTN average | |||
| Austria | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 9.0 | 0.8 | 19.0 | 4.7 | 13.0 | 16.1 | 13.0 | 7.8 | |||
| Simple avg. | 27.0 | 1.9 | 29.0 | 7.3 | 32.0 | 9.1 | 31.0 | 8.1 | |||
| Canada | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 69.0 | 0.5 | 30.0 | 8.3 | 39.0 | 8.3 | 38.0 | 7.9 | |||
| Simple avg. | 48.0 | 2.6 | 44.0 | 6.6 | 40.0 | 8.1 | 42.0 | 7.3 | |||
| European Community | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 15.0 | 0.2 | 27.0 | 4.2 | 29.0 | 6.9 | 29.0 | 4.7 | |||
| Simple avg. | 16.0 | 1.6 | 30.0 | 6.2 | 29.0 | 7.0 | 30.0 | 6.4 | |||
| Finland | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 60.0 | 0.3 | 13.0 | 5.9 | 22.0 | 6.1 | 21.0 | 5.5 | |||
| Simple avg. | 40.0 | 0.5 | 10.0 | 11.7 | 16.0 | 12.0 | 14.0 | 11.4 | |||
| Japan | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 67.0 | 0.5 | 30.0 | 4.6 | 52.0 | 6.0 | 49.0 | 2.8 | |||
| Simple avg. | 45.0 | 1.4 | 36.0 | 6.3 | 45.0 | 6.4 | 42.0 | 6.0 | |||
| Norway | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 39.0 | — | 21.0 | 1.4 | 25.0 | 4.2 | 25.0 | 3.2 | |||
| Simple avg. | 29.0 | 0.9 | 20.0 | 5.4 | 22.0 | 7.8 | 22.0 | 6.7 | |||
| Sweden | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 21.0 | — | 38.0 | 3.3 | 26.0 | 4.9 | 28.0 | 4.1 | |||
| Simple avg. | 27.0 | 0.4 | 15.0 | 5.1 | 22.0 | 5.1 | 20.0 | 4.8 | |||
| Switzerland | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 28.0 | 0.2 | 25.0 | 1.2 | 22.0 | 3.1 | 23.0 | 2.3 | |||
| Simple avg. | 15.0 | 1.5 | 23.0 | 2.8 | 25.0 | 3.0 | 24.0 | 2.9 | |||
| United States | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 77.0 | 0.2 | 33.0 | 3.0 | 29.0 | 5.7 | 31.0 | 4.4 | |||
| Simple avg. | 45.0 | 1.8 | 39.0 | 6.1 | 46.0 | 7.0 | 44.0 | 6.3 | |||
| All the above countries | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 64.0 | 0.3 | 30.0 | 4.0 | 34.0 | 6.5 | 34.0 | 4.7 | |||
| Simple avg. | 37.0 | 1.6 | 36.0 | 6.2 | 40.0 | 7.1 | 39.0 | 6.4 | |||
Tariff Reductions Agreed by Industrial Countries Under the Multilateral Trade Negotiations
(In per cent)
| Raw Materials | Semimanufactures | Finished Manufactures | All Industrial Products | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Countries | Depth of cut | Post-MTN average | Depth of cut | Post-MTN average | Depth of cut | Post-MTN average | Depth of cut | Post-MTN average | |||
| Austria | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 9.0 | 0.8 | 19.0 | 4.7 | 13.0 | 16.1 | 13.0 | 7.8 | |||
| Simple avg. | 27.0 | 1.9 | 29.0 | 7.3 | 32.0 | 9.1 | 31.0 | 8.1 | |||
| Canada | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 69.0 | 0.5 | 30.0 | 8.3 | 39.0 | 8.3 | 38.0 | 7.9 | |||
| Simple avg. | 48.0 | 2.6 | 44.0 | 6.6 | 40.0 | 8.1 | 42.0 | 7.3 | |||
| European Community | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 15.0 | 0.2 | 27.0 | 4.2 | 29.0 | 6.9 | 29.0 | 4.7 | |||
| Simple avg. | 16.0 | 1.6 | 30.0 | 6.2 | 29.0 | 7.0 | 30.0 | 6.4 | |||
| Finland | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 60.0 | 0.3 | 13.0 | 5.9 | 22.0 | 6.1 | 21.0 | 5.5 | |||
| Simple avg. | 40.0 | 0.5 | 10.0 | 11.7 | 16.0 | 12.0 | 14.0 | 11.4 | |||
| Japan | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 67.0 | 0.5 | 30.0 | 4.6 | 52.0 | 6.0 | 49.0 | 2.8 | |||
| Simple avg. | 45.0 | 1.4 | 36.0 | 6.3 | 45.0 | 6.4 | 42.0 | 6.0 | |||
| Norway | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 39.0 | — | 21.0 | 1.4 | 25.0 | 4.2 | 25.0 | 3.2 | |||
| Simple avg. | 29.0 | 0.9 | 20.0 | 5.4 | 22.0 | 7.8 | 22.0 | 6.7 | |||
| Sweden | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 21.0 | — | 38.0 | 3.3 | 26.0 | 4.9 | 28.0 | 4.1 | |||
| Simple avg. | 27.0 | 0.4 | 15.0 | 5.1 | 22.0 | 5.1 | 20.0 | 4.8 | |||
| Switzerland | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 28.0 | 0.2 | 25.0 | 1.2 | 22.0 | 3.1 | 23.0 | 2.3 | |||
| Simple avg. | 15.0 | 1.5 | 23.0 | 2.8 | 25.0 | 3.0 | 24.0 | 2.9 | |||
| United States | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 77.0 | 0.2 | 33.0 | 3.0 | 29.0 | 5.7 | 31.0 | 4.4 | |||
| Simple avg. | 45.0 | 1.8 | 39.0 | 6.1 | 46.0 | 7.0 | 44.0 | 6.3 | |||
| All the above countries | |||||||||||
| Weighted avg. | 64.0 | 0.3 | 30.0 | 4.0 | 34.0 | 6.5 | 34.0 | 4.7 | |||
| Simple avg. | 37.0 | 1.6 | 36.0 | 6.2 | 40.0 | 7.1 | 39.0 | 6.4 | |||
Sectoral Tariff Reduction Under the Multilateral Trade Negotiations1
(In per cent)
Tariff cuts for broad categories are averages of cuts agreed by Austria, Canada, the European Community, Finland, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.
Sectoral Tariff Reduction Under the Multilateral Trade Negotiations1
(In per cent)
| Depth of Cut | Post-MTN Average | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Products | Weighted | Simple | Weighted | Simple | |
| Wood, pulp, paper, and furniture | 40 | 41 | 1.7 | 4.1 | |
| Raw materials | 54 | 46 | 0.2 | 0.7 | |
| Semimanufactures | 38 | 41 | 1.9 | 3.7 | |
| Finished manufactures | 41 | 41 | 4.2 | 5.1 | |
| Textiles and clothing | 19 | 31 | 11.8 | 10.4 | |
| Raw materials | 25 | 21 | 0.8 | 2.9 | |
| Semimanufactures | 22 | 30 | 11.5 | 9.6 | |
| Finished manufactures | 19 | 33 | 16.7 | 11.8 | |
| Leather, rubber, footwear, and travel goods | 14 | 30 | 6.3 | 7.2 | |
| Raw materials | 80 | 50 | — | 1.2 | |
| Semimanufactures | 35 | 35 | 4.4 | 4.5 | |
| Finished manufactures | 11 | 29 | 10.2 | 10.2 | |
| Basic metals | 31 | 38 | 2.7 | 5.0 | |
| Raw materials | 82 | 61 | — | 0.2 | |
| Semimanufactures | 26 | 34 | 3.2 | 4.6 | |
| Finished manufactures | 37 | 40 | 5.9 | 6.1 | |
| Chemicals | 38 | 40 | 5.3 | 6.2 | |
| Semimanufactures | 36 | 39 | 5.0 | 6.2 | |
| Finished manufactures | 43 | 44 | 6.0 | 6.2 | |
| Transport equipment | 36 | 35 | 5.0 | 6.5 | |
| Nonelectrical machinery | 47 | 46 | 4.1 | 4.4 | |
| Electrical machinery | 34 | 42 | 6.1 | 5.0 | |
| Minerals, precious stones, and metals | 43 | 39 | 2.2 | 4.3 | |
| Raw materials | 69 | 35 | 0.3 | 1.4 | |
| Semimanufactures | 21 | 39 | 1.1 | 3.6 | |
| Finished manufactures | 40 | 40 | 6.9 | 6.5 | |
| Manufactured articles not elsewhere specified | 42 | 45 | 5.5 | 6.0 | |
Tariff cuts for broad categories are averages of cuts agreed by Austria, Canada, the European Community, Finland, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.
Sectoral Tariff Reduction Under the Multilateral Trade Negotiations1
(In per cent)
| Depth of Cut | Post-MTN Average | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Products | Weighted | Simple | Weighted | Simple | |
| Wood, pulp, paper, and furniture | 40 | 41 | 1.7 | 4.1 | |
| Raw materials | 54 | 46 | 0.2 | 0.7 | |
| Semimanufactures | 38 | 41 | 1.9 | 3.7 | |
| Finished manufactures | 41 | 41 | 4.2 | 5.1 | |
| Textiles and clothing | 19 | 31 | 11.8 | 10.4 | |
| Raw materials | 25 | 21 | 0.8 | 2.9 | |
| Semimanufactures | 22 | 30 | 11.5 | 9.6 | |
| Finished manufactures | 19 | 33 | 16.7 | 11.8 | |
| Leather, rubber, footwear, and travel goods | 14 | 30 | 6.3 | 7.2 | |
| Raw materials | 80 | 50 | — | 1.2 | |
| Semimanufactures | 35 | 35 | 4.4 | 4.5 | |
| Finished manufactures | 11 | 29 | 10.2 | 10.2 | |
| Basic metals | 31 | 38 | 2.7 | 5.0 | |
| Raw materials | 82 | 61 | — | 0.2 | |
| Semimanufactures | 26 | 34 | 3.2 | 4.6 | |
| Finished manufactures | 37 | 40 | 5.9 | 6.1 | |
| Chemicals | 38 | 40 | 5.3 | 6.2 | |
| Semimanufactures | 36 | 39 | 5.0 | 6.2 | |
| Finished manufactures | 43 | 44 | 6.0 | 6.2 | |
| Transport equipment | 36 | 35 | 5.0 | 6.5 | |
| Nonelectrical machinery | 47 | 46 | 4.1 | 4.4 | |
| Electrical machinery | 34 | 42 | 6.1 | 5.0 | |
| Minerals, precious stones, and metals | 43 | 39 | 2.2 | 4.3 | |
| Raw materials | 69 | 35 | 0.3 | 1.4 | |
| Semimanufactures | 21 | 39 | 1.1 | 3.6 | |
| Finished manufactures | 40 | 40 | 6.9 | 6.5 | |
| Manufactured articles not elsewhere specified | 42 | 45 | 5.5 | 6.0 | |
Tariff cuts for broad categories are averages of cuts agreed by Austria, Canada, the European Community, Finland, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.
United States: Antidumping, Countervailing Duties, and Escape Clause Actions During 1978–8111
Includes antidumping duties denoted by A, countervailing duties denoted by C, and escape clause actions denoted by E. Escape clause investigations exclude orderly marketing agreements and voluntary export restraints. Figures in parentheses indicate the number of actions involved when more than one was taken. Many of the actions listed do not apply to all exporting countries.
United States: Antidumping, Countervailing Duties, and Escape Clause Actions During 1978–8111
| Commodity | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ampicillin trihydrate | C | |||
| Anhydrous sodium metasilicate | A | |||
| Bicycle tires and tubes | C | A | ||
| Bolts, nuts, and large screws | E | |||
| Carbon steel plate | A | |||
| Certain amplifier assemblies | A | |||
| Certain iron metal castings | C | |||
| Certain industrial electric motors | A | |||
| Certain industrial fasteners | C | |||
| Certain steel wire rails | A | |||
| Citizens’ band transceivers | E | |||
| Clear sheet glass | A | |||
| Clothespins | E | |||
| Condenser paper | A(2) | |||
| Countertop microwave ovens | A | |||
| Dextrins and solubles or chemically treated starches derived from potato starch | C | |||
| Ferrochrome, ferromanganese, silicone manganese, and ferrosilicone | C | |||
| Fish | C | |||
| Float glass | C | |||
| Fresh cut flowers | C | |||
| Handbags | C | |||
| High carbon ferrochromium | E | |||
| Impression fabric | A | |||
| Industrial fasteners | C | |||
| Iron or steel chains | C | |||
| Leather garments | C | |||
| Leather wearing apparel | C(3) | |||
| Men’s and boys’ apparel | C | |||
| Methanol | A | |||
| Motorcycle batteries | A | |||
| Mushrooms | E | |||
| Nonelectric cookware | E | |||
| Nonrubber footwear | C | |||
| Optic liquid level sensing systems | C | |||
| Perchlorethylene | A(3) | |||
| Pig iron | C | |||
| Plied worsted spun acrylic machine knitting yarn | A | |||
| Polyvinyl chloride sheets | A | |||
| Portable electric typewriters | A | |||
| Precipitated barium carbonate | A | |||
| Railway track maintenance equipment | A | |||
| Textiles and apparel (men’s and boys’) | C(4) | |||
| Sodium gluconate | C | |||
| Sodium nitrate | A | |||
| Spun acrylic yarn | A | |||
| Stainless-steel-clad plate | A | |||
| Steel wire strand | A | |||
| Sugar | A | |||
| Sugar (raw and refined) | C | |||
| Viscose rayon staple fiber | A | C(2)A(3) |
Includes antidumping duties denoted by A, countervailing duties denoted by C, and escape clause actions denoted by E. Escape clause investigations exclude orderly marketing agreements and voluntary export restraints. Figures in parentheses indicate the number of actions involved when more than one was taken. Many of the actions listed do not apply to all exporting countries.
United States: Antidumping, Countervailing Duties, and Escape Clause Actions During 1978–8111
| Commodity | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ampicillin trihydrate | C | |||
| Anhydrous sodium metasilicate | A | |||
| Bicycle tires and tubes | C | A | ||
| Bolts, nuts, and large screws | E | |||
| Carbon steel plate | A | |||
| Certain amplifier assemblies | A | |||
| Certain iron metal castings | C | |||
| Certain industrial electric motors | A | |||
| Certain industrial fasteners | C | |||
| Certain steel wire rails | A | |||
| Citizens’ band transceivers | E | |||
| Clear sheet glass | A | |||
| Clothespins | E | |||
| Condenser paper | A(2) | |||
| Countertop microwave ovens | A | |||
| Dextrins and solubles or chemically treated starches derived from potato starch | C | |||
| Ferrochrome, ferromanganese, silicone manganese, and ferrosilicone | C | |||
| Fish | C | |||
| Float glass | C | |||
| Fresh cut flowers | C | |||
| Handbags | C | |||
| High carbon ferrochromium | E | |||
| Impression fabric | A | |||
| Industrial fasteners | C | |||
| Iron or steel chains | C | |||
| Leather garments | C | |||
| Leather wearing apparel | C(3) | |||
| Men’s and boys’ apparel | C | |||
| Methanol | A | |||
| Motorcycle batteries | A | |||
| Mushrooms | E | |||
| Nonelectric cookware | E | |||
| Nonrubber footwear | C | |||
| Optic liquid level sensing systems | C | |||
| Perchlorethylene | A(3) | |||
| Pig iron | C | |||
| Plied worsted spun acrylic machine knitting yarn | A | |||
| Polyvinyl chloride sheets | A | |||
| Portable electric typewriters | A | |||
| Precipitated barium carbonate | A | |||
| Railway track maintenance equipment | A | |||
| Textiles and apparel (men’s and boys’) | C(4) | |||
| Sodium gluconate | C | |||
| Sodium nitrate | A | |||
| Spun acrylic yarn | A | |||
| Stainless-steel-clad plate | A | |||
| Steel wire strand | A | |||
| Sugar | A | |||
| Sugar (raw and refined) | C | |||
| Viscose rayon staple fiber | A | C(2)A(3) |
Includes antidumping duties denoted by A, countervailing duties denoted by C, and escape clause actions denoted by E. Escape clause investigations exclude orderly marketing agreements and voluntary export restraints. Figures in parentheses indicate the number of actions involved when more than one was taken. Many of the actions listed do not apply to all exporting countries.
United States: Other Trade Actions During 1979–811
Actions to retaliate against unfair trading practices (restrictive actions of foreign countries) denoted by U, and actions to retaliate against unfair import practices (mostly patent infringement) denoted by UI.
United States: Other Trade Actions During 1979–811
| Commodity | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Automatic crankpin grinders | UI | ||
| Certain airless paint spray pumps | UI | ||
| Certain airtight cast iron stoves | UI | ||
| Certain apparatus for the production of copper rods | UI | ||
| Certain surveying devices | UI | ||
| Leather | U | ||
| Marine insurance | U | ||
| Pump-top insulated containers | UI | ||
| Television advertising | U | ||
| Wheat flour | U |
Actions to retaliate against unfair trading practices (restrictive actions of foreign countries) denoted by U, and actions to retaliate against unfair import practices (mostly patent infringement) denoted by UI.
United States: Other Trade Actions During 1979–811
| Commodity | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Automatic crankpin grinders | UI | ||
| Certain airless paint spray pumps | UI | ||
| Certain airtight cast iron stoves | UI | ||
| Certain apparatus for the production of copper rods | UI | ||
| Certain surveying devices | UI | ||
| Leather | U | ||
| Marine insurance | U | ||
| Pump-top insulated containers | UI | ||
| Television advertising | U | ||
| Wheat flour | U |
Actions to retaliate against unfair trading practices (restrictive actions of foreign countries) denoted by U, and actions to retaliate against unfair import practices (mostly patent infringement) denoted by UI.
European Community: Trade Actions Under Safeguard and Antidumping Provisions, 1971–821
In this table, references to “Taiwan” are to the Taiwan Province of China.
Does not include safeguard actions taken under bilateral agreements implementing the Multifiber Arrangement. Also does not include measures of import surveillance.
This column lists actions actually taken during a particular year, including actions taken on investigations launched in previous years.
P = price undertaking by foreign supplier; D = definitive antidumping/antisubsidy duties; Dp = provisional antidumping/antisubsidy duties; Q = quotas under safeguard actions; Q* = renewal of quotas.
Includes two antiexports-subsidy investigations.
Up to April 14, 1982.
European Community: Trade Actions Under Safeguard and Antidumping Provisions, 1971–821
| Number of Investigations Initiated |
Number of Decisions Leading to Trade Actions2 |
Nature of Actions Taken3 |
Countries and Areas Affected by Trade Actions |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Safeguard | Antidumping | Total | Safeguard | Antidumping | Total | Safeguards | Antidumping | Safeguards | Antidumping |
| 1971 | — | 4 | 4 | — | 1 | 1 | — | P | Yugoslavia | |
| 1972 | — | 8 | 8 | — | 4 | 4 | — | 4P | Czechoslovakia, Japan, Romania, Spain | |
| 1973 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 3Q | 3P | All sources of imports | Japan, Korea, Taiwan * |
| 1974 | — | 2 | 2 | — | 3 | 3 | — | 3P | Japan, Korea, Taiwan* | |
| 1975 | — | 3 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 1976 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6Q | Dp, P | Bulgaria, German Dem. Rep., Czechoslovakia, U.S.S.R. | Hungary and Taiwan* |
| 1977 | 6 | 14 | 20 | 6 | 14 | 20 | 2Q | 2Dp, 4D, 8P | Bangladesh, India, Japan, Spain, Thailand, Yugoslavia | Brazil, Japan, Mexico, Romania, South Africa, Taiwan*, Turkey |
| 1978 | — | 86 | 86 | 1 | 73 | 74 | Q* | 25Dp, 13D, 35P | Taiwan* | Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, German Dem. Rep., Finland, Greece, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Poland, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, United States, U.S.S.R. |
| 1979 | — | 604 | 60 | 6 | 26 | 32 | 6Q* | 10Dp, 4D, 12P | Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, German Dem. Rep., India, Thailand | Brazil, Bulgaria, Greece, Norway, Romania, Spain, United States, U.S.S.R. (plus antisubsidy) |
| 1980 | 3 | 13 | 16 | 2 | 34 | 36 | 2Q | 6Dp, 4D, 24P | United States | Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, German Dem. Rep., Finland, Hong Kong, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan*, United States, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia |
| 1981 | — | 48 | 48 | — | 20 | 20 | — | 4Dp, 8D, 8P | — | Brazil, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Turkey, United States, U.S.S.R., Virgin Islands |
| 19825 | — | 10 | 10 | — | 11 | 11 | 5Dp, 2D, 4P | — | China, Czechoslovakia, German Dem. Rep., Hungary, Poland, Romania, Turkey, United States, U.S.S.R. | |
In this table, references to “Taiwan” are to the Taiwan Province of China.
Does not include safeguard actions taken under bilateral agreements implementing the Multifiber Arrangement. Also does not include measures of import surveillance.
This column lists actions actually taken during a particular year, including actions taken on investigations launched in previous years.
P = price undertaking by foreign supplier; D = definitive antidumping/antisubsidy duties; Dp = provisional antidumping/antisubsidy duties; Q = quotas under safeguard actions; Q* = renewal of quotas.
Includes two antiexports-subsidy investigations.
Up to April 14, 1982.
European Community: Trade Actions Under Safeguard and Antidumping Provisions, 1971–821
| Number of Investigations Initiated |
Number of Decisions Leading to Trade Actions2 |
Nature of Actions Taken3 |
Countries and Areas Affected by Trade Actions |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Safeguard | Antidumping | Total | Safeguard | Antidumping | Total | Safeguards | Antidumping | Safeguards | Antidumping |
| 1971 | — | 4 | 4 | — | 1 | 1 | — | P | Yugoslavia | |
| 1972 | — | 8 | 8 | — | 4 | 4 | — | 4P | Czechoslovakia, Japan, Romania, Spain | |
| 1973 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 3Q | 3P | All sources of imports | Japan, Korea, Taiwan * |
| 1974 | — | 2 | 2 | — | 3 | 3 | — | 3P | Japan, Korea, Taiwan* | |
| 1975 | — | 3 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 1976 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6Q | Dp, P | Bulgaria, German Dem. Rep., Czechoslovakia, U.S.S.R. | Hungary and Taiwan* |
| 1977 | 6 | 14 | 20 | 6 | 14 | 20 | 2Q | 2Dp, 4D, 8P | Bangladesh, India, Japan, Spain, Thailand, Yugoslavia | Brazil, Japan, Mexico, Romania, South Africa, Taiwan*, Turkey |
| 1978 | — | 86 | 86 | 1 | 73 | 74 | Q* | 25Dp, 13D, 35P | Taiwan* | Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, German Dem. Rep., Finland, Greece, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Poland, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, United States, U.S.S.R. |
| 1979 | — | 604 | 60 | 6 | 26 | 32 | 6Q* | 10Dp, 4D, 12P | Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, German Dem. Rep., India, Thailand | Brazil, Bulgaria, Greece, Norway, Romania, Spain, United States, U.S.S.R. (plus antisubsidy) |
| 1980 | 3 | 13 | 16 | 2 | 34 | 36 | 2Q | 6Dp, 4D, 24P | United States | Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, German Dem. Rep., Finland, Hong Kong, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan*, United States, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia |
| 1981 | — | 48 | 48 | — | 20 | 20 | — | 4Dp, 8D, 8P | — | Brazil, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Turkey, United States, U.S.S.R., Virgin Islands |
| 19825 | — | 10 | 10 | — | 11 | 11 | 5Dp, 2D, 4P | — | China, Czechoslovakia, German Dem. Rep., Hungary, Poland, Romania, Turkey, United States, U.S.S.R. | |
In this table, references to “Taiwan” are to the Taiwan Province of China.
Does not include safeguard actions taken under bilateral agreements implementing the Multifiber Arrangement. Also does not include measures of import surveillance.
This column lists actions actually taken during a particular year, including actions taken on investigations launched in previous years.
P = price undertaking by foreign supplier; D = definitive antidumping/antisubsidy duties; Dp = provisional antidumping/antisubsidy duties; Q = quotas under safeguard actions; Q* = renewal of quotas.
Includes two antiexports-subsidy investigations.
Up to April 14, 1982.
European Community: Trade Actions Under Import Surveillance Provisions, 1971–81
In this table, references to “Taiwan” are to the Taiwan Province of China.
Export of hides and skins from the Community was put under retrospective surveillance in 1979 in order to avoid domestic shortages.
European Community: Trade Actions Under Import Surveillance Provisions, 1971–81
| Nature of Surveillance | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Products Affected | Period of Surveillance |
Prior | Retrospective | Origin of Imports |
| 1971 | Urea | 1971–74 | X | Yugoslavia | |
| 1972 | Crude lead | 1972 | X | All GATT countries | |
| Electronic calculators | 1972–74 | X | Japan | ||
| 1974–75 | X | All GATT countries | |||
| Crude aluminum | 1972–73 | X | All GATT countries | ||
| 1973 | Tape recorders | 1973–76 | X | All countries | |
| 1974 | Socks | 1975–77 | X | Korea and Taiwan* | |
| 1975 | Zippers | 1975–79 | X | All countries | |
| Footwear | 1975 to date | X | All countries | ||
| Certain processed fruits and vegetables | 1975 to date | X | State trading countries | ||
| Plants and flowers | 1975 to date | X | Several countries | ||
| Sisal thread | 1975–76 | X | All GATT countries | ||
| Antimony oxides | 1975–76 | X | Eastern European countries | ||
| 1976 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1977 | Phosphate-based fertilizers | 1977 to date | X | All GATT countries | |
| Jute yarn | 1977 | X | Thailand | ||
| Steel screws | 1977–78 | X | Taiwan * | ||
| Bicycle tubes and tires | 1977–79 | X | Korea and Taiwan* | ||
| 1978 | Footwear | 1978 | X | Certain countries | |
| 19791 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1980 | Certain polyester yarn | 1980–81 | X | All countries | |
| 1981 | Passenger cars, machine tools, television sets, and television tubes | 1981 to date | X | Japan | |
In this table, references to “Taiwan” are to the Taiwan Province of China.
Export of hides and skins from the Community was put under retrospective surveillance in 1979 in order to avoid domestic shortages.
European Community: Trade Actions Under Import Surveillance Provisions, 1971–81
| Nature of Surveillance | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Products Affected | Period of Surveillance |
Prior | Retrospective | Origin of Imports |
| 1971 | Urea | 1971–74 | X | Yugoslavia | |
| 1972 | Crude lead | 1972 | X | All GATT countries | |
| Electronic calculators | 1972–74 | X | Japan | ||
| 1974–75 | X | All GATT countries | |||
| Crude aluminum | 1972–73 | X | All GATT countries | ||
| 1973 | Tape recorders | 1973–76 | X | All countries | |
| 1974 | Socks | 1975–77 | X | Korea and Taiwan* | |
| 1975 | Zippers | 1975–79 | X | All countries | |
| Footwear | 1975 to date | X | All countries | ||
| Certain processed fruits and vegetables | 1975 to date | X | State trading countries | ||
| Plants and flowers | 1975 to date | X | Several countries | ||
| Sisal thread | 1975–76 | X | All GATT countries | ||
| Antimony oxides | 1975–76 | X | Eastern European countries | ||
| 1976 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1977 | Phosphate-based fertilizers | 1977 to date | X | All GATT countries | |
| Jute yarn | 1977 | X | Thailand | ||
| Steel screws | 1977–78 | X | Taiwan * | ||
| Bicycle tubes and tires | 1977–79 | X | Korea and Taiwan* | ||
| 1978 | Footwear | 1978 | X | Certain countries | |
| 19791 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1980 | Certain polyester yarn | 1980–81 | X | All countries | |
| 1981 | Passenger cars, machine tools, television sets, and television tubes | 1981 to date | X | Japan | |
In this table, references to “Taiwan” are to the Taiwan Province of China.
Export of hides and skins from the Community was put under retrospective surveillance in 1979 in order to avoid domestic shortages.
Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Actions in Selected Countries, 1980 and 1981
(In number of cases)
Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Actions in Selected Countries, 1980 and 1981
(In number of cases)
| Type of Action | Austria | Canada | Finland | Sweden | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antidumping action | ||||||
| Cases initiated | 2 | 87 | 2 | 2 | ||
| Provisional measures | 1 | 69 | 2 | — | ||
| Final outcome | ||||||
| Definite duty | 1 | 24 | — | — | ||
| Price undertaking | — | — | 2 | — | ||
| No dumping finding | — | 1 | — | — | ||
| No injury ruling | — | 24 | — | — | ||
| Case withdrawn | — | 1 | — | — | ||
| Countervailing duty action | ||||||
| Cases initiated | … | 3 | … | … | ||
| Provisional measures | … | — | … | … | ||
| Final outcome | ||||||
| Definite duty | … | — | … | … | ||
| Undertakings | … | — | … | … | ||
| No subsidy finding | … | — | … | … | ||
| No injury ruling | … | — | … | … | ||
| Case withdrawn | … | — | … | … | ||
| Other | … | 3 | … | … | ||
Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Actions in Selected Countries, 1980 and 1981
(In number of cases)
| Type of Action | Austria | Canada | Finland | Sweden | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antidumping action | ||||||
| Cases initiated | 2 | 87 | 2 | 2 | ||
| Provisional measures | 1 | 69 | 2 | — | ||
| Final outcome | ||||||
| Definite duty | 1 | 24 | — | — | ||
| Price undertaking | — | — | 2 | — | ||
| No dumping finding | — | 1 | — | — | ||
| No injury ruling | — | 24 | — | — | ||
| Case withdrawn | — | 1 | — | — | ||
| Countervailing duty action | ||||||
| Cases initiated | … | 3 | … | … | ||
| Provisional measures | … | — | … | … | ||
| Final outcome | ||||||
| Definite duty | … | — | … | … | ||
| Undertakings | … | — | … | … | ||
| No subsidy finding | … | — | … | … | ||
| No injury ruling | … | — | … | … | ||
| Case withdrawn | … | — | … | … | ||
| Other | … | 3 | … | … | ||
Incidence of Major Nontariff Barriers in Selected Industrial Countries in 19801
(Percentage of imports covered by nontariff barriers)
The shares of imports covered by individual nontariff barriers are not additive because a given commodity may be subject to more than one type of nontariff barrier. For Community members, only the nontariff measures applied by the individual member countries are included.
Does not include voluntary export restraint arrangements negotiated under the auspices of the Multifiber Arrangement.
Incidence of Major Nontariff Barriers in Selected Industrial Countries in 19801
(Percentage of imports covered by nontariff barriers)
| Agriculture | Industry | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Discretionary licensing | ||||
| Benelux | — | 1 | 1 | |
| France | 13 | 82 | 74 | |
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 4 | — | 1 | |
| Ireland | 5 | — | 1 | |
| Japan | 29 | 11 | 14 | |
| United States | 19 | — | 2 | |
| Variable levy | ||||
| Benelux | 51 | — | 7 | |
| Denmark | 41 | — | 5 | |
| France | 46 | — | 5 | |
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 43 | — | 6 | |
| Ireland | 52 | — | 7 | |
| Italy | 65 | — | 9 | |
| United Kingdom | 53 | — | 7 | |
| Global quota | ||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 13 | — | 2 | |
| Japan | 11 | — | 1 | |
| United Kingdom | 2 | 3 | 2 | |
| United States | 13 | 1 | 2 | |
| Tariff quota | ||||
| Benelux | 9 | 4 | 5 | |
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 14 | 4 | 6 | |
| Denmark | 9 | 5 | 5 | |
| Ireland | 7 | 5 | 5 | |
| United Kingdom | 16 | 5 | 6 | |
| United States | 2 | — | — | |
| Voluntary export restraint2 | ||||
| France | — | 1 | 1 | |
| United States | — | 7 | 7 | |
| Quota of unspecified kind | ||||
| France | 14 | 36 | 33 | |
| Italy | 6 | 29 | 26 | |
| Japan | 32 | 14 | 16 | |
| United States | 29 | 4 | 6 | |
The shares of imports covered by individual nontariff barriers are not additive because a given commodity may be subject to more than one type of nontariff barrier. For Community members, only the nontariff measures applied by the individual member countries are included.
Does not include voluntary export restraint arrangements negotiated under the auspices of the Multifiber Arrangement.
Incidence of Major Nontariff Barriers in Selected Industrial Countries in 19801
(Percentage of imports covered by nontariff barriers)
| Agriculture | Industry | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Discretionary licensing | ||||
| Benelux | — | 1 | 1 | |
| France | 13 | 82 | 74 | |
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 4 | — | 1 | |
| Ireland | 5 | — | 1 | |
| Japan | 29 | 11 | 14 | |
| United States | 19 | — | 2 | |
| Variable levy | ||||
| Benelux | 51 | — | 7 | |
| Denmark | 41 | — | 5 | |
| France | 46 | — | 5 | |
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 43 | — | 6 | |
| Ireland | 52 | — | 7 | |
| Italy | 65 | — | 9 | |
| United Kingdom | 53 | — | 7 | |
| Global quota | ||||
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 13 | — | 2 | |
| Japan | 11 | — | 1 | |
| United Kingdom | 2 | 3 | 2 | |
| United States | 13 | 1 | 2 | |
| Tariff quota | ||||
| Benelux | 9 | 4 | 5 | |
| Germany, Fed. Rep. of | 14 | 4 | 6 | |
| Denmark | 9 | 5 | 5 | |
| Ireland | 7 | 5 | 5 | |
| United Kingdom | 16 | 5 | 6 | |
| United States | 2 | — | — | |
| Voluntary export restraint2 | ||||
| France | — | 1 | 1 | |
| United States | — | 7 | 7 | |
| Quota of unspecified kind | ||||
| France | 14 | 36 | 33 | |
| Italy | 6 | 29 | 26 | |
| Japan | 32 | 14 | 16 | |
| United States | 29 | 4 | 6 | |
The shares of imports covered by individual nontariff barriers are not additive because a given commodity may be subject to more than one type of nontariff barrier. For Community members, only the nontariff measures applied by the individual member countries are included.
Does not include voluntary export restraint arrangements negotiated under the auspices of the Multifiber Arrangement.
Incidence of Nontariff Barriers in Highly Protected Sectors in Selected Industrial Countries1
(Percentage of imports covered by nontariff barriers)
The shares of imports covered by individual nontariff barriers are not additive because the same import commodity might be restricted by more than one barrier. For European Community members only the nontariff measures applied by individual member countries are included.
Incidence of Nontariff Barriers in Highly Protected Sectors in Selected Industrial Countries1
(Percentage of imports covered by nontariff barriers)
| France | Fed. Rep. of Germany |
Italy | Japan | United Kingdom | United States | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vegetable products | |||||||
| Discretionary licensing | 23 | — | 1 | 27 | — | 3 | |
| Seasonal restriction | 29 | 34 | 6 | — | 31 | 21 | |
| Quota of unspecified kind | 26 | 1 | 7 | 45 | 13 | 4 | |
| Unspecified quantity restraint | 22 | 14 | 4 | — | 17 | — | |
| Food and beverages | |||||||
| Discretionary licensing | 11 | 14 | 1 | 9 | — | 38 | |
| Variable levy | 40 | 39 | 44 | — | 44 | — | |
| Global quota | — | — | — | — | — | 26 | |
| Quotas by countries | 2 | — | 3 | — | — | — | |
| Quota of unspecified kind | 15 | 9 | 21 | 12 | 3 | 41 | |
| Unspecified quantity restraint | 22 | — | 4 | — | — | — | |
| Leather products | |||||||
| Discretionary licensing | 100 | — | — | 7 | — | — | |
| Quota of unspecified kind | — | 29 | 11 | 7 | 7 | — | |
| Footwear | |||||||
| Quota of unspecified kind | — | — | 67 | — | 92 | 86 | |
| Voluntary export restraint | 3 | — | 7 | — | — | 6 | |
| Quantity restraint of unspecified kind | — | 76 | 64 | — | 90 | — | |
| Discretionary licensing | — | — | 3 | 48 | — | — | |
The shares of imports covered by individual nontariff barriers are not additive because the same import commodity might be restricted by more than one barrier. For European Community members only the nontariff measures applied by individual member countries are included.
Incidence of Nontariff Barriers in Highly Protected Sectors in Selected Industrial Countries1
(Percentage of imports covered by nontariff barriers)
| France | Fed. Rep. of Germany |
Italy | Japan | United Kingdom | United States | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vegetable products | |||||||
| Discretionary licensing | 23 | — | 1 | 27 | — | 3 | |
| Seasonal restriction | 29 | 34 | 6 | — | 31 | 21 | |
| Quota of unspecified kind | 26 | 1 | 7 | 45 | 13 | 4 | |
| Unspecified quantity restraint | 22 | 14 | 4 | — | 17 | — | |
| Food and beverages | |||||||
| Discretionary licensing | 11 | 14 | 1 | 9 | — | 38 | |
| Variable levy | 40 | 39 | 44 | — | 44 | — | |
| Global quota | — | — | — | — | — | 26 | |
| Quotas by countries | 2 | — | 3 | — | — | — | |
| Quota of unspecified kind | 15 | 9 | 21 | 12 | 3 | 41 | |
| Unspecified quantity restraint | 22 | — | 4 | — | — | — | |
| Leather products | |||||||
| Discretionary licensing | 100 | — | — | 7 | — | — | |
| Quota of unspecified kind | — | 29 | 11 | 7 | 7 | — | |
| Footwear | |||||||
| Quota of unspecified kind | — | — | 67 | — | 92 | 86 | |
| Voluntary export restraint | 3 | — | 7 | — | — | 6 | |
| Quantity restraint of unspecified kind | — | 76 | 64 | — | 90 | — | |
| Discretionary licensing | — | — | 3 | 48 | — | — | |
The shares of imports covered by individual nontariff barriers are not additive because the same import commodity might be restricted by more than one barrier. For European Community members only the nontariff measures applied by individual member countries are included.
MTN Agreements: Status of Acceptances1
As of April 28, 1982.
The United Kingdom accepts in respect of some of its territories.
Code on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties.
Customs Valuation Code.
Amendments to the Antidumping Code.
MTN Agreements: Status of Acceptances1
| Agreement | Accepted by | Signed (Acceptances Pending) by | Signed, Subject to Reservation/Condition/Declaration, by |
|---|---|---|---|
| Geneva (1979) Protocol to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade | Argentina, Austria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, European Community (Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, United Kingdom), Finland, Hungary, Iceland, Jamaica, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United States, Yugoslavia | Israel | European Community (Denmark, Germany) and Japan |
| Protocol Supplementary to the Geneva (1979) Protocol to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade | Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Dominican Republic, Egypt, European Community (Belgium), India, Indonesia, Israel, Ivory Coast, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Peru, Singapore, Spain, Uruguay, Zaire | — | — |
| Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade | Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, European Community (Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands), Finland, Israel, Ivory Coast, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Romania, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, United States | Argentina, Egypt, European Community (Greece), Rwanda, Yugoslavia | European Community (Denmark, Germany, United Kingdom) and Hungary |
| Agreement on Government Procurement | Austria, Canada, European Community, Finland, Japan, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, United States | — | United Kingdom2 |
| Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI, and XXIII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade3 | Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, European Community, Finland, India, Japan, Korea, Norway, Pakistan, Sweden, Switzerland, United States, Uruguay | Egypt and Yugoslavia | Australia, New Zealand, Spain, United Kingdom2 |
| Agreement on Bovine Meat | Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, European Community, Finland, Hungary, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, United States, Uruguay, Yugoslavia | Argentina and Egypt | United Kingdom2 |
| International Dairy Agreement, April 12, 1979 | Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, European Community, Finland, Hungary, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United States, Uruguay | Argentina and Egypt | — |
| Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade4 | Austria, European Community, Finland, Hungary, Japan, Norway, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, United States | Argentina and Yugoslavia | Brazil, Canada, India, Korea, Spain, United Kingdom2 |
| Protocol to the Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade4 | Austria, Brazil, Canada, European Community, Finland, Hungary, Japan, Norway, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United States | Argentina and Yugoslavia | India, Korea, United Kingdom2 |
| Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures | Australia, Austria, Canada, Chile, Czechoslovakia, European Community, Finland, Hungary, India, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United States, Yugoslavia | Argentina and Egypt | Philippines and United Kingdom2 |
| Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft | Austria, European Community (Belgium, France, Netherlands, Ireland, Luxembourg), Canada, Japan, Norway, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, United States | Egypt and European Community (Greece, Italy) | European Community (Denmark, Germany) and United Kingdom2 |
| Agreement on Implementation of Artile VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade5 | Austria, Brazil, Canada, Czechoslovakia, European Community, Finland, Hungary, India, Japan, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United States, Yugoslavia | Egypt | United Kingdom2 |
As of April 28, 1982.
The United Kingdom accepts in respect of some of its territories.
Code on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties.
Customs Valuation Code.
Amendments to the Antidumping Code.
MTN Agreements: Status of Acceptances1
| Agreement | Accepted by | Signed (Acceptances Pending) by | Signed, Subject to Reservation/Condition/Declaration, by |
|---|---|---|---|
| Geneva (1979) Protocol to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade | Argentina, Austria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, European Community (Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, United Kingdom), Finland, Hungary, Iceland, Jamaica, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United States, Yugoslavia | Israel | European Community (Denmark, Germany) and Japan |
| Protocol Supplementary to the Geneva (1979) Protocol to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade | Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Dominican Republic, Egypt, European Community (Belgium), India, Indonesia, Israel, Ivory Coast, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Peru, Singapore, Spain, Uruguay, Zaire | — | — |
| Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade | Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, European Community (Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands), Finland, Israel, Ivory Coast, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Romania, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, United States | Argentina, Egypt, European Community (Greece), Rwanda, Yugoslavia | European Community (Denmark, Germany, United Kingdom) and Hungary |
| Agreement on Government Procurement | Austria, Canada, European Community, Finland, Japan, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, United States | — | United Kingdom2 |
| Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI, and XXIII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade3 | Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, European Community, Finland, India, Japan, Korea, Norway, Pakistan, Sweden, Switzerland, United States, Uruguay | Egypt and Yugoslavia | Australia, New Zealand, Spain, United Kingdom2 |
| Agreement on Bovine Meat | Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, European Community, Finland, Hungary, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, United States, Uruguay, Yugoslavia | Argentina and Egypt | United Kingdom2 |
| International Dairy Agreement, April 12, 1979 | Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, European Community, Finland, Hungary, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United States, Uruguay | Argentina and Egypt | — |
| Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade4 | Austria, European Community, Finland, Hungary, Japan, Norway, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, United States | Argentina and Yugoslavia | Brazil, Canada, India, Korea, Spain, United Kingdom2 |
| Protocol to the Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade4 | Austria, Brazil, Canada, European Community, Finland, Hungary, Japan, Norway, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United States | Argentina and Yugoslavia | India, Korea, United Kingdom2 |
| Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures | Australia, Austria, Canada, Chile, Czechoslovakia, European Community, Finland, Hungary, India, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United States, Yugoslavia | Argentina and Egypt | Philippines and United Kingdom2 |
| Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft | Austria, European Community (Belgium, France, Netherlands, Ireland, Luxembourg), Canada, Japan, Norway, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, United States | Egypt and European Community (Greece, Italy) | European Community (Denmark, Germany) and United Kingdom2 |
| Agreement on Implementation of Artile VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade5 | Austria, Brazil, Canada, Czechoslovakia, European Community, Finland, Hungary, India, Japan, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United States, Yugoslavia | Egypt | United Kingdom2 |
As of April 28, 1982.
The United Kingdom accepts in respect of some of its territories.
Code on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties.
Customs Valuation Code.
Amendments to the Antidumping Code.
GATT Consultations on Balance of Payments Restrictions, 1978–June 1982
Some countries consulted more than once in a calendar year.
GATT Consultations on Balance of Payments Restrictions, 1978–June 1982
| Country | Year of Consultation1 |
|---|---|
| Argentina | 1978 |
| Bangladesh | 1978, 1980 |
| Brazil | 1978, 1980, 1981 |
| Chile | 1978 |
| Egypt | 1979, 1981 |
| Finland | 1978 |
| Ghana | 1978, 1980 |
| Greece | 1978, 1980, 1981 |
| India | 1978, 1980, 1982 |
| Indonesia | 1979 |
| Israel | 1978, 1980 |
| Korea | 1978, 1979, 1981 |
| Pakistan | 1978, 1980, 1982 |
| Peru | 1979, 1981 |
| Portugal | 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982 |
| Philippines | 1980 |
| Sri Lanka | 1979, 1981 |
| Tunisia | 1978, 1979, 1981 |
| Turkey | 1978, 1979, 1981 |
| Yugoslavia | 1978, 1981 |
Some countries consulted more than once in a calendar year.
GATT Consultations on Balance of Payments Restrictions, 1978–June 1982
| Country | Year of Consultation1 |
|---|---|
| Argentina | 1978 |
| Bangladesh | 1978, 1980 |
| Brazil | 1978, 1980, 1981 |
| Chile | 1978 |
| Egypt | 1979, 1981 |
| Finland | 1978 |
| Ghana | 1978, 1980 |
| Greece | 1978, 1980, 1981 |
| India | 1978, 1980, 1982 |
| Indonesia | 1979 |
| Israel | 1978, 1980 |
| Korea | 1978, 1979, 1981 |
| Pakistan | 1978, 1980, 1982 |
| Peru | 1979, 1981 |
| Portugal | 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982 |
| Philippines | 1980 |
| Sri Lanka | 1979, 1981 |
| Tunisia | 1978, 1979, 1981 |
| Turkey | 1978, 1979, 1981 |
| Yugoslavia | 1978, 1981 |
Some countries consulted more than once in a calendar year.
GATT Panels Established Since 1978
GATT Panels Established Since 1978
| Requested by | Date Panel Established |
Subject of Examination |
|---|---|---|
| Australia | November 1978 | European Community (EC) sugar export refunds |
| Brazil | November 1978 | EC sugar export refunds |
| Chile | July 1979 | EC restrictions on imports of apples from Chile |
| Hong Kong | July 1979 | Norway’s Article XIX action on certain textile products |
| Canada | November 1979 | Japanese restrictions on imports of leather |
| United States | January 1980 | Spanish measures concerning domestic sale of soybean oil |
| Canada | March 1980 | U.S. prohibition of imports of tuna and tuna products from Canada |
| United States | March 1980 | Japanese measures affecting imports of manufactured tobacco |
| Brazil | June 1980 | Spain’s tariff treatment of unroasted coffee |
| Canada | June 1980 | Access of Canadian beef under EC tariff quota established as part of MTN settlement |
| United States | October 1980 | U.K. practices affecting imports of poultry from the United States |
| India | December 1980 | U.S. imposition of countervailing duty without injury criterion on industrial fasteners imported from India |
| European Community | July 1981 | U.S. imposition of duty on imports of Vitamin B12 of feedgrain quality (considered by the EC as inconsistent with the General Agreement) |
| Canada | December 1981 | U.S. exclusion of imports of automotive spring assemblies from Canada |
| United States | April 1982 | Trade practices under Canadian Foreign Investment Review Act |
GATT Panels Established Since 1978
| Requested by | Date Panel Established |
Subject of Examination |
|---|---|---|
| Australia | November 1978 | European Community (EC) sugar export refunds |
| Brazil | November 1978 | EC sugar export refunds |
| Chile | July 1979 | EC restrictions on imports of apples from Chile |
| Hong Kong | July 1979 | Norway’s Article XIX action on certain textile products |
| Canada | November 1979 | Japanese restrictions on imports of leather |
| United States | January 1980 | Spanish measures concerning domestic sale of soybean oil |
| Canada | March 1980 | U.S. prohibition of imports of tuna and tuna products from Canada |
| United States | March 1980 | Japanese measures affecting imports of manufactured tobacco |
| Brazil | June 1980 | Spain’s tariff treatment of unroasted coffee |
| Canada | June 1980 | Access of Canadian beef under EC tariff quota established as part of MTN settlement |
| United States | October 1980 | U.K. practices affecting imports of poultry from the United States |
| India | December 1980 | U.S. imposition of countervailing duty without injury criterion on industrial fasteners imported from India |
| European Community | July 1981 | U.S. imposition of duty on imports of Vitamin B12 of feedgrain quality (considered by the EC as inconsistent with the General Agreement) |
| Canada | December 1981 | U.S. exclusion of imports of automotive spring assemblies from Canada |
| United States | April 1982 | Trade practices under Canadian Foreign Investment Review Act |
Invocation of GATT Article XIX, 1978–82
Replaced by export restraint arrangement.
Invocation of GATT Article XIX, 1978–82
| Country | Product | Measure | Year Introduced (Terminated) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | Wool worsted yarns | Tariff quota | 1978 |
| Double-edged safety razor blades | Quantitative restriction | 1978 (1982) | |
| Sheets and plates of iron and steel | Quantitative restriction | 1978 (1980) | |
| Certain trucks and stackers | Quantitative restriction | 1980 (1982) | |
| Files and rasps | Quantitative restriction | 1978 | |
| Hoops and strips of iron and steel | Tariff quota | 1982 | |
| Canada | Footwear other than canvas and rubber | Quantitative restriction | 1980 (1981) |
| Nonleather footwear | Quantitative restriction | 1981 | |
| European Community | Preserved mushrooms | Quantitative restriction | 1978 |
| Yarn of synthetic fibers (United Kingdom only) | Quantitative restriction | 1980 (1980) | |
| Cultivated mushrooms | Quantitative restriction | 1980 | |
| Iceland | Furniture, cupboards and cabinets; windows and doors | Import deposit | 1979 (1980) 1982 |
| Norway | Various textile items | Quantitative restriction | 1979 |
| Spain | Cheeses | Quantitative restriction | (1980) (1980)1 |
| United States | CB radio receivers | Tariff | 1978 (1981) |
| High-carbon ferrochromium | Tariff | 1978 (1982) | |
| Lag screws or bolts | Tariff | 1979 (1982) | |
| Clothespins | Quantitative restriction | 1979 | |
| Porcelain-on-steel cooking ware | Tariff | 1980 | |
| Preserved mushrooms | Tariff | 1980 |
Replaced by export restraint arrangement.
Invocation of GATT Article XIX, 1978–82
| Country | Product | Measure | Year Introduced (Terminated) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | Wool worsted yarns | Tariff quota | 1978 |
| Double-edged safety razor blades | Quantitative restriction | 1978 (1982) | |
| Sheets and plates of iron and steel | Quantitative restriction | 1978 (1980) | |
| Certain trucks and stackers | Quantitative restriction | 1980 (1982) | |
| Files and rasps | Quantitative restriction | 1978 | |
| Hoops and strips of iron and steel | Tariff quota | 1982 | |
| Canada | Footwear other than canvas and rubber | Quantitative restriction | 1980 (1981) |
| Nonleather footwear | Quantitative restriction | 1981 | |
| European Community | Preserved mushrooms | Quantitative restriction | 1978 |
| Yarn of synthetic fibers (United Kingdom only) | Quantitative restriction | 1980 (1980) | |
| Cultivated mushrooms | Quantitative restriction | 1980 | |
| Iceland | Furniture, cupboards and cabinets; windows and doors | Import deposit | 1979 (1980) 1982 |
| Norway | Various textile items | Quantitative restriction | 1979 |
| Spain | Cheeses | Quantitative restriction | (1980) (1980)1 |
| United States | CB radio receivers | Tariff | 1978 (1981) |
| High-carbon ferrochromium | Tariff | 1978 (1982) | |
| Lag screws or bolts | Tariff | 1979 (1982) | |
| Clothespins | Quantitative restriction | 1979 | |
| Porcelain-on-steel cooking ware | Tariff | 1980 | |
| Preserved mushrooms | Tariff | 1980 |
Replaced by export restraint arrangement.
Illustrative Summary of Impediments to Trade in Services
Illustrative Summary of Impediments to Trade in Services
| Industry | Nature of Impediments |
|---|---|
| Accounting | Requirements related to supervision of audits by locally registered firms; special examination requirements for foreigners |
| Advertising | Prohibition on foreign-produced radio and television commercials; minimum 51 per cent local equity requirements for firms; lower commissions authorized for foreign advertising agencies; discriminatory censorship requirements; import duties on advertising material |
| Automobile and truck rental and leasing | Domestic price controls on leasing charges; discriminatory capital requirements; restrictions on payments of intercompany accounts |
| Banking | Limitations on establishment of new branches or subsidiaries of foreign banks; maximum limits on foreign equity participation; limitations on lending activities of foreign banks; discriminatory taxation; limitations on employment of foreigners |
| Building, construction, and engineering | Licensing and joint venture requirements; requirement to retain a local representative; discriminatory taxation of foreign engineers; preferential treatment of local firms for government contracts; direct and indirect subsidies to local firms; limitations on employment of foreigners; examination requirements for foreigners |
| Franchising | Disclosure of trade secrets; licensing requirements to discourage foreign firms; inadequate trademark, patent, or copyright provision |
| Hotels and motels | Maximum limits on foreign equity participation; discriminatory taxation; restrictions on employment of foreign personnel; discriminatory tariff and customs procedures |
| Insurance | Maximum limits on foreign equity participation; denial of access to market; state monopolies; requirement that imports or exports must be insured with domestic firms; limitations on reinsurance by domestic firms with foreign firms; restrictions on types of insurance services offered; minimum statutory deposit requirements; obligatory use of national firms in some cases; limits on choice of auditors; discriminatory taxation; preferential treatment of local firms for government insurance; limitations on employment of foreigners |
| Legal services | Limitations on types of law practiced by foreign attorneys; restrictions on entry; examinations and professional standards requirements |
| Motion pictures | Restrictions on rental terms of foreign films; state monopolies; required use of local laboratories; dubbing requirements; screen quotas; restrictions on imports of film; discriminatory taxation; direct and indirect subsidies to local firms |
| Telecommunications, data processing, and information services | Limitations on foreign equity participation; restrictions on availability of leased lines; data processing required to be performed locally; licensing restrictions; direct and indirect subsidies to local firms; restrictions on foreign personnel; discrimination in customs valuation between computer and data processing services transmittal through a telecommunications system or through physical software products; tax on imported microfilm documents; import duties on automated airline reservation system equipment; lack of patent and copyright protection |
| Air transportation | Restrictions on foreign carriers’ participation in automated reservations and ticketing systems; limitations on use of airports by foreign carriers operating charters; monopoly on ground handling services to national carrier or government agency; preference to national carriers in airport facilities and services; discriminatory taxation; government employees’ travel limited to national carrier; direct and indirect subsidies to national carrier; preferential user rates for national carrier; preferential marketing and sales practices (commissions, discounts) favoring use of national carrier |
| Maritime transportation | Discriminatory bonding requirements; licensing requirements; discriminatory taxation; obligatory or preferential use of national flag vessels; bilateral cargo-sharing agreements |
Illustrative Summary of Impediments to Trade in Services
| Industry | Nature of Impediments |
|---|---|
| Accounting | Requirements related to supervision of audits by locally registered firms; special examination requirements for foreigners |
| Advertising | Prohibition on foreign-produced radio and television commercials; minimum 51 per cent local equity requirements for firms; lower commissions authorized for foreign advertising agencies; discriminatory censorship requirements; import duties on advertising material |
| Automobile and truck rental and leasing | Domestic price controls on leasing charges; discriminatory capital requirements; restrictions on payments of intercompany accounts |
| Banking | Limitations on establishment of new branches or subsidiaries of foreign banks; maximum limits on foreign equity participation; limitations on lending activities of foreign banks; discriminatory taxation; limitations on employment of foreigners |
| Building, construction, and engineering | Licensing and joint venture requirements; requirement to retain a local representative; discriminatory taxation of foreign engineers; preferential treatment of local firms for government contracts; direct and indirect subsidies to local firms; limitations on employment of foreigners; examination requirements for foreigners |
| Franchising | Disclosure of trade secrets; licensing requirements to discourage foreign firms; inadequate trademark, patent, or copyright provision |
| Hotels and motels | Maximum limits on foreign equity participation; discriminatory taxation; restrictions on employment of foreign personnel; discriminatory tariff and customs procedures |
| Insurance | Maximum limits on foreign equity participation; denial of access to market; state monopolies; requirement that imports or exports must be insured with domestic firms; limitations on reinsurance by domestic firms with foreign firms; restrictions on types of insurance services offered; minimum statutory deposit requirements; obligatory use of national firms in some cases; limits on choice of auditors; discriminatory taxation; preferential treatment of local firms for government insurance; limitations on employment of foreigners |
| Legal services | Limitations on types of law practiced by foreign attorneys; restrictions on entry; examinations and professional standards requirements |
| Motion pictures | Restrictions on rental terms of foreign films; state monopolies; required use of local laboratories; dubbing requirements; screen quotas; restrictions on imports of film; discriminatory taxation; direct and indirect subsidies to local firms |
| Telecommunications, data processing, and information services | Limitations on foreign equity participation; restrictions on availability of leased lines; data processing required to be performed locally; licensing restrictions; direct and indirect subsidies to local firms; restrictions on foreign personnel; discrimination in customs valuation between computer and data processing services transmittal through a telecommunications system or through physical software products; tax on imported microfilm documents; import duties on automated airline reservation system equipment; lack of patent and copyright protection |
| Air transportation | Restrictions on foreign carriers’ participation in automated reservations and ticketing systems; limitations on use of airports by foreign carriers operating charters; monopoly on ground handling services to national carrier or government agency; preference to national carriers in airport facilities and services; discriminatory taxation; government employees’ travel limited to national carrier; direct and indirect subsidies to national carrier; preferential user rates for national carrier; preferential marketing and sales practices (commissions, discounts) favoring use of national carrier |
| Maritime transportation | Discriminatory bonding requirements; licensing requirements; discriminatory taxation; obligatory or preferential use of national flag vessels; bilateral cargo-sharing agreements |
Illustrative Summary of Performance Requirements for Foreign Direct Investment
Illustrative Summary of Performance Requirements for Foreign Direct Investment
| Performance requirements based on domestic economic considerations | Location in development areas; local content requirements; technology transfer considerations; restriction of foreign investment in certain sectors; encouragement of foreign investment in priority sectors; limitation on foreign acquisition of domestic firms; limitations on size of new investment projects |
| Financial performance requirements | Foreign firm required to put up a certain amount of own capital; local equity participation requirements; limitations on borrowing; limitations on remittances abroad |
| Manpower performance requirements | Job creation; registration and/or limitation of foreign employees; training of local employees; management participation |
| Trade-related performance requirements | Export requirements; import substitution requirements; general balance of payments considerations |
| Other performance requirements | Language; health, safety, and environmental considerations; real estate and construction restrictions or permit requirements |
Illustrative Summary of Performance Requirements for Foreign Direct Investment
| Performance requirements based on domestic economic considerations | Location in development areas; local content requirements; technology transfer considerations; restriction of foreign investment in certain sectors; encouragement of foreign investment in priority sectors; limitation on foreign acquisition of domestic firms; limitations on size of new investment projects |
| Financial performance requirements | Foreign firm required to put up a certain amount of own capital; local equity participation requirements; limitations on borrowing; limitations on remittances abroad |
| Manpower performance requirements | Job creation; registration and/or limitation of foreign employees; training of local employees; management participation |
| Trade-related performance requirements | Export requirements; import substitution requirements; general balance of payments considerations |
| Other performance requirements | Language; health, safety, and environmental considerations; real estate and construction restrictions or permit requirements |
Occasional Papers of the International Monetary Fund
1. International Capital Markets: Recent Developments and Short-Term Prospects, by a Staff Team Headed by R.C. Williams, Exchange and Trade Relations Department. 1980.
2. Economic Stabilization and Growth in Portugal, by Hans O. Schmitt. 1981.
3. External Indebtedness of Developing Countries, by a Staff Team Headed by Bahram Nowzad and Richard C. Williams. 1981.
4. World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund. 1981.
5. Trade Policy Developments in Industrial Countries, by S.J. Anjaria, Z. Iqbal, L.L. Perez, and W.S. Tseng. 1981.
6. The Multilateral System of Payments: Keynes, Convertibility, and the International Monetary Fund’s Articles of Agreement, by Joseph Gold. 1981.
7. International Capital Markets: Recent Developments and Short-Term Prospects, 1981, by a Staff Team Headed by Richard C. Williams, with G.G. Johnson. 1981.
8. Taxation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Part I: Tax Policy and Administration in Sub-Saharan Africa, by Carlos A. Aguirre, Peter S. Griffith, and M. Zuhtu Yucelik. Part II: A Statistical Evaluation of Taxation in Sub-Saharan Africa, by Vito Tanzi. 1981.
9. World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund. 1982.
10. International Comparisons of Government Expenditure, by Alan A. Tait and Peter S. Heller. 1982.
11. Payments Arrangements and the Expansion of Trade in Eastern and Southern Africa, by Shailendra J. Anjaria, Sena Eken, and John F. Laker. 1982.
12. Effects of Slowdown in Industrial Countries on Growth in Non-Oil Developing Countries, by Morris Goldstein and Mohsin S. Khan. 1982.
13. Currency Convertibility in the Economic Community of West African States, by John B. McLenaghan, Saleh M. Nsouli, and Klaus-Walter Riechel. 1982.
14. International Capital Markets: Developments and Prospects, 1982, by a Staff Team Headed by Richard C. Williams, with G.G. Johnson. 1982.
15. Hungary: An Economic Survey, by a Staff Team Headed by Patrick de Fontenay. 1982.
16. Developments in International Trade Policy, by S.J. Anjaria, Z. Iqbal, N. Kirmani, and L.L. Perez. 1982.